Zhao Kuo's "armchair strategist" in the battle of Changping was really wronged for two thousand years?

The broadcast of "The Rise of the Great Qin Empire" will once again set off an upsurge of discussing the historical events, systems and historical figures of the Qin Dynasty. The battle of Changping is the biggest attraction of this TV series! The historical topic surrounding the battle of Changping has always been a hot topic in the Warring States period. I don't know how the director and screenwriter of this TV series interpret the battle of Changping.

In the last article, we analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of Tian Lei. Today we will analyze Zhao Kuo again.

When it comes to Zhao Kuo, many people will say that On Paper is a typical textbook. No one seems to question Zhao Kuo's wrong tactics in the battle of Changping in history. Everyone thinks that Zhao Kuo should be responsible for the failure of the battle of Changping! The description of him in history books is limited to Historical Records? I won't repeat the words in Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru and the imagination recorded in later history books. You can search online.

What I want to say today is that more and more people think that Zhao Kuo is wronged, even Wang Xiaowen is wronged, and it is unfair for people to ridicule Zhao Kuo for more than two thousand years. In today's Internet age, it is easy to find such articles on the Internet. Zhuishengdao doesn't want to list the reasons of these people, but only wants to refute the popular views of Zhao Kuo's wronged people one by one!

First, the state of Qin has a strong economic strength and a granary of Bashu. Zhao is at the center of the war. Years of war failed to go all out to develop the economy. This war is about economy, so Zhao's failure is inevitable.

Second, Qin Jun is suitable for defense and not good at attack. Zhao's army is good at making quick decisions.

Third, Zhao Kuo didn't make a mistake, and everyone will have the same ending.

Fourthly, Zhao Kuo's military capability can be seen from its 46-day absence of food and mutiny.

Fifth, Zhao Kuo took the lead, and bravely fell into the trap, which reflected the noble quality of soldiers.

6. Zhao Chengxiao's appointment of Zhao Kuo was forced by form, not a wrong decision. Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao is a wise king.

We refute the first view.

War sometimes does fight for the economy, but the economy does not play a decisive role! Historically, examples of economically weak countries defeating economically powerful countries abound. The outcome of a battle has nothing to do with the economy. The outcome of a battle is determined by tactics and strategy. It is a good proof that Xiaomi and rifles can defeat cannons and planes. Genghis Khan led the backward Mongolian army to fight invincible in the world. You see Li Mu later commanded several battles, and the number of battles was more than the number of battles. Unexpectedly, he was completely defeated and the coach fled to Yan.

The battle of Changping is the concentrated expression of Zhao's strategic failure, strategic failure and tactical failure! (Contrast the circumference of Handan behind)

First of all, strategically, when Zhao attacked Shangdang County, he should realize that Qin's strategic purpose is not just to have Shangdang County. Whether Shangdang County is in the hands of Zhao or Qin, Qin and Zhao will face it directly, and danger will happen all the time. Shangdang County in South Korea is a natural barrier for Zhao and Qin, and Shangdang County can only be strong for Zhao if it stays in South Korea. Therefore, when Qin invaded Shangdang County, it should send troops to help North Korea, not! This will not only make good relations with South Korea, but also let other countries see Zhao's benevolence and righteousness and prepare for future confrontation with Qin.

However, under the fierce offensive, Han Huanhui knew that Shangdang would be in danger, so he proposed to make peace with the Party and Qin to protect himself. North Korea's Shangdang satrap refused to carry out the king's orders in order to promote the alliance of Sanjin and Shanxi against the situation of Qin, and instead surrendered Shangdang seventeen counties to Zhao. Unwilling to confront the sword soldiers of Qin State, there was disagreement within the Zhao ruling group on whether to accept the land.

The main peace faction headed by Zhao Bao, the monarch of Pingyang, thinks that it is unacceptable to offer the party as a fake to attract Qin and Zhao to compete. The hardliners, led by Ping Yuanjun and Zhao Sheng, believe that it is now or never to fight against the seventeen counties of the Party and control the land of victory in Shanxi. Zhao should quickly take over the party's counties to prevent Qin from taking the lead. Finally, Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao accepted Ping Yuanjun's suggestion and sent troops to take over Shangdang.

At this time, whether Zhao accepts Shangdang County or not, he has missed the best opportunity, that is, the war that happened to him is inevitable! The mistake of this strategic decision should be the responsibility of the whole Zhao ruling group, not one person. This can be understood by the example of China sending troops in the Korean War!

Let's refute the second view again.

Needless to say, the Qin army is good at defending but not attacking. This view is self-defeating. If not good at attacking, how did Qin attack the city again and again, making the other six countries tremble with fear?

Zhao's army is good at making quick decisions, which is a great progress of Zhao's army after King Wuling's military reform. But a quick decision is also about who to deal with. A quick decision does not mean that there will be no defense. Lian Po's fortifications are well done. In addition, lightning strikes in Zhao Kuo can be carried out in batches, instead of a quick victory. However, after several failed attacks, Zhao Kuo took the initiative to attack, which showed that Zhao Kuo's military capability did have problems.

Let's refute the third view again.

To say that there is nothing wrong with Zhao Kuo is to lie with your eyes open.

Even if the king's orders were inviolable, Zhao Kuo was forced to replace Lian Po. In that case, it is impossible for him to make major changes to the leadership of the original army. This is a taboo in the art of war. Why did Zhao Kuo, who is familiar with the art of war, make a big change in Lian Po's old men? It is nothing more than changing people who listen to their own words, so that their decisions can be implemented smoothly and will not be blocked. As you can imagine, such arbitrariness can only lead to centralized, and failure is inevitable!

Secondly, Zhao Kuo didn't consider the danger of fresh water at all, so he personally led the army across the fresh water to attack Qin Jun. So, I decided to cross the river and cut off Zhao's posterior road. This is another trick of Zhao Kuo, and there is no room for manoeuvre.

Third, in the case of Zhao Kuo's repeated defeats, he lost his mind and took the lead. This is a joke. In the early Warring States period, military leaders no longer rushed to the front, but commanded operations in the safest place. Zhao Kuo's lowest-level mistake became a hero in some people's eyes, which caused 400,000 troops to lose their leadership and give in easily. It can also be seen that Zhao Kuo's arbitrary style has a bad influence on Zhao. Even if Zhao Kuo dies, there should be a deputy to take the place of commanding operations in the future, but there is no such thing in Zhao Kuo's leadership arrangement. He has the final say, and no one can object. This further shows that Zhao Kuo made a serious mistake in personnel arrangement.

Refute the fourth view.

46 days without food without mutiny shows Zhao Kuo's military management ability. This is actually far-fetched, first of all, Zhao Kuo's centralization and strict military discipline. Secondly, everyone in Zhao knows that in the face of strength, disunity can only be a dead end. Because Qin Jun has never given preferential treatment to prisoners! Therefore, the consequence of the mutiny is to put yourself on top of your head to be the first-class title of Qin Jun.

The title system of Qin State is known all over the world. If you are caught by Qin's army, you can only lose.

Refute the fifth view.

Take the lead in charging, which is the leadership form of leaders in early wars. During the Warring States period, leaders stood in the safest place to direct the war. We can imagine: 400,000 troops, whose leaders are not in the command center, go to a certain queue and fight like soldiers. Who's in command? The soldier became a headless fly. This view is even understood by children. Zhao Kuo lost his mind and begged for mercy, regardless of the life and death of 400,000 soldiers. He is responsible for the final outcome of the battle of Changping.

Refute the sixth view.

As I have said, dealing with Shangdang County is a strategic mistake. During the Warring States period, the authority of kings was beyond our modern understanding. Can refer to the modern "Cultural Revolution" to understand. Originally, Zhao was very conceited, and he didn't think clearly about how powerful Qin was and what his purpose was. Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao is not a wise master. It can be seen from the ending of Wuling that the emperors of Zhao were not very wise. Zhao Haoqi Cheng Xiao is an expert in infighting, but a layman in external fighting! When Qin and Zhao were at loggerheads, it was really a mistake to send someone to negotiate with Qin. As a result, being trapped by Qin made the other five countries suspicious and lost an excellent opportunity to get support from the other five countries. This is a complete strategic mistake.

To sum up, it can't be said that the battle of Changping is a comprehensive reflection of the strategic mistakes, tactical mistakes and strategic mistakes of Zhao ruling group.

Let's take a look at the siege of Handan:

In 259 BC, after the battle of Changping, Tian Lei wanted to attack and destroy the state of Zhao by attacking Handan, the capital of Zhao. The contribution of jealousy suggested that Han ceded Yuan Yong (now Yuanyang County, Henan Province), Zhao ceded six cities for peace, and Qin agreed. When preparing to cede six cities according to the peace treaty, Yu Qing, the minister, thought that the land ceded with Qin was stronger, and Zhao "owned all the land, and Qin wanted nothing", so Zhao was going to perish. Yuqing suggested bribing Qi with six cities to unite against Qin. When the plan came to mind, Qing Yu was sent to join forces with Qi in the Eastern Palace to discuss the strategy of joint resistance to Qin, and an agreement was reached with Wei by taking advantage of the envoy of Wei. At the same time, Lingqiu (now Lingqiu County, Shanxi Province) was named Shen Jun Huang Xie of Chu Xiangchun, and he made great efforts to make friends with Han and Yan. Actively develop production at home, reorganize armaments, and prepare for resistance to Qin.

process

When King Xiang of Qin saw that Zhao had broken the contract, he would not cut six cities. But to unite the eastern countries against Qin. So, in BC 10, he ordered Wu Dufu's tomb to lead 200,000 troops to attack Zhao, and went straight to Handan, the capital of Zhao.

Lian Po, the general of Zhao, led hundreds of Zhao troops to resist, and Zhao Sheng also scattered his family wealth among the foot soldiers and made up wives and concubines to encourage the army and the people to go to the national disaster together. The tomb has been playing until the second year, but it still can't win. The State of Qin sent 100,000 troops to sweep the graves, and five schools (8000- 10000 people per "school") were killed. Zhao Xiang, the king of Qin, ordered Bai Qi to succeed the commander-in-chief of the mausoleum, and Bai Qi refused to accept the disease. King Xiang of Qin changed Wang Bi to take Ling as the general, and sent another 100,000 troops to continue the siege of Handan. Qin Jun was killed and wounded more than half, but he still couldn't get away. So Fan Sui recommended Zheng Anping as a general, led fifty thousand troops with a lot of hay to support Wang Bi, and strengthened the attack on Zhao. When Handan ran out of food, it was forced to ask Wei and Chu for help.

In 258 BC, Ping Yuanjun and Zhao Sheng were ordered to go to Chu. He wanted to choose 20 members of his entourage who were both civil and military, but only 19 were selected. A guest volunteered to go with him. Zhao thought he had been under the door for three years, but he didn't know what he could do and refused to take him in. Mao Sui said, "I ask you to take care of it today. This is the last thing that makes you stand out. " Zhao brought it with him when he hired people. This is "self-recommendation"

Zhao and his party came to the state of Chu and stated the interests of uniting against Qin to the king of Chu, Gao Lie.

From "Sunrise" to "Japan-China", King Chukauli is still hesitating. Mao Sui drew his sword and walked forward. He approached King Gaolie of Chu and said, "Today, Chu has a land of 5,000 miles and a million halberds, which is the capital of overlord. With the power of Chu, the world is available. Tian Lei took a small vertical ear and led tens of thousands of people to start fighting with Chu. In the first world war, I gave a slap in the face and then burned Yiling. In World War III, he humiliated the king's ancestors. Chair Zhao is ashamed of this eternal hatred, but Wang Fu knows its evil. This alliance is Chu, not Ye Zhao ". King Gao Lie of Chu was ashamed and "passively" agreed, "bloody and longitudinal". After Zhao returned to China, Chu sent 100,000 troops to save Zhao.

Wei Anguo sent a hundred thousand troops to save Zhao. King Xiang of Qin sent someone to threaten King Nuo, saying, "Some governors dare to save Zhao, attack before saving, and destroy Zhao first." . Andrew West was afraid, so he ordered the army to stop in Ye (southwest of Linzhang County, Hebei Province) and sit tight. Wang Chongfei, the concubine of Wei Wuji, the king of Wei Xinling, stole the charm, led the samurai Zhu Hai to kill him, seized his relieving, and selected 80,000 soldiers to attack Qin Jun. This is "stealing symbols to save Zhao". Zhu Chun and Huang Xie also led the army to save Zhao. When Qin Jun was defeated, Zhao Xiang, the king of Qin, asked Tian Lei to lead the troops against Zhao. Tian Lei never gets sick. After Qin was dismissed from office, he was forced to commit suicide in (now northwest of Xi, Shaanxi Province).

Before the reinforcements from Wei and Chu arrived, Zhao Sheng summoned 3,000 fighters, ordered Li Frank to lead the army to attack Qin Jun, and repelled Qin Jun for 30 miles. Li Tan was killed, and the prince of Zhao named his father Hou Li.

result

In 65438+February, 257 BC, Wei Chujun arrived in the suburbs of Handan and attacked Qin Jun. The defenders of Zhao cooperated with Wei Chujun to fight back outside the city. Under the attack from inside and outside the armed forces, Qin Jun was defeated and suffered heavy losses. Wang Bi led the remnants to Fencheng (now the north of Houma City, Shanxi Province), and more than 20,000 people under the command of Zheng Anping of Qin State were surrounded by allied forces, so they had to surrender to Zhao and the siege of Handan was solved. The Wei-Chu allied forces advanced to Hedong (now southwest of Shanxi Province), and Qin Jun was defeated again and returned to Hexi (now south of the Yellow River between Shanxi and Shaanxi). At this time, South Korea joined the United front to attack Qin, and Zhao, Wei, Chu and Han successively recovered Hedong County and Anyang of Wei, Taiyuan County, Pilao and Wu 'an of Zhao, Shangdang County and Runan of Korea.

affect

The Battle of Handan seriously consumed the strength of Qin State, causing nearly 300,000 casualties in the army of Qin State, which slowed down the pace of Qin State's unification of the six countries.

The Battle of Handan was the first great victory of the Eastern vassal States against Qin during the Warring States Period, which led to the bankruptcy of Qin's policy of attacking six countries in an all-round way. The State of Qin was forced to change its strategy and adopt a foreign policy of "making friends far away and attacking near", "divide and rule" and "divide and conquer", which divided and alienated the relations between the eastern countries and played a key role in unifying the six countries.

evaluate

The Battle of Handan was the first great victory of Kanto governors over Qin after the formation of the strategic pattern of Qin's dominance. Under the situation of unifying Zhao at home and opposing Qin at abroad, Xiang of Qin thought that Qin was strong and Zhao was weak, and insisted on attacking Zhao, which was a strategic mistake. However, when the first battle was defeated and the troops were fortified, they continued to storm again and again, ignoring Wei and Chu reinforcements, and the operational guidance was not reliable, which led to failure and delayed the process of destroying the six countries. This war shows that whether objective conditions are available and subjective guidance is correct plays an extremely important role in the outcome of the war.