Grammatical problems in Japanese

1. Start with a joke.

I heard that there is such a story:

In a quiet and harmonious forest, an animal costume party is held every year, and the "king of the forest" will be elected next year.

After a full meal, the election began. Of course, everyone chose the tiger as the "king of the forest". Today's meeting will be a mouse. The pot-bellied mouse put on a mask and dressed up as a majestic tiger cat. It asks everyone loudly:

"Senator Wang Who?" ("Who is the king of the forest?" )

The animals said in unison, "Anyway, tiger." "("tigers, of course. " )

The animals cheered and put the disguised tiger on the stage. The mouse of Sihui wants to say:

「あなたが、…。 "("… is that you? " )

But that day, it was a three color cat dressed as a tiger. He was too drunk to stand up. It broke its skin in the pushing and screaming of animals, and some showed its true colors. Sihui mice feel bad, panic, can't help but spill the beans and say:

「あなたは、…。 Who are you ...? " )

The fake tiger said drunkenly, "Cat". "(It's a cat. " )

The mice were so scared that they forgot their dignity and ran away.

When beginners learn Japanese, they will always encounter many grammatical problems, which are daunting. For example, the usage of "が" and "は" is explained in detail in general grammar books: "が "is a case auxiliary word, indicating the subject of a sentence; "は" is a suggestive auxiliary word, suggesting the theme of the sentence, and so on. But for beginners, how to distinguish when to use "が" and when to use "は"?

2. On the difference between "が" and "は"

How to distinguish when to use the nominative auxiliary word "が" and when to use the prompt auxiliary word "は"? In fact, just remember: "が" focuses on its front, while "は" focuses on its back. In order to better grasp the usage of nominative auxiliary word "が" and prompt auxiliary word "は", let's first examine the occasions when they are not interchangeable.

If a sentence is divided into the first sentence and the last sentence, plus unknown factors, it will be easier to explain.

The former (key) and the latter. -Answer the previous part.

The first item, the last item (key), the last item. -Answer the last part.

Example 1: Who is it? who is it? who is it?

The first paragraph in the sentence 1 is an unknown factor, which is the focus of the question, so "が" must be used. Because the questioner already knows that there is an animal that is the "king of the forest", and it is urgent to know who is it, a wolf, a lion or a tiger?

A: Tiger. (Original sentence = Hu)

-"が" focuses on the former item, so the answer to the latter item can be omitted.

Example 2: Hu

The last item of the second sentence is an unknown factor and the focus of the problem, so "は" must be used. Because the questioner already knows that there is a tiger, what he needs to know is the details about it. Is he the king of the forest or the essence of the flower? What does it look like?

Mr. Sen and Mr. Wang are in a hurry. (Original sentence = Hu)

-"は" focuses on the latter item, so the former item can be omitted.

This can be summarized as follows: the nominative auxiliary word "が" focuses on its previous content, and the answer sentence must answer the content before "が"; The content before the prompt particle "は" is not important, but the content after it, so you must answer the part after "は "."

Therefore, in interrogative sentences, "が" is used for the unknown factors in the former item, and "は" is used for the unknown factors in the latter item. "が" and "は" must not be interchangeable here, otherwise the meaning will be completely changed.

3. The use of "が" and "は" has its own emphasis.

Last time I talked about the intention of the nominative auxiliary word "が" before it, suggesting the intention of the auxiliary word "は" after it. How to use it in reading, writing and conversation?

Generally speaking, "が" is usually used in the first topic, because the speaker is concerned about this topic. When it is mentioned again, it becomes a known factor, and the speaker's focus is often on the specific content of the topic, so "は" is used more.

For example: 1. I didn't know what to do, so I gave birth. (ちゃんは) Yuanなのです.

In the first half sentence of example 1, the speaker's intention is focused on the "red" in the previous paragraph, so "が" is used. In the second half of the sentence, the speaker's intention focuses on the latter item, that is, "is it a boy or a girl", so "は" is used, and "ちゃんは" in brackets is generally omitted.

Example 2. The sun rises and sets. ぁたり が るくなり ががきめました.

Use "が" when describing natural phenomena objectively. It can also be understood that it is the first time that something is mentioned, but the listener still "doesn't know" about it, so "が" is used. It's just that when describing natural phenomena objectively, they often jump from one item to another, so there is a feeling of using "が" more. In fact, "は" should also be used when this matter appears in the text for the second time. For example:

Example 3. The sun rises and sets. ぁたりがるくなりががきめましたはだ ...

Generally speaking, the sentence before "が" is not too long, unless the subject has a long modifier. However, because "ははは" focuses on the content behind it, the sentences that put forward the theme in "は" can often be delayed for a long time.

4. Usage of に, へ and で (1)

With regard to the usage of the case auxiliary words に, へ and で, both に and へ can indicate the direction and place, but に emphasizes the place and へ emphasizes the direction, and sometimes they can be interchanged. Trivial trivial, make people dizzy. It is difficult for beginners to distinguish the two.

We may all marvel that children are geniuses in learning languages. Then let's go back to the childhood level and look at the above usages of "に", "へ" and "で" vividly, and maybe we can gain something.

I think even beginners can easily understand and master "に", "へ" and "で" if they use symbols for visual understanding. Generally speaking, "に" means a dot, "へ" means an arrow with a handle, and "で" means a big circle.

First, compare the differences between "に" and "へ", such as:

Example 1. ○ Girls are walking in the gym. -She ran to the stadium.

Example 2. ○ Tokyo train-bus to the stadium

Example 3. There is a train in Tokyo-the train that arrives at the stadium.

Example 4. Go to the gym. -She ran to the stadium.

Example 5. ○ Tokyo へく train-bus to the stadium

Example 6. There is a train in Tokyo-the train that arrives at the stadium.

"に" and "へ", that is, both points and arrows can indicate the goal and direction, but "に "focuses on one point of the goal, so it does not emphasize the distance between the action point of the verb and the target point. After all, the function of へ is an arrow with an arrow shaft, and there must be a distance between the action point and the target point of the verb to put down an arrow shaft. It is not difficult to see why "へ" cannot be used in Example 6, because there is no distance between the verb "zhe く" and the target point "Tokyo".

5. Usage of に, へ and で (2)

Last time we talked about the difference between に and へ. Let's compare the difference between に and で.

The difference between に and で can be roughly described as the difference between で and で.

Specifically, "に" stands for a point. That is, the target or action point. It can be a point in time or a point in space; It can be an abstract point or a point on an object. It can be translated as "Yu" in Chinese. For example:

Example 1. Since five o'clock. ... from 5 am (a time point)

Example 2. Pigeons are flying in the air. ... pigeons fly to the sky (a point in space)

Example 3. He dreams of going to the city. ... he is a man who struggles for his ideals (in the abstract)

"で" means round. Just like drawing a circle, it shows that there is a specific action in its circle. But whether abstract or concrete, they can only circle in space, not in time. で is equivalent to で in Chinese. For example:

Example 4. Birds are flying in the air. ... birds flying in the sky. (it can be flying around, indicating the spatial scope)

Example 5. Books in the car. ... reading in the car. (Take the car as a circle and study within its scope)

Example 6. In the dream, a horse chased it. ... chasing rabbits in dreams. (abstract scope)

Please look at the following example:

Example 7. Live in Tokyo. ... living in Tokyo. (a point on a plane)

Example 8. Live in Tokyo. ... living in Tokyo.

Example 9. Sunset in Tokyo. ... living in Tokyo. (Take Tokyo as a circle and live in it)

Example 10. X Tokyo. ... living in Tokyo.

"Living" means staying at the "spot" where you live, without any specific actions. Therefore, "Tokyo" in Example 7 is a point in space, and "に" is used instead of "で "."Twilight City "means" life "and has specific actions, so" Tokyo "in Example 9 is the range of actions and should be replaced by "で".

Finally, please remember one sentence: "に" is a point, "で" is an arrow, and "へ" is an arrow.

6. Use "も" instead of "は" when complimenting.

There is a saying in my hometown that "sedan chairs carry people". It means that people need to say some compliments to each other to smooth interpersonal relationships. In Japan, compliments are used more. Because of the different language habits between China and Japan, the expressions are of course different. Therefore, when using auxiliary words, we'd better pay attention to using "も" rather than "は". For example, your girlfriend, classmate or colleague is dressed beautifully today. You can praise her:

For example, today's 1. ... you are beautiful today, too.

Nowadays, foreign clothes are the enemy. ... you are dressed beautifully today.

Never say:

Example 3: Today's はきれぃですね. ... you are very beautiful today.

(implication: it's not very good at ordinary times)

Example 4: ののははですねね ... You are dressed beautifully today.

(implication: I don't usually dress well)

Why does the word "は" have such a subtle feeling? I'm afraid this is because "は" means "difference and contrast". The usage of "difference and contrast" of "は" is to distinguish the content before "は", emphasize its particularity, and mean "I don't know what other occasions are like" or "other occasions are not like this". Another example is:

On the day of the school trip, the school is closed today.

I usually go to school every day, but I didn't go to school today.

Example 6: (ぃつもくてぃるが) I went to bed early today.

... (I usually stay up late,) go to bed early today.

On the other hand, "も" refers to the enumeration of the same kind, or only one item is proposed as the theme on the basis of the suggested category column. It is equivalent to the Chinese word "Ye".

Although using "は" to express "difference and contrast" sometimes does not exclude others, but only distinguishes the content before "は" from others. However, Japanese people who are good at compliments are used to using "も" more because of its enumeration. To show that the other party is not only very good today, but also very good at ordinary times, which is worthy of praise.

Please praise or compliment with "も" and criticize with "は". Even as a child, if you sincerely praise:

Example 7: Today's "もぃぃです".

... and you're fine today.

I believe he (she) will be elated.

7. The rhythm of Japanese is like a machine gun

Speaking of rhythm, I always feel that everything in Japan is too fast. Life is good, school and work are good, and every day is like a war. And even the speech has a sense of rhythm. You see, when the Japanese speak, the strength of each tone is the same, and the pronunciation time is the same. Not even excited about the tone. Click, click, click, click ... It's like firing a machine gun.

It is said that Japanese has the fastest speech speed in the world, which means that the most syllables appear every minute. And the Chinese intonation we are used to, like singing, rises and falls. It is not easy to change the habit of speaking into a strong and weak rhythm like a machine gun.

When I first learned Japanese, I tried many ways to master Japanese pronunciation. For example, practice reading aloud while standing, and then beat the beat, but it is more convenient to beat 1 twice. "Met キャ? シュ? チョョョョ ",just spell the pen name in front and the small pen name below into 1 sound, and take 1 beat; When encountering a long sound, lengthen the pronunciation and take 2 beats; んんん is also counted as 1 beat, which adds up with the previous sound to be 1 nasal sound 2 beats; When I met the voice that raised my pitch (that little "っ"), I felt as if I had been hit by a stone. I suddenly paused, stopped 1 beat, and made the next sound. In this way, I gradually found a sense of rhythm. (The Japanese heard that it is probably "びっくりびっくりぅてん)".

I think the most difficult thing for China people to master is long tones and rising tones. Often, the playing time of long sound is not enough, and the promotion sound cannot stop at 1 beat. This is mainly a matter of habit. As long as you practice hard, you will suddenly understand one day.

With a sense of rhythm, let's review some Japanese words, especially proverbs and idioms. Although they are not as philosophical as China proverbs, they have a certain rhythm and are catchy to read, but they also have different tastes. For example:

Good Mordor (こぅじ) (またし) ... 3 beats +3 beats.

The good things in China are full of hardships, while the good things in Japan are full of evil spirits. Generally speaking, a successful person must endure a little setback. As long as you persist in your efforts, you will be able to master Japanese flexibly.

"A thousand miles, a thousand miles, a thousand miles, a thousand miles." (せんりのみも) (ぃっぽか)

Beginners can succeed as long as they make unremitting efforts A translator can learn nothing.

Come on!