What are the basic elements of language literacy?

Verbal communication includes four elements: subject element, subjective element, core element and objective element.

The main element refers to the participants in verbal communication activities, that is, people, including units and organizations, but in the final analysis, they are still people, because the latter also complete the communication process through specific people. Subjective factors refer to the communicative motivation of communicators. Everyone speaks with subjective intentions, or statements, or inquiries, or sighs, or commands, and never speaks for no reason. For example, "Secretary Li, please tidy up this speech and give it to me as soon as possible" is an order. The core element is the means used in communication-language or auxiliary means. The speaker should organize the discourse properly according to the communicative motivation, convey his intention and let the other party understand it correctly. Therefore, when he uses words, he should pay attention to avoiding ambiguity and adopting the correct tone. Objective factors refer to the environmental factors in the process of communication, including subjective environment and objective environment, which are also very restrictive factors for verbal communication. When to say the same words and sentences, when not to say them, to whom and how to say them, to keep close contact with the environment and to grasp the environmental impact are important aspects of a person's speech ability and communication ability. Every communication behavior is closely related to a certain life scene, not in a vacuum, so the influence of objective factors on verbal communication is self-evident.

These four elements in verbal communication should be presented completely in the whole process of verbal communication, and they are indispensable. It is very important to grasp and control all the elements in order to complete the communication task and realize the communication intention. For example, subjective factors are directly related to the use of sentences. You should use imperative sentences, but you end up using declarative sentences. Others may not understand your intention. For example, if you want to borrow a pen from a colleague, you will usually say "lend me a pen", but you will also say "Do you have a pen?" In other words, interrogative sentences are used to express the meaning of imperative sentences, but the latter sentence is easily misunderstood as a general inquiry, and the other party does not necessarily take action. With imperative sentences, the speech motivation is very clear. Each element is not independent, but complements and cooperates with each other. For example, subjective factors involve the choice of speech means, and the choice of speech means should pay attention to the restrictive role of environmental factors.

The most noteworthy factor in communication is the subjective factor, because in the whole process of verbal communication, the formation of motivation, the organization of speech and the grasp of environment must be flexibly controlled by the subjective factor. Subjective elements refer to the sender and receiver of verbal information in the process of verbal communication, that is, the speaker and the listener. In order to make verbal communication effective and achieve the goal, the moral cultivation, verbal level, communication ability, insight and judgment, and comprehensive analysis ability of the main elements are very important. The basic requirements of verbal communication mentioned above are actually the requirements for the main elements of verbal communication. The requirements here are not just for the speaker. In the process of verbal communication, the identities of the speaker and the listener are constantly changing. You speak as a speaker, another is a listener and the other is a speaker, so you become a listener. Therefore, in order to improve the level of verbal communication, people as the main elements must strengthen their self-cultivation, accumulate knowledge and improve their literacy, because the improvement of language level can not only be achieved by simply mastering language skills, but also reflects a person's comprehensive literacy. Subject components include the speaker and the listener. To understand their influence on language use, we need to further understand the different classification of subject components, so as to have a deeper understanding of the grasp of speech by subject components. Usually, we can understand the classification of subject components from the following aspects: from the perspective of human nature, that is, gender, it can be divided into men and women; From the age point of view, it can be divided into teenagers, young people, middle-aged people, old people and childhood. Some people can also be divided into preschool period, student period, career period and pension period according to their age. From the identity can be divided into nationals and foreigners, China people and foreigners. Judging from the relationship between them, they can be divided into family and relatives, friends and ordinary people, familiar people and strangers, superiors and subordinates and peers, elders and juniors and peers; From the intimate degree of the relationship, it can be divided into intimate relationship, ordinary relationship, alienation, conflict, hostility and so on. This classification can be studied from many aspects, which is not only a theoretical study, but also of great significance to guiding speech practice. People with different identities use the core elements of speech differently, and listeners react differently to speech information. In the same sentence, most people will say

The leader said that the weight and influence are completely different. It can be seen that it is very important to understand the basic categories of the main components in verbal communication, so as to be able to judge people and improvise. The classification of the main elements here is closely related to the adaptation of the basic principles of verbal communication in the fourth part of this section to the communicative environment, and also closely related to the communicative role content in the role principle in Chapter 8. In the process of self-study, we can further explore the contents of these two parts in order to deeply understand the requirements of the main elements for oral English use.

Second, the basic principles of verbal communication First, in line with the purpose of communication

Satisfying the purpose of communication can be said to be the first essence of verbal communication, because interpersonal communication and verbal communication always have subjective intentions and purposes, that is, it is also a purpose for two acquaintances to meet and say hello. The traditional concept of "food is the most important thing for the people" melts into the blood of the Han nationality, and many concepts about "eating" permeate daily life and are expressed through certain words, such as "muddling along, useless, looking for food, giving a bowl of rice, losing your job, iron rice bowl, eating interest, frying cold rice, eating idle rice, eating rice", so people often encounter it. Its purpose is to say hello, not really care whether you have eaten or not. This is the purpose of communication. When you meet a stranger, you can't say hello like this, which is related to the classification of the main elements. Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of communication, verbal communication should consider many factors, sometimes it needs to go around in circles, and sometimes it needs to come straight to the point. There is a joke that one person calls another person and the other person's child answers the phone. The man asked, "Is your father at home?" The child answered "at home" and hung up. Because the child doesn't understand that the purpose of the interrogative sentence here is actually an imperative sentence, asking the other father to answer the phone. The speaker did not combine the purpose of verbal communication with the actual situation of the listener, so the communicative purpose was not achieved.

Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of communication, we must be clear about our goals in the process of verbal communication, and the sentences used should not be vague and ambiguous, making people irrelevant; We should also pay attention to the accuracy of words, especially the choice of synonyms, and we must use the words that can best express our thoughts and feelings; Pay attention to the integrity of words and convey information completely and successfully; At the same time, we should also pay attention to simplifying the speech as much as possible to avoid redundant information, especially saying that a lot of nonsense covers up the real information, and it is difficult for the other party to understand your intention, so the purpose of communication will be difficult to achieve.

Secondly, adapting to the context of speech environment is one of the four major factors of speech communication, including subjective factors and objective factors. In rhetoric activities, conforming to the speech environment is generally regarded as the most basic principle, because any speech act is carried out in a certain environment, and the test standard is whether the speech is appropriate. Like a beautiful down jacket. Wearing it in winter is very suitable, and wearing it in summer is a joke. Words and sentences in a language are not good or bad, but whether the adaptation is suitable for the needs of the context. As the saying goes, what songs to sing in the mountains and what to say to everyone is to improvise according to the needs of the context, rather than sticking to the rules. James Soong 2007

When he delivered a speech in Tsinghua University in, he skillfully used the context at the beginning to narrow the distance with the audience: "Dear President Gu, Director Chen of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the Central Committee, teachers and students, hello, everyone. After listening to President Gu's praise just now, I am particularly pleased to quote a sentence from Beijing. Yesterday, there was a weather forecast that there might be thunderstorms today, but when I came to Tsinghua University today, I saw that it was not only sunny but also sunny. This does not mean that both cross-strait relations and our mainland hope that the rain will clear up and the clouds will open up. This is the common expectation of all of us. " Adapting to the speech environment, especially making timely speech adjustments only to the feedback information of the listener, is a concrete manifestation of a person's ability to adapt to the situation.

If we skillfully use some special conditions of context to carry out rhetorical activities, we can make the language glow with dazzling brilliance. It can even be said that there is no rhetoric without context, and the key lies in whether people are good at using it. Wang Anshi's "Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan" ("Boating in Guazhou") has no environment of "Spring Breeze" and "Jiang Nanan", and "green" is just an ordinary adjective used to express color; Song Qi's "Red Apricot Branch Spring" (Yulouchun) is just an ordinary verb if there is no environmental coordination between "Red Apricot Branch" and "Spring". So, from what aspects can context be used to improve the expression effect? Roughly:

1. Using the social and historical background at that time, Li Yuhe's lyrics to his mother and daughter when he was arrested in the modern Peking Opera "The Red Lantern" were almost a pun:

Li Yuhe: (solemnly accepting wine) Mom, I can drink any wine with your bowl of wine at the bottom! (Swallows in one gulp) Thank you, thank you, Mom!

When I left, I drank a bowl of my mother's wine and was full of courage. Lushan held a banquet to "make friends" with me, and a thousand cups will be served. When the season is bad and the snow suddenly comes, mother should keep the cold and warm moments in mind. Tiemei: Dad! (pouncing on Li Yuhe, crying)

Li Yuhe: (singing) When Xiao Tiemei goes out to sell goods to see the climate, she should carefully keep an account. Be careful of wild dogs when you are sleepy, and wait for magpies to sing when you are bored. When you run around the house, you must share your troubles with your grandmother.

On the surface, this lyric is an indictment of trivial matters in life, but in fact it emphasizes the struggle against the enemy, which was decided on this particular occasion in front of the Japanese. It is against this background that Li Yuhe's heroic character, which is fearless of violence, witty and firm, is fully demonstrated in his works.

2. Using topic context "topic" is "topic meaning"; "Situation" is a summary of the specific situation in a period of time and space. Mao Dun's novel Spring Silkworm tells the story of coming to a sericulture village in spring. One of the paragraphs reads like this:

The weather continued to be warm, and the sun pushed away the tender leaves on Mulberry fist that looked like little fingers, and now they are as big as small palms. The mulberry trees in old Bao Tong around their village seem to be growing better. From a distance, it looks like a piece of green brocade laid flat on a dense gray-white low fence. "Hope" is getting stronger and stronger in the hearts of old Bao Tong and ordinary farmers. The mobilization order for silkworm affairs has also been launched in all aspects. Take out all the sericulture equipment hidden in the woodshed for a year and wash it. By the stream that runs through the village, the women and children in the village are crawling, working, shouting and laughing.

This passage is very vivid, using metaphors to write that spring brings "hope" to silkworm farmers. Unusually, the exciting and busy scene of the villagers was written to the end: "Women and children in the village are crawling, doing, shouting and laughing." This is a sentence with multiple adverbials. Here, the author deliberately uses "crawling" to describe "busy" and adopts a comparative method to highlight the characteristics of sericulture village. In addition, the word is used in many places in the works, such as "gradually, those shadows appear on the water again, twisting like drunkards." There is also the "Wu Niang" crawling in the silkworm basket, which looks very strong. "The reason why the author uses it repeatedly is to emphasize that what sericulture people think, say and do is for the lifeblood of their own survival-silkworms, but the result of being busy is disappointment and depression, which makes a strong contrast between" hope "and" disappointment "and leaves a deep impression on readers. This theme is also in line with the theme of cruel exploitation of silkworm farmers by usurers in old China.

3. The method of communicating with people is widely used in newspaper headlines. Let's give a few examples: ① Qian Zhongshu, surnamed Qian, doesn't love money-Qian Zhongshu refuses to pay wages; (2) Bing Xin is a piece of Bing Xin; Zhang is getting married today, and the "arrow" proves happiness.

Using Mr. Qian Zhongshu's surname and the word "Qian" to form homographs shows Mr. Qian Zhongshu's noble character. Example 2 makes the person's name homophonic with the head word of the predicate, which highlights the noble character of Bing Xin's old man. Example 3 reports that two archers finally got married in 2009 after six years of long-distance love.

1997 After the National Games in Qingdao, a wedding was held. For example, these expressions just use the context to improve the expression effect. Take advantage of communication occasions

An occasion is an environment composed of a certain time, place and people. Rational use of communication occasions and effective information is an important factor to improve the expression effect. For example, in Chen Hanyuan's article "From Yibin to Chongqing", it is written that the main streets of Chongqing meander on the back of the mountain city. In Chongqing, even in busy neighborhoods, you rarely see cyclists, because it is too difficult to climb mountains by bike. Someone joked that in Chongqing, sometimes people ride bicycles, and sometimes people ride bicycles.

In this passage, "sometimes people ride cars" means "sometimes people have to carry cars", because the last sentence says "people ride bicycles"

It is a normal phenomenon, and the next sentence "rider" is humorous, and it constitutes a word order cycle, vivid and vivid. The influence of context on speech use is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

1) the restrictive function of context: the restrictive function of context is to specify the expression of speech. For the same content, we can use such sentences, such sentences, declarative sentences, imperative sentences, general words, idioms and technical terms. For example, in court, judges usually say "criminal suspects and witnesses" instead of "criminals" and "so-and-so wives". It also means spouse. In general, we can say wife, husband, wife and lover, but in diplomatic situations, we usually say wife. There is no essential difference between the rational meanings of "mother" and "mother", but the former can only be used in general oral expression, while the latter is widely used in written language, especially as a metaphor in more solemn occasions, such as "the motherland is our mother". When you go to someone's house, if you feel very hot, you shouldn't yell at the host and ask them to turn on the air conditioner. Generally, you don't use imperative sentences to express your intention directly, but use exclamatory sentences to express your intention euphemistically, such as "Oh, the room is so hot!" When the host gets the message, he will turn on the air conditioner. Cao Yu is a master of using language. In the language of drama, he accurately described the personality characteristics of dramatic characters, leaving a deep impression on people. For example, in the drama "Lei Yu", Zhou Puyuan learned from Lu Shiping that Lu Dahai was the son left by his romantic behavior in those years, and used four short and high-pitched sentences: "What? Lu Dahai? Him! My son? " The use of these short sentences vividly depicts Zhou Puyuan's complex emotions of excitement, urgency, fear and consternation. If you simply use them,

This kind of complex emotion is hard to express with the exclamation that "Lu Dahai turned out to be my son". Here, Mr. Cao Yu fully considers the restrictive role of context in the choice of sentences. The restrictive role of context is that in the specific context of verbal communication, the communication objects are also very different, such as men and women, old and young, east and west, north and south, superiors and subordinates, neighbors, classmates and colleagues, acquaintances and friends. Different communication objects have different tones, intonations and expressions, and even the place and spatial distance of speaking.

2) Context has explanatory function. The explanatory function of context mainly lies in defining the meaning of speech. Although every sentence is based on words or phrases, understanding these words may not be able to understand their specific meanings. Because sentences are subject to a certain context, the specific meaning of each sentence is different. So in specific sentences, every noun refers to something, such as "Today is a good day", so what day is "Today"? Without specific context, there is no answer. It is said that a boss runs a restaurant. Because there were few guests, he put up a notice that said, "Eating tomorrow is free". As a result, when the guests went the next day, they still said that tomorrow's meal was free, and there was nothing the guests could do. In fact, from the sentence analysis, he posted the notice yesterday, so tomorrow is the second day of a certain day. Because the starting and ending time of a sentence is certain, and knowledge is determined by the explanatory function of context, restaurant owners can't justify themselves. Yesterday, you publicly declared that tomorrow's meal is free, so today's promotion is tomorrow, which is a sign of lack of integrity. I won't be fooled for a while, but sooner or later. For another example, the teacher said "please open your books" in class, which is also a word "book", but it may be a Chinese book, a math book, a history book, a physics book, etc. In different classes, students will not make mistakes, because the context specifies the meaning of words. Polysemous words have only one meaning in a specific language and will not cause ambiguity. It is precisely because context excludes irrelevant meanings and filters them out, leaving meanings suitable for context, so context has the function of explaining word meanings. If we don't pay attention to this explanatory function of context, we will make mistakes in understanding others' words. For example, in history class, the teacher taught Columbus the story of sailing to the sea. A student was reading an extracurricular book below, and the teacher asked him to answer the question: "How do you know about Columbus?" The student replied, "I don't know Columbus at all!" " "The result caused a burst of laughter. In fact, "knowledge" here is not "familiarity" in the usual sense, but an evaluation of people or things. Because the student was not attentive in class, he answered irrelevant questions and made a joke.

Evaluating the effect of cognitive expression also needs to be tested through context. What we usually call "speaking appropriately" actually refers to the context, including the objective environment of speaking and the situation of the listener and so on. So simple words can also produce extraordinary magic and leave a deep impression on people. In a word, context is an important factor that restricts verbal communication.

Whether the speech expression is appropriate or not, to a great extent, is to make the speech fit the context and make the discourse and context coordinate. For example, for guests from North Korea, we can say that "the friendship between Chinese and Korean people is as high as Changbai Mountain and as long as Yalu River", because Changbai Mountain and Yalu River are related to China and North Korea to some extent, and they are not only appropriate but also close as metaphors. If you are facing guests from Mongolia and Kazakhstan, it is a bit neither fish nor fowl to use such a metaphor.

Third, we should persist in innovating language as a communication tool to meet the needs of social development, and society will continue to develop so that language can fully meet the needs of society. This is an important reason why we ancient people used classical Chinese, but we used vernacular Chinese, because classical Chinese is suitable for the needs of ancient people, while vernacular Chinese is suitable for the communication needs of modern people. Language is developing and changing, which is the premise of innovation and breakthrough in language application. The innovation of verbal communication is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is to create fresh and vivid forms of expression and take a road that no one has ever taken before. Once this brand-new expression is recognized by the society, it will become a relatively fixed expression and become a part of the language structure. Therefore, innovation can promote the development of language. For example, in Mao Zedong's article "Let Go of the Burden and Start the Machine", he compared the ideological burden to the package that oppresses people. This fresh and unique expression embodies some characteristics of ideological burden and oppressive package, which has been recognized by the society, so the word "burden" has also added a new meaning, that is, the burden that affects thought and behavior. There is a song "Ask Jiangnan", the lyrics are boldly imagined on the basis of Jiangnan cultural heritage, which is very innovative:

"Ask jiangnan? Ask Jiangnan? How many days has it rained in Jiangnan? How many poems are wet? Ask Jiangnan? Ask Jiangnan? How many apricot flowers bloom in the rain? How many thoughts have been fragrant? Is the soil still red, green and green? Is the sky still thick and dark? Do you remember the first love of tears? What calls me every night is Jiangnan made of water? "

The lyrics of this song look ordinary at first glance. After careful consideration, with the help of comparable rhetoric, the author is full of innovative, novel and unique combinations, creating a beautiful artistic conception and giving people rich associations. The innovation of verbal communication is not mysterious. For example, there are many cases of speech innovation in mobile phone short messages in daily communication. For example, this short message wishes the New Year: "May you embrace peace, health, happiness, happiness, warmth, sweetness, wealth, auspiciousness and happiness every day!" Among them, the main content and object are adjectives, and innovation is used as a noun here, which can also be regarded as a comparative usage.

Another way to express innovation is to transform old bottles into new wine. This method still has a novel and unique feeling, such as parody words and parody sentences in parody, for example, imitating "a talented woman" as "a blessed woman" and "I wish all lovers in the world will get married" as "all rich people in the world will get married", which effectively satirizes those affairs that are indifferent to money. All these can be combined with parody in Chapter Five. Of course, innovation does not necessarily mean changing the meaning and usage of words, but requires bold imagination and novel associations, that is, ancient metaphors. If used properly, they can find new angles of ontology and carrier, and they can also be brilliant and unforgettable. For example, Qian Zhongshu's novel Fortress Besieged contains many novel and unique metaphors. Using innovative expressions in oral communication can leave a deep impression on people.

Verbal communication does not copy the words and phrases of the ready-made language, but needs your comprehensive consideration and choice in combination with various factors such as goals, environment and objects. It is an activity that makes full use of intelligence. Intelligence is the ability of people to solve practical problems by using knowledge when they know objective things, that is, people's intelligence, creativity and innovation are closely related to intelligence, but they are more complicated and difficult than intelligence. Creativity is a kind of advanced intelligence, and the innovative ability in verbal communication is actually a manifestation of the application of advanced intelligence. Language is a kind of resource, an inexhaustible mineral deposit, waiting for us to use our wisdom to develop, upgrade and develop, especially to develop its potential functions.

Fourth, pay attention to language norms. Language standardization is a basic skill for people who are engaged in writing or reception work, because if you use language,

Irregular and inaccurate, in a small way, is the loss of personal reputation, in a big way, it is the loss of the reputation of the unit, because the staff like the secretary is basically the image spokesperson of a unit, the image window of the unit, and whether the words are appropriate and standardized is the first impression left by the other party. Therefore, the accurate and standardized use of language can not only improve the effect of verbal communication, but also harmonize the atmosphere, help improve interpersonal relationships, eliminate misunderstandings, dilute contradictions and leave a good impression on people.

The general requirement of language norms is to pay attention to language civilization. Specifically, we should pay attention to the following aspects: First, the language level.

Generally speaking, communication should be in Mandarin. If the other party's identity is clear, proper use of the other party's language, such as dialect, can enliven the atmosphere, increase goodwill and narrow the distance between them. Second, the meaning is clear. The use of language should be clear, and ambiguous language should not be used. In particular, technical terms should be used less, and communication should be easy to understand. Third, be concise. In verbal communication, words should be concise, avoid the interference of redundant information, use more short sentences, especially oral communication, pay more attention to the use of daily language, and use less written language. Fourth, the words are peaceful. In communication, we should pay attention to the use of neutral language, avoid conclusive language and ironic language, avoid emotional exposure and use less emotional language. Fifth, pay attention to logic. The expression of sentences should be smooth, hierarchical, accurate in pronunciation, appropriate in speech speed, clear in organization and strong in logic, so as to avoid being upset and irrelevant. Sixth, language civilization. It is very important to use civilized language in communication. "Hello, please, I'm sorry, sorry, bother, goodbye" and other common polite communication expressions should be mentioned frequently. In the process of communication, the Han nationality has formed many respectful and modest words, which can be properly used in communication. For example, when you meet for the first time, you should say "I've heard a lot about you"; Long time no see, say "long time no see"; When the guest arrives, say "coming"; When waiting for guests, say "welcome"; When visiting others, say "visit"; Get up and say goodbye and say "goodbye"; Go first in the middle and say "sorry"; Please don't send, say "stay"; Ask people to criticize and say "teach"; Ask people for advice and say "teach"; When asking for help, say "sorry"; The client should say "please" when doing things; Give others trouble and say "disturb"; Ask for forgiveness and say "tolerance". In addition, we should pay attention to preparation in advance and know the basic situation of the other party, such as name, position, hobbies, grades, etc. And in the process of communication, you will lose no time to integrate into it, which will gain the favor of the other party.

Contrary to civilized language, it is uncivilized language. In verbal communication, we should pay attention to avoid those uncivilized languages, such as angry words, strange words, rude words, local dialect and so on. , and the network language that the public is not familiar with. As for swearing, obscenity and slang, we should pay more attention to avoiding it. The use of these words in public places is detrimental to our dignity. Especially in communication, conflicts are inevitable because of their respective interests (individual or collective). At this time, angry words, strange words and dirty words can easily lead to the escalation of contradictions, which will be seized by the other party, putting themselves at a disadvantage and damaging the image of individuals and units. Try not to use foreign languages or interspersed with foreign words in communication, which is pedantic and easy to cause the other party's disgust. In addition to uncivilized language, we should also pay attention to avoiding false big spaces in communication. The so-called empty space refers to lies, big talk and empty talk, which is not conducive to effective communication and may even bring unexpected consequences.