What is the migration path of Hakkas?

The migration route of Hakkas (1) Ganzhou (Jiangxi), the birthplace of Hakkas. Why are many people migrating? What will happen to the waiting immigrants? Can there be less pain and panic in the process of migration? Like Shanghainese who emigrated in the past, Hakkas keep their own language, take pride in their own culture and refuse to identify with the local culture. There are tens of millions of Hakkas, millions of whom live overseas. People only pay attention to a few outstanding Hakkas in modern times (Sun Yat-sen, Lee Kuan Yew, Lee Teng-hui, etc.). ), but few people pay attention to most poor Hakkas. These grassroots people have lived in the southern mountainous areas for generations and need due attention. Where did they come from? Where will they go? This has always been a mystery that I can't uncover from books, so this time I chose to go south and try to have a dialogue about Hakka history and reality along the migration route of Hakka people. Because, I want to know what is the difference between the migration of modern people and the migration of Hakkas? How can we find the inner peace of immigrants? Can we get some enlightenment from the migration of Hakkas? The formation of Hakka is mainly related to the Song Dynasty, especially in the era of the alternation of Song and Yuan Dynasties, when people from the Central Plains moved south because of the war. Why did you move to the south? This is caused by geographical factors and ethnic factors. To the east of China is the ocean, to the west is the snowy mountain plateau, and to the north is the conquered ethnic minorities. It can be said that it is besieged on three sides, and moving south is the only choice; Further, it can be said that it is a nomadic people in the north. These areas are short of water, and agricultural civilization cannot spread to grasslands. Nomadic tribes formed conquered minorities several times, and then invaded the Central Plains many times. In order to resist this invasion and gain an advantage in the north-south confrontation, the Han nationality should emphasize increasing population and safeguarding national unity. However, there are always fatuous emperors who lead to the decline of national strength, military weakness, occupation of territory and even change of ownership. The strength of the Song Dynasty was weak, the whole country was unarmed, and the emperor was taken hostage. The people of the Central Plains could not bear the bullying and torture of foreigners, so they had to start the climax of moving south. They sailed across the Yangtze River from Henan and Huaihe River basins, and then went south along the Ganjiang River, gradually drifting away ... The Central Plains people began this group migration from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and few ethnic groups in the world were forced to migrate like this (in fact, they became refugees who could not return to their hometown). Behind the scenes, there were wars and sad screams everywhere. In the chaos, people take their children to a strange and desolate place to seek peace for their whole life or generations. Walking into Ganzhou, we can know that the southeast mountainous area is a natural barrier; However, Hunan is prone to floods, and the southwest is the mountainous area of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, so agricultural civilization cannot develop. In contrast, southern Ganzhou is a hilly and mountainous area with developed water system, and a small amount of cultivated land can be developed along the wasteland along the river. In this way, people from the Central Plains poured into Ganzhou during the war. I talked to the curator of a museum in Ganzhou. Hakka people stay in Ganzhou for a period of time, and when there are more people, they need to find a new migration place. One waterway is Zhangjiang, and those who cross Dayuling into Guangdong are Guangfu people. A waterway is the Gongjiang River, and it is the "Hakkas" who cross the stone wall and enter Fujian. Later, Hakkas entered Guangdong from Yanting River and Hanjiang River in Fujian. Since then, these immigrants have been a guest in a wild foreign land, and it is difficult for them to predict the future misfortune. They dream of a scene and a thing around their homeland, far away from the political and cultural center in the north, looking back at the glory that the clan once had, retaining the traditional Central Plains culture and forming the habit of "farming and reading", hoping to compete for the Central Plains again through the imperial examination ... When they came to Ganzhou City, the locals told me that the word "Jiangxi" in Ganzhou. There are many Hakkas in Ganzhou, including the neighboring Ji 'an. However, in Ganzhou, "Mandarin" is the main language. Outside the city, most farmers speak Hakka. Some people say that Hakka people have preserved the culture of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Hakka dialect also carries the pronunciation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. I haven't had time to weigh its authenticity. My main concern is the survival and fate of Hakkas. Migration is a passive behavior and a painful process, which creates a glimmer of life in the pain of migration. On the one hand, they regrouped their forces according to their surnames and fought against Manliao (estimated to be mainly Yao and She, formerly known as Baiyue) who occupied Nanling in order to gain a foothold; On the other hand, they want to cultivate land to support their families. Moreover, mountainous areas are "densely populated and sparsely populated", so we should consciously continue to migrate. With the change of stars, Hakkas took a typical migration route-starting from Ganzhou, developing in Tingzhou (Fujian), thriving in Meizhou (Guangdong) and going abroad in Chaozhou (Guangdong). What a long migration route it is, it embodies the hardships of immigrants and stubbornly explores a way out for Hakkas ... In addition, a branch moved westward from Fujian (or Guangdong) to Sichuan and Guangxi. I learned that there are many local towns in Ganzhou, and the whole town has the same surname. Ganzhou city reached its peak in Song Dynasty, which may be related to the agricultural civilization and cultural thought brought by the migration of Central Plains people, and it was far away from the war in Central Plains at that time. Therefore, Ganzhou also has a name called "Song Cheng". I prefer to visit the old street "Zaoer Lane" in Ganzhou, as well as the large-scale Confucian Temple and the old city wall. These landscapes can show that Ganzhou has a profound human history, which makes people linger. In addition, Li Bo, a descendant of the royal family of Li Shimin in the Tang Dynasty, served as the secretariat of Ganzhou, leaving a famous sentence in Yugutai: "Relieve the past and present, and keep the heart of heaven and earth alone". When you board Yugutai, you can see that Zhangjiang and Gongjiang meet to form Ganjiang River, which flows from south to north. Yugutai also has a statue of Xin Qiji, a famous person in the Song Dynasty. That year, he was exiled to Ganzhou because of lack of talents. His situation is a realistic portrayal of Yugutai couplets. However, many old houses here have been demolished, hoping to preserve the style of the ancient city; If there are no historical buildings, what kind of historical and cultural city is it? I also visited a village called Li Laoshan, where there is a Bogong Temple. According to legend, when Li Bo was a secretariat in Ganzhou, one of his descendants lived here. Li Bo moved to Lushan Mountain in Jiujiang in his later years and founded Bailuyuan Academy, which became the first academy in the world. It is understood that this atmosphere of attaching importance to reading has always been very strong in Jiangxi. It is really rare for colleges and universities of all sizes to blossom everywhere in the wild mountainous areas. Those obscure literati who inherit the culture of the Central Plains. But the reality in front of us is sighing. Now Li Laoshan has a large population, because the land is limited, and the per capita is less than four points. Because the harvest is too low, farmers don't grow food, so they have to grow vegetables instead. All the young people in the village have gone to work in other places, leaving only the old and the young at home. I sat in an old couple's house for a while. They live in an old house with dull eyes and a poor family. Who cares about their future? The new rural policy of "more thunder and less rain" cannot change the countryside; Although the Beijing-Kowloon Railway is thought to bring new hope when it passes through the residential areas of Hakkas, the pace of migration of Hakkas has stopped and the culture of migration has disappeared, which is simply too bad. It turns out that half of the farmers' bodies have been buried in the ground. The current household registration system firmly binds farmers to the land, which is equivalent to adding a chain to farmers. Farmers have completely become slaves to the land and can no longer migrate. The "Hakka culture" formed by migration is also equivalent to breaking the pulse; The population continues to expand, and the contradiction between population and land will become more serious. Where is the way out for these mountain farmers? In this way, it can be asserted that farmers have no chance to get rid of poverty after 100 years ... I realize that the migration history of Hakkas is created by countless grassroots Hakkas, and their society, economy and mentality need to be further understood. I will continue along a typical Hakka "geographical migration route", and the next stop is Longyan City, Fujian Province. In the past, it was Tingzhou. -I choose to go to Shanghang County, Fujian Province, because there is a big Li Ancestral Hall there. It is said that since the Song Dynasty, there are 30 million descendants of the Li family. Its migration route also crossed the stone wall to Ninghua, Fujian, and later went south to Shanghang County to start a career. Now, there is an endless stream of overseas Li clansmen who come to the Lee Grand Ancestral Hall in Shanghang every year to seek their roots and worship their ancestors. There is another important reason. I'm a Hakka, a descendant of Hod's ancestors. I've heard about the Lee Ancestral Hall and local stories in Fujian since I was a child, so now, I meet people near my village. Most people come to seek their roots and worship their ancestors. What am I looking for? I think I'm not just looking for roots to worship my ancestors, but more importantly, I'm looking for migration culture. Why are ancestral temples popular in southern rural areas? Why are there so many clans overseas? What is the reason? I never got the answer. After this in-depth understanding, I realized that the biggest challenge Hakka people faced when they came to these wild places was not the land, but the ability to seize it. This ability, based on surnames and ancestral halls, can quickly accumulate population through "multiple births and surname identification", form a social group that values sons over daughters, and form a force for foreign resistance; They have to deal not only with the attacks of barbarians (or aborigines), but also with the attacks of bandits and the competition for land and water between Hakka ethnic groups with different surnames. In other words, no one can live in a foreign land outside the clan group. Therefore, the Hakkas who moved south actually maintained the characteristics of clan society in the Central Plains, clan management, unity and mutual assistance. But this clan society is different from the gentry society in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but an ordinary society. In order to cater to the feudal social tradition of hereditary system, when compiling genealogy, they often rely on early imperial officials with the same surname to show that they are of noble origin. This practice can be called "reliable", basically for the outstanding elements in the common people's society to pursue the way out of "being an official", so Hakka people have formed the tradition of "farming and reading". No wonder, I don't want to fool around in officialdom. My family has always regretted it. I didn't understand why I had such an idea at home before. Maybe I don't understand my Hakka culture. When I arrived in Shanghang County, a small county in the mountainous area of western Fujian, I asked where Guantian Village in Rentian Town was. This is the seat of Li Da Ancestral Hall. After walking along the township road for more than 40 kilometers, I finally arrived at the Lee's Grand Ancestral Hall before nightfall. From a distance, it looks like a castle, with a circular fence structure on the back and a square "palace-style" structure in front, which is three yards deep. The gate belongs to Fujian stone carving art, and there are couplets of "Prime Minister's General's House, Loyal Minister's Filial Son's Gate". It cost 20,000 silver dollars to build this magnificent ancestral temple. It is said that this is the "Dragon Circle" of Hakkas. A new supporting building is being built next to the ancestral hall. The office building and the villa where guests rest are all built with donations from the descendants of the ancestral temple. That night, I lived in a newly built villa. Because there was no air conditioning, I felt particularly bored and woke up early. In the dark, I thought of the difficult scene of ancestor migration and establishment. In the past, this place must be more desolate than it is now. Who cares about these right people in the era of war? Everything depends on yourself. Their hearts must be darker and more frightened than they are now ... they must have experienced desperate struggle for survival and must have unyielding spirit. They experienced the baptism of blood and fire. Some of them fell down and some were scarred, but they must have stood up stubbornly. I don't know what they were thinking. I remembered a poem I was familiar with the other day: "Please don't be surprised! Save me from pain, let me stop wandering! I have no branches to follow! " This seems to be my prayer to my ancestors and gods. Maybe this is the prayer of all Hakkas. At this moment, a burst of sadness welled up in my heart, and a line of tears could not help falling on my face; Because, in the new migration tide, I have also become a stranger in a foreign land, and I am also struggling to find how to integrate into society and how to seek inner peace. Also, I am very interested in Hakka enclosed houses. Missed the opportunity of Ganzhou and missed the opportunity of Fujian. I moved from Shanghang to Yongding County, which is the most typical place with the largest number of Hakka houses. However, I only stayed in Yongding County for one night. It was very late when I arrived in Yongding. I wanted to go to Meizhou, Guangdong the next day, but there was only one bus to Meizhou in Yongding in the morning. I have to call the tourism bureau to get some information to read. But I probably think that the enclosed house is a combination of clan society and architectural model, and its architectural features are like the enclosure of the rammed earth Great Wall in the northwest, which can prevent bandits from attacking, indicating that the population in this mountainous area is relatively small, bandits are particularly serious, and it is not easy for Hakkas to survive. Closed houses ensure the safety of their lives and property and strengthen the characteristics of clan society. In this clan society, the integration of small families and large families is conducive to competition and development. Later generations thought that Hakka Wai House was one of the six characteristic "residential houses" in China, and praised it as a masterpiece of Hakka art, which is another story. I will definitely visit the attached house again if I have the opportunity to make up for this regret. It is said that Yongding County is the ancestral home of Lee Teng-hui, whose ancestors moved from Fujian to Taiwan Province Province. From the ethnic and cultural roots, he should not engage in acts of splitting the motherland, although the historical legacy of China's politics is very complicated. Perhaps, enclosed houses, farming civilization and clan society are the roots of Hakka people's tenacious roots, while yearning for aristocratic society and taking exams are the reasons why they develop the reading atmosphere. Studying, taking exams and being an official belong to the Central Plains culture that promotes family status. It can be said that under such difficult conditions, Hakka people have completed a series of cultural integration with self-awareness and have been tempered into an excellent ethnic group-"self-improvement ethnic group". In this way, Hakka people rely on this cultural integration and have their own cultural core, so that they can have subsequent prosperity and development. Later, Hakkas opened up living quarters along Tingjiang, Hanjiang and Dongjiang, connecting Ganzhou, Tingzhou, Meizhou and Chaozhou (including Huizhou) into a Hakka settlement, entered a prosperous period, and then spread to the mainland and overseas ... Walking, I want to ask further: What is the cultural core of Hakkas? Is this culture still developing? I don't fully understand my own ethnic group and I don't fully understand myself. In the past, I complained about the bad conditions and environment; I didn't understand until today that Hakkas don't complain about the environment. They are not afraid of difficulties and actively compete, which can be condensed into four words-self-improvement. -This is my real hometown. Although it dates back to nearly ten generations, it still feels particularly cordial, and there are people who speak Hakka everywhere. I tried it. Even the people who drive tricycles here are so diligent. They introduced me to a hotel, and the price and sanitary conditions satisfied me. They also helped me deliver my suitcase to the guest room. After the Hakkas established a solid foundation in Tingzhou, Fujian, they occupied a large area of hills and mountains along the Tingjiang River and the Hanjiang River. In the same area, the Central Plains people who migrated from various surnames realized their recognition of Hakka culture. As a result, the three ethnic groups of Guangfu, Hakka and Chaoshan (Zhou) have formed a tripartite confrontation in Guangdong. Meizhou came from behind and was listed as one of the four famous cultural cities in Guangdong. There are so many scholars in Meizhou, many universities in Guangdong are professors with Hakka accents, and high school teachers are all over the province. Why is the reading atmosphere so prosperous? The reason may be that I have suffered from wild life and hope to improve my living conditions. Perhaps the Hakkas have survived the hardships of migration, settled down and their families have the ability to invest in talents. Moreover, there are some public properties in clan society, and there are also rural academies in the local area. Meizhou people also have the habit of selling cattle to raise scholars. The stability of life is also manifested in the diet, forming Hakka cuisine. When you arrive in Meizhou, you must try Hakka dishes, such as "baked chicken with salt, braised pork with plum, fish fillets and tofu". Many dishes are salty. I don't know if it comes from the same taste of Central Plains people. There is also a saying that they sweat a lot in the hot mountain areas and need salt supplements. These dishes are not palace dishes, but the dishes of local civilians, and gradually formed a Hakka cuisine series, also known as Dongjiang cuisine (Dongjiang, Guangdong, a Hakka residential area). The same change is also reflected in architecture. Housing construction has also changed from rammed earth walls to brick-wood houses. There are fewer enclosed houses (earth buildings) here in Meizhou, and there are more house styles. The enclosed Dragon House is a major feature, most of which are brick-wood houses, and some Chinese-western houses built by overseas Chinese reflect the characteristics of Meizhou's hometown of overseas Chinese. In modern times, the social status of Hakkas has also improved. Dapu county is a general county, and there were 108 generals during the Kuomintang period, which is an obvious example. At this time, Hakka people are rich in products, and characteristic industries appear, which go down the Hanjiang River to Chaozhou Harbor and are exported to Nanyang in large quantities. This export trade has brought opportunities to the world. Due to the serious contradiction between a large population and a small land, a large number of Hakkas went to Nanyang by boat, which opened the way for their sea migration. In dapu county, there is a ancestral home of Lee Kuan Yew, which was built by Lee Kuan Yew's great-grandfather after he made his fortune in Nanyang. The house is not very big, and there is a name called "Zhong Handi" at the main entrance. I have visited it myself. Lee Kuan Yew and his son successively served as Prime Ministers of Singapore. None of them have been back to Tai Po. It is said that only Lee Kuan Yew's cousin has been back. Hakka people's worship of reading has also achieved fruitful results. In modern times, the phenomenon of talented people coming forth in large numbers is very obvious. Such as Sun Yat-sen, Lee Kuan Yew and Ye Jianying. Scholars, civilian officers and many scientists. During the Republic of China, most of the students from famous universities in China came from Guangdong and Jiangsu, among which Hakka in Guangdong was a new force. From the origin, development and prosperity of Hakka, this is a process of upward promotion. They have crossed the threshold of survival or extinction, either up or down. What's more, a family, a nation and a country are all like this. Our country has caught up with a period of reform and development and made some achievements in this experiment. Now we have reached a crossroads where we are either going up or down, because the fundamental way out for farmers has not been solved and has not really been taken seriously. If the time goes back 20 years, the per capita land of farmers will be reduced to only one point, and hundreds of millions of farmers will not be able to support it. Is it necessary to wait until the crisis breaks out before the national self-awakening can occur? The farmers I saw in Jiangxi, Ting and Mei all fell into the dilemma of limited arable land and population growth. The rural land contract responsibility system once solved the problem of food and clothing for farmers. But this system can not only solve the problem of getting rich, but also lead to the danger of going from food and clothing to hunger. At that time, it will not be a joke if the countryside becomes Africa and the cities become Europe. Maybe God has left China for 20 years to realize the transition and transformation of farmers, otherwise, the consequences will be unimaginable ... Now in Meizhou, the local government seems to want to "set some money" from overseas Chinese to build the city, which has deviated from the economic development in mountainous areas and the Hakka culture at the grassroots level. Although the local government claims that Meizhou is the "Hakka Capital of the World", they don't understand or care that Hakka culture is a living culture. We don't want the government to understand Hakka culture as "the culture of books or memorial halls". I really want to say that Hakka culture is not dead, it still has a little breath. Don't put out this last breath ... On the streets of Meizhou, Meizhou women can often be seen pedaling tricycles. They bear this hard work and walk in the rain, which reflects the hard-working nature of Hakka people. However, this struggle to roll forward is also very worrying, and this may be the fate of Hakkas during the reform and opening up period. Meizhou's economic and social development has not kept pace with ...................................................................................................................................................................... Chaozhou dialect, which belongs to Minnan dialect and is difficult to understand. In the past, Chaozhou belonged to Shantou area, and there was a joke that someone had been a soldier in Shantou for three years and only learned Chaozhou dialect "three pairs of underwear (Shantou area)". I took a bus from Meizhou to Shantou, without stopping in Shantou, and that night I transferred to Chaozhou, the fourth destination of my trip-the seaport of Hakka. There are many Hakkas living in Southeast Asia and the United States, and most of them go to sea from Chaozhou. In overseas Chinatown (also known as Chinatown), the two most popular languages are Cantonese and Hakka, followed by Chaozhou dialect and Mandarin. Why do Hakkas go overseas is not only related to their conscious migration, but also related to their transformation from farming civilization to the combination of agriculture and industry. In particular, the pioneering ability of Hakkas is an important factor for Chinese to successfully establish themselves overseas. There is a popular saying overseas: Hakkas create Chinatown, Guangfu people prosper Chinatown, and chaozhou people occupies Chinatown. Hakka people occupy a place in Jieyang City (county-level city) adjacent to Chaozhou, and some Hakka people who moved to Chaozhou can only converge (identify) with Chaozhou dialect in language, because most Chaozhou officials in the Song Dynasty came from Fujian, bringing many immigrants who spoke Minnan dialect in Fujian, making Chaozhou a place dominated by Minnan dialect. Moreover, Chaozhou dialect is difficult to learn, and it is almost difficult for outsiders to establish themselves in Chaozhou, which also causes the isolation of Chaozhou. Hakka people basically don't stay in Chaozhou except for exporting goods from Hanjiang or immigrating overseas. Also, under the attack of the left and right, the tenacious Hakkas went south along the "Dongjiang River", extending from Meizhou to Huizhou (and Shenzhen), connecting with Hong Kong and opening up the road of immigration. There are many Hakkas in the mountains in northern Hong Kong. Chaozhou's profound cultural heritage and well-preserved ancient city are amazing, and the existence of the ancient city has also maintained their original way of life and living Chaozhou culture. Because there is a regulation in the ancient city that restricts the construction of more than three floors, real estate developers flinch and move new buildings to the new city. Chaozhou has a strong atmosphere of advocating culture. The Confucian Temple, Kaiyuan Temple and Kouchi 'an Temple are well preserved, and there are many Buddhist sites. Kaiyuan Temple was built in the Tang Dynasty. Later, the disciples of Huineng, the sixth ancestor in Buddhist legend, built a new temple. It can be said that Chaozhou City has a strong academic atmosphere and a strong Buddhist atmosphere. Chaozhou snacks and kungfu tea are also a must and very popular, including Chaozhou's national flavor food. The most surprising thing is that the houses facing the street in Chaozhou Ancient City are all shops, which embodies the characteristics of prosperous businesses in chaozhou people. Most of them sell food and ready-made clothes. There are two characteristics that have to be said, that is, there are many Buddhist offerings and many second-hand bookstores. I bought many old books in Chaozhou, such as Confused Compass, Top Ten Buddhists in China, The Horse Whisperer and so on. This is a great achievement of my trip. Although chaozhou people likes doing business, Chaozhou's economic vitality is not the leading figure in Guangdong, which has a lot to do with the local business culture. On the one hand, chaozhou people can bear hardships and move his family to open small shops everywhere. On the other hand, chaozhou people dares to take risks, likes speculation, and gets involved in all kinds of profiteering. These behaviors were very dynamic in the early days of reform and opening up. With the abundance of commodities, there are fewer and fewer profiteering commodities, which leads to the ending of "speculation succeeds, speculation fails". There is also a serious problem of fraud and honesty, which makes the reputation of regional economy decline and it is difficult to re-establish the commercial reputation of Chaoshan. Even Li Ka-shing, a Hong Kong billionaire born in Chaozhou, is unwilling to come back to invest. He invested heavily in Yantian Wharf in Shenzhen, but did not invest in Shantou Wharf. He donated money to Shantou University, promising to turn Shantou University into a first-class university in China, and was willing to donate tens of millions for the flood. However, he hates the way local officials "set up money" and "waste money". Among so many local officials, he likes two mayors, one is clean and the other is exclusive. I went to Ma Bei Road, the former residence of Li See Li Ka-shing, which was rebuilt in 1980s. Now it belongs to his relatives and he doesn't want to change it. I found that people who pedal tricycles in Chaozhou also like to accompany guests, and take the initiative to take you to some scenic spots, and then add money. Therefore, outsiders need to pay more attention to chaozhou people's kind language with commercial flavor. In the multicultural area, I want to know whether different cultures can live in harmony. Guangfu people occupied sandy land (now Pearl River Delta) in the early years, Hakkas occupied hilly areas, and chaozhou people occupied part of the coast. I saw an example when I went to Guangzhou. I saw Guangfu people's Pearl River Delta factories produce clothes, Hakkas work in these factories, and chaozhou people sells clothes in the market. Obviously, this has formed a combination.