Is there any correspondence between ancient scholars from childhood to Jinshi and modern junior high school and doctoral academicians? How to correspond?

The imperial examination system was an examination system for selecting officials in China's feudal society. It was implemented for more than 1,300 years from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty. Its heyday and perfection were in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The two-week official selection system was mainly a hereditary system before the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, the "Shiqing Shilu" system. During the Warring States Period, the guest minister system was gradually implemented, in which the kings of distant lands were promoted and appointed from civilians; middle and lower-level officials were trained through "nurturing scholars" and "military merit". During the Han Dynasty, there was the so-called inspection and promotion system. This is actually a kind of recommendation system, which often does not live up to its name. There was a sarcastic saying in folk songs at that time: "If you promote talents, you don't know how to read; if you promote filial piety and integrity, your father will live apart." In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the nine-level Zhongzheng system was implemented. The power to select officials is controlled by aristocratic families, resulting in a situation where "high-ranking people have no poor families, and low-class families have no powerful families". Ordinary people have no hope of becoming officials. Because the "nine-grade Zhongzheng system" hindered the advancement of the small and medium-sized landlord class, it aroused their strong opposition, and was not conducive to strengthening feudal centralization. The Sui Dynasty established the "opening of examinations to obtain scholars", a method of selecting talents and allocating official positions through regular unified examinations, which was the beginning of the imperial examination system.

(1) The imperial examination and examination style in the Tang Dynasty

In the Tang Dynasty, the system was gradually improved and formed. In terms of examination subjects, the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty were divided into three categories: regular examinations, institutional examinations and martial arts examinations.

Regular examination is the most important form of imperial examination, that is, it is an examination form that regularly opens subjects to obtain scholars. It is also called regular examination. Regular subjects are divided into regular subjects and special subjects. The Chang Gong subjects mainly include scholar, Jinshi, Ming Jing, Ming Fa, Ming Zi, Ming Suan, etc. The special subjects mainly include Taoju (metaphysics), boy (under ten years old can master a classic), and Yishi ("Historical Records") , Three Histories ("Historical Records" and "Hanshu" before and after), Three Zhuan (Three Biography of "Spring and Autumn"), Three Rites ("Zhou Rites", "Rituals"), "Book of Rites" and Kaiyuan Rites (the Kaiyuan Rites of the Kaiyuan Period) Etiquette) etc. According to some statistics, as many as 270 subjects were offered in the Tang Dynasty. Among these subjects, special subjects are not often held, and the Mingfa and Mingzi in the Changgong subjects are not valued by people. The Xiucai subject is too difficult to take, and only one or two people are selected at a time. Later, it is also The exams were suspended, so Ming Jing and Jin Shi became the most important exam subjects in regular subjects. Among them, the Jinshi subject receives special attention. Because the Ming Jing test is based on the meaning of Tie Jing Mo (equivalent to today's fill-in-the-blank dictation), the difficulty is relatively low, but the admission rate is relatively high, which is one-tenth or two (Jinshi is one or two percent). Therefore, a social tendency was formed to attach importance to Jinshi and despise Mingjing. At that time, there was a saying that "thirty old masters of Ming Dynasty and fifty-year-old Jinshi" were compared to "climbing the Dragon Gate".

Zhiju is an imperial examination for selecting special talents. It is an examination specially issued by the emperor according to certain needs and presided over personally. Also called Zhike. The examination period is not fixed, and the subjects are often decided on a temporary basis. There are as many as 86 types before and after. The main ones are: the subject of being able to speak out and give advice, the subject of being talented and knowledgeable, and the subject of physical application, and the subject of military ambition and military strategy, etc. . Although those who graduated from the high school of Zhi Ke are awarded the official status and family background, in people's minds, the status of Zhi Ke is far inferior to that of Jinshi, and people think that this is not a legitimate background. Historical records record that there were eight Zhang Huan brothers, seven of them were born in Jinshi, and one was born in the imperial examination. These seven people did not want to sit with this man. If brothers are like this, what can others say. Therefore, although the reputation of Zhike is high, in terms of its actual status, it is far below that of Jinshi.

The martial arts examination was an imperial examination created during the period of Wu Zetian to select military generals. Also called Wu Ke. The main events include: horse shooting, rifle shooting, carbine and weight-bearing, etc. Language and physical fitness are also tested. But it has never been taken seriously.

From the perspective of candidates, candidates in the Tang Dynasty mainly came from two sources: students and rural tributes.

Students refer to students studying in central and local schools. Every winter, schools at all levels send students who pass the examination to Shangshu Province to take the provincial examination. These candidates are called students.

Xiang Gong refers to candidates outside the school. They first applied in writing, and then took the local state and county examinations step by step. Those who passed the exam were sent to Chang'an Provincial Examination. Because they were delivered at the same time as tribute items from various states, they were called rural tributes.

For example, during the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, there was an exam master named Zheng Xie who was very conceited. He felt very aggrieved that he was very satisfied with his fifth place in the provincial examination, so he wrote to Xie Qizhong, the director of the examination, He complained a lot and compared the boss to a rogue horse and a stubborn stone. The chief minister hated him so much that during the palace examination, he judged a paper he thought was Zheng Xie's as a failure. Unexpectedly, after opening it, he found that Zheng Xie not only did not lose the election, but ranked first; another example is that during the Song Shenzong period, Su He admired a candidate named Li Zhai very much, and took a paper that he thought belonged to him and happily marked many words. He also said: "This must be my Li Zhai!" Unexpectedly, after opening the envelope, he saw that it was not Li Zhai. Damn it, Li Zhai actually lost the election. These two examples show that the establishment of anonymity and transcription systems is quite effective in preventing the examiner's "inquiry and selection".

Related to name anonymity and transcription, there is also a system of locking the courtyard. In order to prevent interference from powerful ministers, leakage of secrets and fraud, during the Song Dynasty, once the examiners were appointed, they entered the Gongyuan to work and were completely isolated from the outside world, and their families were not allowed to meet. This method of locking the courtyard is also implemented during marking and grading. The time of locking up the hospital sometimes lasted for more than fifty days.

The establishment of the lock-up, name-blinding and copy-recording system avoided various drawbacks caused by the trend of Tang Xingjuan, avoided injustice caused by the interference of powerful ministers and the likes and dislikes of examiners, and improved and tightened the imperial examination. The examination system ensures the relative fairness of admissions.

2. Disciples of the Son of Heaven

In the imperial examinations of the Tang Dynasty, Jinshi who passed the same subject and ranked in the same year called each other the examiner as the master, master or disciple, and called themselves disciples. In this way, a very special teacher-student relationship is established between the new Jinshi and the examiner. The new Jinshi often regards his passing as a kind of kindness from the examiner and is grateful. Therefore, the imperial examination becomes The examiners formed cliques for personal gain, which was a channel for establishing and cultivating their own power. This was very unfavorable to the emperor's centralized rule. The Niu-Li party struggle in the late Tang Dynasty is a clear proof. In view of this, Zhao Kuangyin transferred the final decision on whether candidates could be admitted to his own hands, thus forming the third level of the imperial examination: the palace examination. The emperor became the final examiner and the benefactor of all new scholars. All new scholars became students of the emperor and disciples of the emperor. The only person they could be grateful to was the emperor. In this way, the emperor firmly grasped the power of selecting scholars for the imperial examination in his own hands. This should be said to be beneficial to consolidating the emperor's centralized rule. In fact, the palace examination was not Zhao Kuangfeng's first initiative. It had already happened during Wu Zetian's time. In order to prevent talents from being buried, Wu Zetian personally conducted an additional test in front of the palace to examine all new Jinshi after the provincial examination. This was the palace examination at that time. However, such palace examinations occurred intermittently in the Tang Dynasty and did not form a system. Therefore, the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty was actually a two-level examination system, namely, the prefectural examination and the provincial examination of the Ministry of Rites. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin clearly announced that all candidates admitted to the Ministry of Rites examination must come to the emperor's palace for a reexamination, and the emperor would personally determine their final admission ranking. As a result, a fixed imperial examination system was formed, and the imperial examination system evolved from a two-level examination system to a three-level examination system. According to the records in Volume 8 of Ye Mengde's "Stone Forest Yan Yu", the final formation of the palace examination system seems to have a certain degree of accident. "Shilin Yanyu" said that in the sixth year of Emperor Taizu's founding of the Song Dynasty (973), Li Fang, a Hanlin scholar, presided over the provincial examination and admitted 38 candidates. When Zhao Kuangyin called these candidates, he found that two candidates had poor quality and were eliminated. One of them, Wu Jichuan, happened to be a fellow villager of Li Fang, which aroused Taizu's suspicion. At that time, some failed candidates were beating drums to accuse Li Fang of fraud, hoping to retake the exam. So Taizu ordered 195 candidates to be selected from among the failed candidates and take the imperial examination together with the 38 people who had been admitted. As a result, 10 of the 38 people who had been admitted failed. Li Fang was demoted for this, and the imperial examination became the highest-level examination format, which lasted until the Qing Dynasty.

When the palace examination was first implemented in the early Northern Song Dynasty, some candidates who participated in the palace examination always failed to get their names. Some people passed the provincial examination many times but failed in the palace examination many times, and they could not help but complain.

When the children are called for entry, the sponsor must stand aside, agree in person during the roll call, and immediately investigate any problems found. Candidates are strictly searched when entering the venue. They are not allowed to bring any piece of paper or words. They are seated after entering the venue. The exam table is a long wooden table with 10 people per table. The test questions are not printed, but are read out orally and posted on a wooden sign to be shown to the entire audience.

The college examination is basically two sessions. The first session is the main session, which consists of two eight-part essays and one five-character and six-rhyme poem. The second session is a re-examination, which includes an eight-part essay and a poem. The college examination is conducted by county, and the number of places in each county varies depending on the amount of money, food and population in each county.

If you pass the college examination, you will be qualified as a scholar and be sent to a county school or a government school to study. Your status will be called a county student member or a government student member. There is a semicircular pool of water in front of it (called Panshui), which in popular terms is called "Jinxue", and the first place is called "the head of the hospital case". After entering school, they put on the uniform of a scholar. In the Ming Dynasty, they wore a square scarf. In the Qing Dynasty, they wore a silver cap and a blue robe, commonly known as a blue shirt. After entering the school, the scholar must worship the academic officer as his teacher. Accept the education and management of academic officials.

According to their grades, students are divided into different categories such as tribute students, lin students, accretive students, epiphysics, and supervisory students. Gongsheng is a student who contributed to the imperial court and was sent to the Imperial College to study.

About the Examination of Juren

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the qualification of Juren was obtained after passing the province-wide imperial examination. The elegant name is Xiaolian, which is actually different from the nature of Xiaolian in the Han Dynasty. The province's examination is called the "rural examination", and because it is held in autumn, it is also called "Qiuwei". The rural examination is held every three years. In case of national celebrations, it is temporarily added once, called Enke. The year of the provincial examination is called the year of Dabi.

The examiners of the rural examination must be selected from officials of various ministries and academicians with Jinshi background, just like the academic administration, but the grade is higher than that of the academic administration