How is pneumothorax caused?

Question 1: What should I do if I have pneumothorax? 20 o'clock 1. Of course, when I have an attack, I will have difficulty breathing, but it is generally not fatal. Live with normal people when you don't have an attack, as long as you don't do strenuous exercise. It's not so serious.

2, it is congenital, less than 30% can be absorbed by itself, but it will continue to deteriorate in some places, and both development directions exist.

3, the knife may also be to put a chest drainage tube, this does not matter, the operation is very small, local anesthesia, it is a little painful. The real operation is thoracoscopic bullae resection, which removes the ruptured bullae above the lung. The operation is also minor, but it requires general anesthesia. The effect of operation is better, so I suggest you do it as much as possible.

4. Of course it's true, strenuous exercise will lead to the recurrence of pneumothorax, and the recurrence rate of pneumothorax is very high during strenuous exercise, so you still have to trust the doctor.

5, not necessarily, some people will attack even if they don't do strenuous exercise, but the probability is very small. Some people have never had an attack in their lives. Now I found a pneumothorax. I can't say that I was fine since I was a child, but the pneumothorax is not serious and can be absorbed by myself.

Question 2: How is pneumothorax caused? (A) the cause of the disease

Spontaneous pneumothorax can be divided into two types according to whether there is primary disease or not: primary pneumothorax and secondary pneumothorax.

The factors that induce pneumothorax are strenuous exercise, cough, lifting heavy objects or holding the upper arm high, lifting weights, and difficulty in defecation. When coughing violently or defecating forcibly, the pressure in alveoli rises, which breaks the damaged or defective lung tissue and causes pneumothorax. When using artificial respirator, pneumothorax may occur if the air supply pressure is too high. According to statistics, 50% ~ 60% cases have no obvious inducement, and about 6% patients are even bedridden.

1. Primary pneumothorax, also known as idiopathic pneumothorax, refers to a pneumothorax in which no obvious pathological changes can be found by routine X-ray examination of the lungs of healthy people, and it is prone to young people, especially slender men. According to foreign literature, this kind of pneumothorax ranks first in spontaneous pneumothorax, while secondary pneumothorax is the main one in China.

The etiology and pathological mechanism of the disease are still unclear. Most scholars believe that it is caused by the rupture of subpleural microbubbles and pulmonary bullae. According to the pathological examination of pulmonary bulla in patients with idiopathic pneumothorax, it is found that it is based on non-specific inflammatory scar under pleura, that is, non-specific inflammation around bronchioles makes elastic fibers and collagen fibers in visceral pleura and subpleural pleura proliferate and form scars. It can reduce the elasticity of adjacent alveolar walls, lead to alveolar rupture and form pulmonary bullae under pleura. Nonspecific inflammation of bronchioles itself acts as a one-way valve, which changes interstitial or alveolar emphysema and forms pulmonary bullae.

Some scholars believe that congenital hypoplasia of lung tissue is the cause of bullae formation, that is, elastic fibers are congenital hypoplasia, but their elasticity is low, and alveolar walls expand to form bullae and rupture. Marfan syndrome (a congenital connective tissue deficiency) is a typical example of spontaneous pneumothorax. There are reports of familial spontaneous pneumothorax abroad, and 725 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax reported in Miyagi have 1 1 family history.

Among the causes of this disease, some people put forward the theory of "new membrane", the mechanism of collateral ventilation disorder and the theory of air pollution.

2. Secondary pneumothorax is caused by the formation of pulmonary bullae or direct injury to pleura on the basis of other lung diseases. It is often caused by chronic obstructive emphysema or inflammatory fibrosis (such as silicosis, chronic tuberculosis, diffuse interstitial fibrosis, cystic pulmonary fibrosis, etc.). ). Bronchiolitis is narrow and twisted, leading to the formation of pulmonary bullae valve mechanism. Swelling emphysema degenerates due to nutritional and circulatory disorders. Cough, sneezing or increased pressure in the lungs can lead to rupture of pulmonary bullae and pneumothorax. In 179 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax reported by Wu et al., chronic bronchitis with emphysema accounted for the first place (38.5%), followed by tuberculosis (17.3%), idiopathic pneumothorax (13.4%) and staphylococcus aureus pneumonia (65433).

Septic pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobic bacteria or Gram-negative bacteria, rupture of lung abscess to chest cavity, lung infection caused by microorganisms such as empyema, fungi or parasites, pneumothorax caused by infiltration or puncture of visceral pleura, and rupture of bronchial pulmonary cyst. In addition, pneumothorax can also be caused by perforation of adjacent organs such as esophagus into pleural cavity, application of positive pressure artificial ventilation and long-term use of glucocorticoid.

In recent years, people have gradually paid attention to the secondary pneumothorax caused by some diseases:

① Lung cancer, especially metastatic lung cancer, with the progress of comprehensive treatment, the survival time of lung cancer patients is gradually prolonged, and the secondary pneumothorax of lung cancer is bound to increase day by day; Its incidence accounts for 4% of lung cancer patients (especially advanced small cell lung cancer). The reasons are as follows: (1) The tumor blocks bronchioles, leading to localized emphysema; Obstructive pneumonia further developed into pulmonary suppuration and finally broke into the chest cavity; The tumor itself invades or destroys the visceral pleura,

② Sarcoidosis, mainly in the third stage, and the incidence of pneumothorax is 2% ~ 4%, which is caused by the formation of subpleural bullae or granulomas in the later stage of fibrosis directly invading the pleura.

③ Histiocytosis X: It is reported that the incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax can reach 20% ~ 43%, which is related to obvious pulmonary fibrosis in the late stage of the disease, eventually leading to "honeycomb lung" and forming pulmonary bullae.

④ Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): According to literature reports, about 40% patients are complicated with spontaneous pneumothorax. Taylor reported that among 32 cases of LAM, 26 cases (865,438 0%) developed pneumothorax, which was closely related to the changes of estrogen in the body. & gt

Question 3: How is pneumothorax formed? Pneumothorax can be divided into several types according to the pathogenesis and pathological structure, and the etiology of each type is different. Generally speaking, pneumothorax means that when the pleura is ruptured due to disease or trauma, gas enters the chest cavity to form pneumothorax. Patients with pneumothorax should limit their activities and have more rest. I hope my answer is helpful to you.

Question 4: What's the matter with pneumothorax? What caused it? Such as lung development problems, pneumonia, pleurisy, pulmonary infarction, tracheitis, etc. 2. Cardiovascular diseases: such as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, aortic aneurysm and pericarditis. Can cause pneumothorax. 3. Hepatobiliary diseases: such as hepatitis and cholecystitis. 4. Mediastinal diseases: such as mediastinitis and mediastinal tumors. 5. Other diseases: such as herpes zoster, thoracic aortic aneurysm, hyperventilation syndrome and intercostal neuralgia. 6. Other reasons: The symptoms of pneumothorax mainly include chest pain, dyspnea, cough and shock. The details are as follows: 1, chest pain: sudden and severe pain, like tearing, can aggravate the pain when coughing and breathing. 2, dyspnea: mild chest tightness, suffocation, etc. , serious difficulties, cyanosis, etc. , even died of respiratory failure. 3, cough: * * cough. 4, shock: relatively rare, generally appearing in patients with tension pneumothorax. 5, pneumothorax: manifested as weakened breathing, full chest. Pneumothorax can cause dyspnea and even death, so it should be treated in time.