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Who are the celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties?
Wei Chu at the end of the Han Dynasty was a very important era, and great changes took place in literature, because Cao Cao came out after the Yellow Scarf Rebellion, Dong Zhuo Rebellion and Party Struggle at that time. However, when we talk about Cao Cao, it is easy to think of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and it is easier to think of the treacherous court official on the stage, but this is not the real way to observe Cao Cao.
Now when we look at history, the records and judgments in history are sometimes extremely unreliable, and there are many places that we can't believe, because usually we know that a certain dynasty has a long time, and there must be many good people in it; One dynasty is a little shorter, and there are almost no good people among them. Why? Because of the long time, the people who made history are the people of this dynasty, and of course they compliment the people of this dynasty. When the age was short, the person who made history was from other dynasties, so he freely reprimanded people from different dynasties. Therefore, in the Qin Dynasty, there were few good people recorded in historical books.
Cao Cao's time in history is also quite short, and naturally he can't escape the practice of being spoken ill of by future generations. In fact, Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero. Although I am not a client of Cao Cao, I have always admired him.
After Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao was authoritarian. Under his rule, the first characteristic is that he is still punished. His legislation is very strict, because after the chaos, everyone wants to be an emperor and everyone wants to rebel, so Cao can't help it. Cao Cao himself once said:? Without me, I wonder how many people call themselves emperors! ? He didn't lie about this sentence. So it affects the article and becomes a sober style. It means that the article should be concise and rigorous.
In addition, there is another feature, that is, it is relatively easy to get rid of. Why does he want to do business? Nature also has a lot to do with the atmosphere at that time. Because before the disaster of inner-party occlusion, everyone in the party pretended to be clean, but so what? Qing? If you talk too much, you will become stubborn, so at the end of the Han Dynasty, the act of cleaning is sometimes very ridiculous.
For example, when celebrities visit him, ordinary people should say a few words first. If these words are not correct, they will often be treated with arrogance, told him to sit outside, and even refused to see him.
Another example is a person whose fault lies with his brother-in-law. Once he went to his sister's house for dinner, he wanted to return the meal money to her. She refused, so he left the money in the street after going out and paid it.
It doesn't matter if a person is so angry. If the country is so stubborn, what will it be? Therefore, Cao Cao, who is well aware of this drawback, should stand up against this habit and advocate communication. Easy means casual. This advocacy has influenced the literary world and produced a large number of articles that can say whatever they want.
What's more, due to the abolition of stubbornness after ideological integration, heresy and foreign ideas were fully accommodated, so ideas other than Confucianism were continuously introduced.
To sum up, we can say that Wei Chu's articles at the end of Han Dynasty are clear. In Cao Cao himself, he is also a respected teacher who reshapes articles. Unfortunately, his articles are rarely circulated. He is very courageous, and his articles are very effective in conveying information. He has no scruples when writing a composition, and he can write as he wants.
That's why Cao Cao said the same thing when he was seeking sages. It doesn't matter if you are unfaithful and unfilial, as long as you are talented. This is something that others dare not say. Cao Cao wrote poems and said yes? Is Zheng Kangcheng drunk and exhausted? He led to the fact that not long ago, others dared not use it. Another thing, for example, when people die, they often write some suicide notes, which is very fashionable for celebrities.
At that time, the decree had a certain format, saying a lot about where to be buried after death, or next to celebrity tombs; Otherwise, his legacy not only failed to follow the format, but also talked about the clothes left behind and the treatment of prostitutes.
Although Lu Ji commented: Slander the queen? However, I think he is a shrewd man anyway. He can make himself a problem and have a way to collect all the alchemists and scribes in the world, so that they won't go out and make trouble for him. So there are many alchemists and scribes in his tent.
Wei Wendi's Cao Pi and his eldest son inherited his father's career and usurped the throne of the Han Dynasty. He also likes articles. Both his brother Cao Zhi and Ming Di Cao Rui like articles. But by that time, Yutong Extension will be even more gorgeous. Pi wrote Dian Lun, and now it's all lost. It says: Beautiful poem? ,? Is literature based on qi? . The bits and pieces of Dian Lun are all in the books of Tang and Song Dynasties. A whole paper can be found in Selected Works.
Later, some ordinary people were very dissatisfied with his opinion. He said that there was no need to teach poetry and fu, and opposed those opinions that encouraged poetry and fu at that time. From the perspective of modern literature, what is an era of Cao Pi? The conscious era of literature? Or, as modern times say, art for art's sake. So Cao Pi's poems and poems are very good, especially because of his? Gas? Give priority to, so in addition to gorgeous, but also add growth. To sum up, Wei Chu's articles in the late Han Dynasty can be said to be:? Clear, bright, gorgeous and powerful. ? On the literary proposition, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi seem to be different on the surface.
Cao Pi said that articles can be remembered for thousands of years; But Zijian said that the article is a path, which is not enough. In my opinion, Zijian is probably against his will. There are two reasons. First, Zijian's article is well done. A person is probably always dissatisfied with what he has done and envious of what others have done. His article is well done, so he dares to say that it is a path. Second, the goal of Zijian activities lies in politics, which is not very successful and the article is useless.
Besides Cao Cao and Cao Pi, there are seven other people: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Shen, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu. They are all very good at writing articles, and they were later called? Jian' an seven sons? . Seven people's articles are rarely circulated, and now it is difficult for us to judge; But, probably nothing more than? Generous? ,? Gorgeous? All right. Gorgeous is advocated by Cao Pi. Generosity is because many relatives and friends died in chaos, so writing is bound to be sad, passionate and peaceful. Generous? Yes
Seven children, especially Kong Rong, like to make trouble with Cao Cao. Kong Rong was discussed in Cao Pi's Dian Lun, so he also participated in it? Jian' an seven sons? Go together. It's actually wrong. Very different. But at that time, he was very famous. Kong Rong likes to use satirical style in his composition, and Cao Pi is very dissatisfied with him. Kong Rong's articles are rarely circulated now. It can be seen from what he has that he is not very sarcastic to others, but only to Cao Cao.
For example, Cao Cao broke the Yuan brothers, Xelloss took Yuan's wife Zhen Shi as his own, and Kong Rong wrote to Cao Cao that he would cut Zhou and give da ji to the Duke of Zhou. Cao Cao asked about his canon, and he said that it was probably the same at that time, taking today as an example. For example, Cao Cao wants to ban alcohol, saying that alcohol can ruin the country and must be banned. Kong Rong opposed him again, saying that some women also perished. Why can't they get married?
Actually, Cao Cao also drinks. We watch his? How to solve your worries? Only Du Kang? Poetry, you can know. Why does his behavior contradict his argument? There is no other way, because Cao Cao is the commander in chief, so he has to do so; Kong Rong is a bystander, and it is easy to say something free. Cao Cao saw that he had repeatedly opposed himself, and later killed him on an excuse. His crime of killing Kong Rong is probably unfilial. Because Kong Rong has the following two propositions:
First, Kong Rong thinks that the mother-child relationship is like something in a bottle. As long as the contents of the bottle are poured out, the relationship between mother and child is over. Secondly, what if there is a famine and my father has some food? Kong Rong's answer is: If his father is not good, he would rather give it to others. Cao Cao wanted to kill him, so he killed him without hesitation on the grounds that he was unfaithful and unfilial. If Cao Cao is still alive, we can ask him why he said it doesn't matter if he is unfaithful or unfilial when seeking talents. Why did he kill people in the name of unfilial? In fact, however, even if Cao Cao was reborn, no one dared to ask him. If we ask him, I'm afraid he will kill us, too!
Another Mi Heng who opposed Cao Cao with Kong Rong was later killed by Huang Zu. Mi Heng's article is also good. He and Kong Rong have long been together? Give priority to with gas? Write an article. So we can know here that China's language is slowly growing up, which is the result of the times, not the credit of Cao Cao and his son. But gorgeous beauty is the credit advocated by Cao Pi.
Until Ming Di, the article had a major change, because there was a peace.
Yanhe: the first physician in Wei and Jin Dynasties. He took Wushi Powder for the first time.
Peace enjoys a high reputation and status. He likes to study Laozi and Yijing. As for what kind of person he is? The truth is hard to know and investigate now. Because he is a member of Cao Shi school, Sima hates him very much, so their records are very dissatisfied with the reconciliation. Therefore, there are many legends. Some people say that Yan's face is pink, while others say that he was born white, not pink. But do you want to make peace with powder cake or not? I don't know, either.
But we know two things about peace. First, he likes talking. He is the founder of talking. Second, he likes taking medicine. He is the father of taking medicine.
In addition, he also likes to talk about names and reasons. He is in poor health, so he can't help taking medicine. He didn't take ordinary medicine, but a medicine called. Fifty-three Medicine.
Fifty-three This is a kind of poison, which was invented by words and deeds. In the Han dynasty, people still didn't dare to eat it, so they made peace or changed their medication strategy and ate it too early. Wushi powder is basically five kinds of drugs: stalactite, stone sulfur, Bai Shiying, Ziyingshi and halloysitum rubrum; Besides, I'm afraid I have to mix some other medicines. But there is no need to study it carefully now. I don't think you want to eat it.
From the book, this medicine seems to be very good, and people can turn weak into strong after eating it. Therefore, Yanhe became rich, and he began to eat. Everybody follow. At that time, the pernicious influence of Wu XIII was similar to that of opium in the late Qing Dynasty, depending on whether you take medicine or not. Now, we can see some in the theories of various pathogens and stages put forward by Fiona Fang in the Sui Dynasty. In this way, this medicine is very troublesome to eat, and the poor can't eat it. If you take it, you will be poisoned if you are not careful.
When you first ate it, it was not very good. Later, the curative effect of the medicine was obvious. Distribution. What if it's not? Distribution, there are disadvantages but no benefits. So you can't rest after dinner, you have to walk, because you can only walk? Distribute, so walk? Line up? . For example, when we look at the poems of the Six Dynasties, there is a cloud: To the east of the city? That's what I'm saying. Later, people who wrote poems don't know why, thinking? Line up? That means walking, so don't take medicine? Line up? The word "two" appears in this poem, which is very interesting.
I had a fever all over after I left, and then I felt cold after I had a fever. Ordinary chills should wear more clothes and eat hot things. But the chills after taking medicine are just the opposite: wear less clothes, eat cold food and drink cold water. If you wear too many clothes and eat hot food, you are bound to die. So five kinds of food make a bean jelly. There is only one thing that doesn't need to be eaten cold, and that is wine.
After eating, take off your clothes and splash them with cold water; Eat something cold; Drink hot wine. In this way, there are many people who eat Wushisan and few people wear thick clothes; For example, in Guangdong, there are no people wearing suits after one year. You can't wear narrow clothes because you have a fever. In order to prevent skin from being scratched by clothes, it is necessary to wear wide clothes.
Nowadays, many people think that the undressing of Jin literati was a symbol of people's advanced life at that time. Actually, I didn't know they were taking medicine. Most celebrities take medicine and wear wide clothes, so those who don't take medicine follow the celebrities and make their clothes wide!
Clothing in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Take off your coat, Bo belt, bare chest and bare arms.
Also, after taking the medicine, I wear shoes, not socks, because my skin wears easily and it is inconvenient to wear shoes. So we looked at the portrait of the gold man and the articles at that time, and saw that his clothes were wide and he didn't wear shoes. We thought he must be very comfortable and elegant, but in fact he is very bitter inside.
Because the skin is fragile, it is better to wear old clothes than new ones, so clothes can't be washed often. If you don't wash it, you will grow more lice. So in the article, lice have a high status. Talk about it? At that time, it was actually handed down as a beautiful thing. For example, if I give a speech here today, it's not good to pick up lice. But it didn't matter at that time, because the habits were different. Just as the Qing Dynasty advocated smoking opium, we are not surprised to see people with high shoulders. Not anymore. If most students' shoulders become a straight line, we will feel very strange.
In addition, you can also see books such as Yi San and Bao Puzi by Ge Hong.
After arriving in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a lot of counterfeiters fell asleep on the street. What do you say? Distribute as a gesture of generosity. Just like the respectful reading in the Qing Dynasty, someone painted his lips with ink, indicating that he had just written a lot of words. Therefore, I think it really doesn't matter if you advocate the theory of big clothes, clothes to wear and clothes to divide, and then you can learn without eating.
Another reason? At that time, you should not be hungry, and eat cold food quickly, no matter when and how many times a day. So, it affected the stone? Mourning is rude? . -It turns out that during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many gifts for parents. For example, if you want to visit a person, be sure to ask the names of his parents and grandparents before the visit, so as to avoid it.
Otherwise, as soon as the word is read out, his parents die, and the host will burst into tears-he remembers his parents-and give you a big boring. Be thin when mourning, don't eat too much and don't drink too much. But after taking the medicine, I don't care much about life, so I have to chew, so it becomes? Mourning is rude? Yes
At the time of mourning, drinking and eating meat is advocated by the rich and famous, and all people follow it. Because of this, people in society are called celebrities.
This spread originated from the fact that his comrades-in-arms, Wang Bi and Yan, jointly created the precedent of "taking medicine to support doctors". The three of them advocated that many people followed. Most of them will make a fuss about it. Besides Xia Houxuan's works, we can also see Wang He's articles. They are all born, so they are also called Yue? Zhengshi celebrity? . But the end result of this habit is just taking medicine, or pretending to take medicine instead of making a fuss.
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it became a talk without fuss, which can be seen in the book Shi Shuo Xin Yu. There are many vague theories and few articles, which are far from the three of them. Among them, Wang Bi died in his twenties, and Xiahou Che was also killed by Sima Yi. Because they are related to Cao Cao, they must die. Cao Cao killed Kong Rong, which is also a crime of unfilial.
After their death, many critics accused him of his relationship with Wei. In fact, making peace deserves to be scolded, because he is the initiator of taking medicine. This casual style still existed in the Wei and Jin Dynasties until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, because it still existed in the Tang Dynasty. Dissolve the party? That is to say, the prescription of Jiewushi Powder can prove that there are still people eating it, but it is less. No one has eaten it since the Tang Dynasty. The reason is not clear. Probably because it does more harm than good, just like opium.
Huangfu Mi, a famous person in the Jin Dynasty, wrote a book called The Biography of Gao Shi. We think he is great. However, he was scattered, and there was an article about the pain of nibbling. Because of its medicinal properties, if you are not careful, you will die, at least it will be painful, or you will go crazy; People who are originally smart will also become dull. So if you want to know the medicinal properties, you will be saved, and many people in the family know the medicinal properties. Most people in the Jin Dynasty were bad-tempered, arrogant, crazy and violent, probably because of taking medicine.
For example, a fly disturbed him and even drew his sword to chase him; Even if you talk so-so, sometimes it's almost crazy. But in the Jin Dynasty, infatuation was better, probably because of taking medicine.
After Wei and others, a new group called? Bamboo celebrity? It is also seven, so it is also called? Seven sages of bamboo forest? . Celebrities take medicine at first, and celebrities in bamboo forests drink. The representative figures of bamboo forest are Ji Kang and Ruan Ji. But after all, bamboo celebrities don't just drink, Ji Kang also takes medicine, and Ruan Ji is the representative who specializes in drinking. But Ji Kang also drinks, and Liu Ling is one of them. Almost all seven of them rebelled against the old moral standards.
These seven people have different tempers. Both Ruan Ji have a big temper; Ruan Ji changed very well in his later years, and Ji Kang was always extremely bad.
When Ruan was young, he had green eyes and white eyes for visitors. White eyes are probably completely invisible to the eyes, and I am afraid it will take a long time to practice. I can pretend green eyes, but I can't pretend white eyes.
Later Ruan Ji did it? Don't hide from people Ji Kang hasn't changed at all. As a result, Ruan died and Ji was killed by Sima, just like Kong Rong and He. This is probably because of the difference between taking medicine and drinking: taking medicine can become immortal, and immortals can look down on laity; Drinking won't make you immortal, so it's perfunctory.
Their attitude is generally to drink without clothes or hats. If there is such a state in normal times, we call it rudeness, but they are different. You don't necessarily cry when you mourn; A son can't mention his father's name to his father, but among the first-class people in the bamboo forest, the son will call his father's name. Bamboo celebrities don't recognize the moral codes handed down from generation to generation.
For example, Liu Ling once wrote a poem praising wine and virtue. Everyone knows that he doesn't admit the truth stipulated by the world before. There is such a thing. Once a guest saw him and he was naked. People asked him; He replied that heaven and earth are my house, and the house is my clothes. Why did you get into my pants? As for Ruan Ji, it is even worse. He has denied it since ancient times. "My Lord's Biography" says: The heavens and the earth open, the stars set, and the sun and the moon set. What should I do when I am soaring? ? He means that the gods of heaven and earth are meaningless and everything is unnecessary, so he feels that the truth in the world is indisputable and God is not credible. Since he is nothing, he is addicted to wine.
But he also has a reason, that is, he drinks not only because of his thoughts, but also because of the environment. At that time, Sima wanted to usurp the throne, and Ruan Ji had a great reputation. It was extremely difficult to speak, so he had to drink more and talk less. Even if he said something wrong, he could be drunk and forgiven. Just look at a time when Sima Yi proposed to Ruan Ji, but Ruan Ji was drunk for two months and didn't get a chance to bring it up.
Ruan Ji is good at writing articles and poems. Although his poems are full of passion, many meanings are obscure. Yan Yanzhi in the Song Dynasty said that he didn't understand many things. Now it is even more difficult for us to understand his poems. He also said immortals in his poems, but he didn't believe them. Ji Kang's thesis is better than Ruan Ji's, with novel viewpoints, which are often opposite to the old saying.
Confucius said:? Isn't it a pleasant thing to persevere and work hard? ? Ji Kang's book Nature is Difficult to Learn says that people are not easy to learn. If a person can't do anything and has food, he will just wander around and don't like reading, so people nowadays are eager to learn because of habits and needs. And Guan Shu Cai Shu, because he suspected the Duke of Zhou and led the Yin people to revolt, was punished and has always been regarded as a bad person. Ji Kang's "Treating Cai" also objected to the meaning handed down from generation to generation, saying that both of them were loyal ministers, and the suspicion of Duke Zhou was because the places were too far apart and the news was not well informed.
However, it is in Breaking Up with Shanjuyuan that most attracts many people's attention and is also the most life-threatening? Not Tang Wu but skinny Kong Zhou? . Sima Yi killed Ji Kang because of this article. It doesn't matter if Tang Wu Kong Zhou is not thin, but it was very important at that time. Rule the world with Wu; Duke Zhou is the auxiliary king; Confucius was the ancestor of Yao and Shun, who surrendered to the world. Ji Kang can't say it well. What about teaching Sima Yi to usurp the throne? There is no way. At this point, Ji Kang had a direct impact on Sima's work, so he had to die.
Ji Kang was killed because his friend Lu An was unfilial, even Ji Kang, and the crime was similar to that of Cao Cao killing Kong Rong. Wei and Jin dynasties ruled the world with filial piety and had to kill it. Why should filial piety govern the world? Because heaven comes from abdication, that is, usurpation, if they advocate ruling the world with loyalty and righteousness, then their foothold will be unstable, their work will be difficult to do, and it will be difficult to contribute, so they must rule the world with filial piety. But if it's just unfilial, it really doesn't matter at that time. The harm of Ji Kang is that he is making comments. Ruan Ji is different and doesn't talk much about ethics, so the ending is different.
However, this was not the case in Wei and Jin Dynasties. People wore big robes and sleeves and drank alcohol. There are also many objections. In the article, we can also see that Pei Wei's "On Worship of Being" and Sun Sheng's "On Laozi's Non-Sage" are both aimed at Wang and Men. Several times in history, Sima Yi was advised to kill Ruan Ji, but Sima Yi did not listen. This is because Ruan Ji's drinking has little to do with the current situation.
But later generations will scold Ji Kang for Ruan Ji, and people will follow suit. Up to now, it has been 1600 years. Ji Zha said? China's gentleman knows propriety and righteousness, but he is not good at understanding people's hearts. ? It's true. Anyone who knows propriety and righteousness will never know people's hearts, so many people in ancient times were wronged. For example, Ruan Ji always said that they destroyed ethical crimes. But in my opinion, this judgment is wrong. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people who advocated ethics seemed to be very good, but in fact they really destroyed ethics and didn't believe in ethics.
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