Planting method of pepper

It is native to the tropical areas of Central America and Latin America, and its origin is Mexico. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, after Columbus discovered America, he brought pepper back to Europe and spread it to other parts of the world. It was introduced to China in Ming Dynasty. There is a record of Fan Jiao in Chen Haozi's "Flower Mirror". Today, it is widely planted all over China and becomes a popular vegetable. This is the central placentation of pepper. Pepper is an annual or perennial herb with oval leaves and white flowers. Most fruits are like pen tips, but they also have lantern shapes and hearts. The fruit is green when it is immature and turns red or yellow when it is ripe. Generally spicy, used as medicine. Generally speaking, "pepper" refers to the fruit of this plant. There are also red peppers, big peppers, spicy tigers, wide peppers and Sichuan peppers. The hottest is Indian devil pepper. Zanthoxylum bungeanum as medicine has fruit, root and stem. Red fruits are harvested in June and July, and then dried. Pepper is also a very exciting food. It is the favorite of many people, especially Sichuanese who are famous for their spicy food. Pepper can not only stimulate our appetite because of its spicy taste, but also play a great role in warming the stomach and expelling cold, and also have a good effect on treating indigestion. The growth characteristics of pepper germinate in the early stage of growth and are generally unearthed about 5~8 days after sowing. The first true leaf appeared around 15 days, and buds appeared at seedling stage. The flowering period is from the first ear to the pepper. The fruiting period is from fruit setting to seedling drawing. The suitable temperature of pepper is between 15 and 34 degrees. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 25~30℃, and it takes 5~7 days to germinate. When the temperature is lower than 15 degrees or higher than 35 degrees, the seeds will not germinate. The seedling stage requires high temperature, 25~30 degrees during the day and 15~ 18 degrees at night. Seedlings are not tolerant to low temperature, so pay attention to cold protection. If the pepper is at 35 degrees, it will lead to falling flowers and fruits. Pepper has strict requirements on conditional moisture, and it is neither drought-tolerant nor waterlogging-tolerant. I like dry air conditioning. Pepper will wither and die after being flooded for a few hours, so the plot should be flat and the conditions for watering or drainage should be convenient. Pepper can be planted in neutral and slightly acidic soil, but its root system needs strict oxygen, so it should be planted in sandy soil or amphoteric soil with deep and fertile soil layer, rich organic matter and good air permeability. The growth of pepper needs sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but it should not be too much at seedling stage to avoid excessive growth of branches and leaves and delay the differentiation of flower buds. Phosphorus plays an important role in the formation and development of flowers, and potassium is an essential element for fruit expansion. In production, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium must cooperate with each other. On the basis of applying base fertilizer, topdressing should be done well to improve yield and quality. The root system of pepper is underdeveloped, which mainly shows that the main root is thick, the root quantity is small, the root system grows slowly, and there are more secondary roots until 2~3 true leaves. Roots are mainly distributed in the soil layer with a depth of 45 cm and 10~ 15 cm around the plant. When cultivated in the open field, the plant height is mostly 40~60cm. Pepper flowers are bisexual and self-pollinate. The natural hybridization rate is about 10%, and it is often an outcrossing plant. The fruit is a cone-shaped berry, but when the plant is malnourished, the night temperature is low, the sun is weak, the soil is dry or planted too densely, the fruit hypertrophy will be inhibited, forming small fruits or hard fruits. Even if the fruit is normal. If the soil is dry and there is too much fertilizer, the water absorption of plants will be inhibited and the fruits will become shorter. Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds are flat, slightly wrinkled, kidney-shaped, light yellow or milky white. The life span of seeds is generally 5-7 years, but the service life is only 2-3 years. Pepper seedling preparation technology has long growth period and weak root system. In order to make it blossom and bear fruit continuously, it must have good soil conditions and nutritional conditions. Before planting, it should be turned to the ground 10~ 15 cm deep. 5000 kg of manure can be applied per mu, and 15 kg ~20 kg of calcium superphosphate can be added. Because ditch, short irrigation and short drainage are connected, there will be no water in the field after rain. Too much water can easily lead to seedling death. Pepper planted in still water should be planted at an appropriate time to promote early rooting. Early sowing is the main principle to master the management during and after planting. Pepper should also be planted in ditches or flat land. When planting, cover the soil shallowly, and then gradually raise the soil and seal the ridge. Crouching seedlings only by drought after planting will damage the root system. Therefore, the seedling management of pepper should be squatting, and the seedlings should be promoted to the end. Planting density enables us to make pepper plants compact and suitable for close planting. The experiment shows that the close planting of pepper has great potential to increase production, especially the green pepper growing in autumn. Proper close planting is beneficial to early ridge sealing. Because the surface is covered and shaded, the soil temperature and soil moisture change little, and the roots will not be exposed to the sun after the rainstorm, which plays a role in promoting roots and strengthening seedlings. Generally, the production density of green peppers is 3000~4000 holes (double plants) per mu, the row spacing is 50~60 cm, and the plant spacing is 25~30 cm. Usually two or three plants are used in a hole. Planting methods include single row close planting in big ridge, close planting in the same ridge, close planting in double rows in big ridge and so on. High yield can be obtained. Seedling raising 1. Seed treatment: seedling raising is generally from vernal equinox to Qingming. Expose seeds to the sun for 2 days to promote maturity, improve germination rate and kill germs carried on the surface of seeds. Or 0.5% trisodium phosphate or 300-400 times of potassium permanganate. Or 1% thiourea for 20-30 minutes to kill the germs carried on the seeds. After washing the seeds repeatedly, soak them in warm water of 25-30 degrees for 8- 12 hours. 2. Sowing: After the seedbed is completed, water is poured on the soles of the feet, and then 3000 times Heng Lv 1 is sprayed for disinfection. Then spread a thin layer of fine soil, spread the seeds evenly on the seedbed, cover it with a layer of fine soil with a thickness of 0.5- 1cm, and finally cover it with a shed to keep moisture and raise the temperature. 3. Seedbed management: After sowing, the daytime temperature is 25~28 degrees, and the ground temperature is about 20 degrees. Seedling can emerge in 6-7 days. When 70% of the seedlings arch the soil, under the condition of no water in the leaves, sprinkle 0.5 cm thick fine soil on the seedbed. Keep moisture by caulking to prevent dew condensation at the roots of seedlings. The seedbed should have enough water supply, but the soil should not be too wet. When the height of pepper reaches 5 cm, the seedbed should be ventilated and adjusted. Ventilation opening should be flexibly controlled according to seedling growth and weather temperature. Seedlings can be exercised outdoors 10 days before planting. Hardening seedlings should be done step by step, not in one step. If the seedlings are overgrown, spray 500ml chlormequat chloride per kg or 5ml mepiquat chloride per kg. Before planting, the weak seedlings of Huang Ke (Tianda 2 1 16) were sprayed on the leaves of root irrigation belt for greening or treating diseases, which had a good effect on the virus. Pepper likes temperature, water and fertilizer, but it is easy to get sick at high temperature, die when waterlogged, and burn roots when it is fat. There are different management requirements at different stages of the whole growth period. After planting, promote roots and seedlings before harvesting. From the beginning of harvest to the full fruit stage, it is necessary to promote seedlings to attack fruits; After entering the high temperature season, we should protect the roots and seedlings to prevent the seedlings from dying; Results In the later period, we should continue to strengthen management and increase production and income. 1. Management before harvest. During this period, the ground temperature was low and the root system was weak, so it should be popularized vigorously and controlled slightly. That is, light watering and early topdressing; Diligent cultivation, squatting seedlings; Slow and light watering of seedlings can be combined with dressing a little manure, ploughing in time after watering, keeping warm and moisturizing, and promoting rooting. The squatting time should not be too long, about 10 days. Small watering and squatting can adjust the relationship between roots and seedlings. After squatting, water and topdressing in time to improve the early yield. Topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, combined with partial application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, to promote seedling health, prevent flower falling, and remove the side branches on the main stem below the first flower in time. 2. Management from the beginning of harvesting to the fruiting period. At this stage, the temperature rises gradually, the rainfall increases gradually, and the pests and diseases occur one after another, which is the key period to determine the yield. In order to prevent premature aging, pepper should be harvested in advance, watered in time, soil moisture should be kept regularly, seedling and fruit attack should be promoted, and ridge sealing should be done well in high temperature season. Before closing the ridge, soil should be cultivated to protect the roots, and topdressing should be combined with soil cultivation. What a lovely pepper. Management above high temperature in hot season and rainy season is easy to induce virus disease, with serious flower and fruit falling, and sometimes a large number of leaves fall. Therefore, in high temperature and drought years, irrigation must be done at the beginning of the drought period, but not at the end of the previous period, so as to keep the soil moist all the time and inhibit the occurrence and development of virus diseases. Apply a small amount of chemical fertilizer to protect seedlings after rain and irrigate them in time to prevent the drought from forming the peak of virus disease after rainy season. Irrigation should be carried out in the morning and evening in high temperature season. Spraying 800~ 1000 times chlormequat chloride for 3~4 times at full flowering stage has a good effect of flower protection and yield increase. 4. Post-management of fruit shrinkage. After the rainy season, the temperature turned cold and the green pepper plants returned to normal growth. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen management, promote the formation of the second fruiting period and improve the later yield. It is necessary to water in time, cooperate with watering and apply quick-acting fertilizer to supplement the lack of soil nutrition. Points to note: 1. The seedling age of spring pepper is about 1 10 days, and some of them can reach 150 days or more. In the northern region, it is usually in mid-April and late May before sowing. Pepper itself has high yield and good stability, but in some places, the phenomenon of yield reduction is due to variety degradation. Poor disease resistance, serious diseases, planting plots should be selected in recent years, no eggplant, vegetables, cucumbers, yellow smoke in spring, white land. The plots that have just harvested winter spinach are not good either. About 7 days before sowing, 5000 kg of soil fertilizer, 75 kg of calcium superphosphate and 30 kg of ammonium bicarbonate were applied to each mu of land as base fertilizer. Ditching, leveling, ridging, and planting with film mulching according to the row spacing of 70cm. Planting can be based on 30 cm plant spacing, and two adjacent plants can be staggered to raise seedlings, one for each hole. 2500-3000 holes per 667 square meters. 2. The period from planting to fruiting is the early stage of pepper field management, and management should promote roots, seedlings and trees. Pay attention to watering and intertillage. After sowing 15 days, apply phosphate fertilizer 10 kg and urea 5 kg. Combined with intertillage, increase the soil height 10~ 13 cm to protect the roots from lodging. After entering the full fruit period, the key point of management is to strengthen seedlings and promote fruit. It is necessary to remove the door pepper in time to prevent the fruit from falling and causing growth decline. Combined with watering and fertilization, 20 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5 kg of urea were topdressing every 667 square meters, and the roots were replanted. Pay attention to drainage and flood control. It is necessary to combine spraying foliar fertilizer and hormone to supplement nutrition and prevent viruses. 3. Pepper is sensitive to many herbicides, especially improper spraying of 2.4DEC pesticide will cause serious phytotoxicity to pepper. Generally, fruits can be harvested 2-3 weeks after flowers wither, when the fruits completely swell and turn green, or when the fruits turn yellow or red and mature. Pay attention to picking as many times as possible, picking the fruit stalks together and leaving a few more fruits on the plant can improve the yield. Residual pepper plants can be regenerated and cultured, and pepper seedlings grow faster and bear fruit much faster. First, prune the plants from mid-June 5438+1October to early June165438+1October. After the pepper harvest is over, the plants just enter the aging stage. At the height of 15-20 cm from the ground, cut off the tops of the pepper stumps and dig up the old pepper shrubs. Second, select deep, fertile, loose and well-drained soil to cultivate regenerated seedlings. The seedbed is1.3-1.5m wide, 30-35cm deep and unlimited in length. Every 667 square meters, 2,000-2,500 kilograms of high-quality decomposed manure, 40-45 kilograms of calcium superphosphate and 30-35 kilograms of quicklime are applied, mixed with topsoil, and then 2,500-3,500 kilograms of human and animal manure are poured. After the bed surface is "dry", it should be trimmed and leveled. The remaining pepper plants were planted in the border with a row spacing of 8cm× 10cm. After planting, apply1500-2,500 kg of manure every 667 square meters according to the dry and wet conditions of the soil to facilitate the growth of new roots. Then make a small arch shed with bamboo sheets on the bed surface, with a spacing of about 0.4 meters and a center height of about 0.5 meters from the bed soil. Cover it with plastic film and press it around. The temperature in the bed should be kept at 20-25℃. In case of frost and snow during the wintering period, double-layer film or straw should be covered on the film to keep warm, and the relative humidity in the film is generally kept at 60-70%. If there is no water drop on the inner wall of the membrane and the bed soil turns white and hard, water it in time. After spring, the growth of regenerated seedlings of pepper root stubble is accelerated, so it is necessary to apply fertilizer in time, with 4-5kg urea per 667m2, 3,000-4,000 kg diluted, and topdressing once every 15 days. When the seedlings grow to 5-6 true leaves, gradually remove the film and harden the seedlings for 3-5 days, and then transplant. Thirdly, when transplanting, select the plot with deep soil layer, fertile and loose soil layer, which has not been planted with solanaceous vegetables for more than 3 years, turn over 25-30cm, and apply 3000-3500kg of high-quality decomposed fertilizer, 40-50kg of calcium superphosphate and plant ash 125- 150kg as base fertilizer every 667m2. Choose cloudy or sunny afternoons for transplanting. When transplanting seedlings, dig up the plants with roots and soil. The spacing between plants is 70-80 cm, and the spacing between holes is 30-35 cm, with 2 plants per hole. After planting, compact the border soil and then water it with human and animal feces. Four. Site management 1. Topdressing and watering: after transplanting and before flowering, animal manure should be lightly applied, frequently applied and lightly applied to keep the seedlings strong and green and promote flower bud differentiation. From the first flowering to the first and second branching, it is generally necessary to control topdressing, otherwise too much nitrogen fertilizer will cause a large number of flowers and fruits to fall. When the first layer of green ripe fruits is close to harvesting and the second to third layers of fruits grow gradually, in order to keep the fruits and plants growing and expanding rapidly, the quick-acting fertilizer 1-2 times should be applied in time. Generally, 667 square meters of urea 10- 12.5 kg is applied every time, and 4000-4500 kg of human and animal manure is used to ensure that plants are not fertilized. In the harvest period, nutrient consumption is large, so the method of diligent pursuit and vigorous promotion must be adopted. The decomposed human and animal manure can be applied once every 4-5 days (500-750kg per 667m2, divided into 3-4 times), and watered once in the morning and evening. Therefore, when entering the midsummer, the temperature is high, the water evaporates quickly, and it must be moist when watering, so as to ensure that the plants can spend the summer smoothly. After turning into autumn cool, it is the period when autumn peppers bear a lot of fruits. Topdressing with 5-7.5 kg urea and 3000-4000 kg manure per 667 square meters can still make the top fruit grow normally and ensure high yield in the later period. 2. Tillage and soil cultivation: After transplanting the regenerated seedlings, they can be lightly hoed 1-2 times. In the early stage of growth, focus on cultivating soil once. Roughly loosen the soil between rows before the bank closes. At the same time, the soil should be raised to a height, so that the depth of furrows between rows can reach 30-35cm, which is beneficial to drainage and lodging resistance. 3. Pest control: timely control of aphids is the key to prevent and reduce virus disease of regenerated pepper seedlings. Aphids are found after transplanting, that is, 1000 times of pesticide and 800 times of dimethoate can be sprayed to kill aphids. When powdery mildew is found, triadimefon 1000 can be sprayed once every half month for 3-4 times. Anthracnose can be sprayed with chlorothalonil 500-600 times, 7- 10 day 1 time, ***2-3 times. In the middle and late stage, attention should also be paid to the prevention and control of stem borers (tobacco worms), and metoclopramide can be sprayed 2500 times or 2000 times. When harvesting green peppers, you can't pick them all at once. Generally, only two-thirds of green ripe fruits are harvested. At the same time, you can't pick green peppers that are too tender, reduce wrinkles or deepen the color of the peel, which is smooth and clean. Otherwise, it will affect the yield and the spicy taste is not strong. Don't overcook the red pepper. Pick them when they are red. Overripe peppers will not only lose water, but also reduce quality and yield, making them difficult to store. Picking in the morning and evening, picking at noon, the fruit stalk is easy to fall off, which is easy to damage the plant. Prevention and treatment of pepper bacterial wilt Pathogenic characteristics of pepper: When the plant is sick, the top leaves of the diseased plant wither during the day and recover on cloudy days or sooner or later. After 2~3 days, the leaves remained green, but the whole plant withered. When the diseased stem is cut, the catheter is brown, and the incision is soaked in water, white turbid bacterial liquid will flow out from the incision. Pathogenesis: Pepper bacterial wilt is a bacterial disease. When the soil temperature reaches 20℃~25℃, the temperature reaches 30℃~37℃, and the soil water content reaches more than 25%, the disease is serious. When the rainstorm suddenly clears up, the temperature rises rapidly, the humidity is high, the transpiration is large, the bacterial activity is vigorous, and the number of sick plants increases, which is serious. When the pH value of soil is 6.6, bacteria are suitable for growth. Prevention and control method: 1. Selecting disease-resistant varieties; 2. Adjust the pH value of soil, and apply 50 ~100 kg of lime per mu; 3. Implement crop rotation to prevent continuous cropping or continuous cropping; 4. Check in time. If a diseased plant is found, it will be uprooted and burned immediately, and lime powder will be sprinkled in the hole; At the initial stage of the disease, 100~200ppm of agricultural streptomycin or kasugamycin can be used, and 150 kg of water can be used to moisten the soil for three consecutive times. Root irrigation once every 10~ 15 days, and continuous irrigation for 2~3 times. Characteristics of epidemic disease: the disease can occur in the whole growth cycle, mostly at the base of stem. The disease occurs at the seedling stage, the stem base is dark green, soaked in water, soft rot or sudden collapse, that is, seedling sudden collapse. Some stems are dark brown at the base, and seedlings wither and die; Leaf infection, the lesion is round or nearly round, 2~3 cm in diameter, with yellow-green edge and dark brown center; The fruit infection began from the pedicel, with a primary dark green water spot, which quickly turned brown and soft rot. When the humidity is high, a white mold layer grows on the surface, that is, the sporangium and sporangium of pathogenic bacteria, which form dark brown stripes after drying, and the branches and leaves above the disease area quickly wither. Pathogenic law: hyphae and oospores of pathogenic bacteria overwinter in soil or diseased tissues, and oospores are scattered by rain and irrigation water. The optimum temperature for the development of pathogenic bacteria is 23℃ ~ 365438 0℃, and high temperature and high humidity are beneficial to the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria. Prevention and control method: 1. If the pepper blight is soil infection, the roots must be watered with pesticides. 2. The key time for prevention and control is the middle and late June? During the flowering and fruiting period of pepper, root irrigation is generally carried out within 1~2 days after the first watering. 3. The effective pesticide is 25% Zaoshuangling or 58% Zaoshuangling manganese zinc, and its concentration is 500 times. The best effect is 0.3~0.4 kg per hole. Pathogenic characteristics of powdery mildew Pepper powdery mildew is caused by Rhizoctonia solani of Ascomycetes subfamily. Leaves, old leaves and young leaves can be infected. In the field, it is mainly spread by airflow. The disease spreads easily under slightly dry conditions. The front of the diseased leaves was initially yellow-green spots, and then expanded to yellow-green spots with inconspicuous edges. White powder is produced on the back of the affected part. In severe cases, the disease spots are densely covered, resulting in all leaves turning yellow and a large number of leaves falling off to form light stems, which seriously affects the yield and quality. Control method 1. When planting, select varieties with good disease resistance, and seed dressing with new high-fat film (which can repel underground pests and diseases, isolate virus infection, not affect germination and expansion functions, strengthen respiratory intensity and improve seed germination rate). 2. Dig deep into the soil before planting, spray 800 times new high-fat film, sterilize, keep warm and moisturize. 3. Pepper Zhuangdiling should be sprayed at the right time in each growth period of pepper to enhance nutrient transport in the body and improve the resistance of pepper to foreign pathogens. & ltfontface="Arial "