Brief introduction and detailed information of philosophers

Philo-so-pher is a philosopher's English, which means a person who loves wisdom.

In the sense of science of science and history of science, philosopher refers to a philosopher who has his own philosophical paradigm and original philosophical basic theory and philosophical system.

Philosophers are philosophers who study philosophy and have high attainments in philosophy.

Whether philosophers have their own philosophical paradigm and original philosophical basic theory is the fundamental difference between philosophers and ordinary philosophers.

A philosopher comes from a person who is or will never be a philosopher.

Greeks have long known that wisdom and knowledge are two different things, although they are sometimes easily confused. Hercules said: "erudition does not make people wise." Otherwise, it will make Hersiad, Pythagoras, Xeno Fenni and Hecka too wise. " Lao Tzu also made a similar discovery from another angle, and he demanded "abandoning wisdom and obeying holiness". Wisdom is knowledge, that is, knowledge of the Tao that can be expressed as rules and established procedures, while wisdom is close to the unattainable Tao ("Tao can be extraordinary" is often misinterpreted as "the theory that can be said is not eternal" and should be "the theory that can be followed is not eternal"). Knowledge is always adhoc. Since a person's mind is not a lot of fragmentary knowledge, there must be an "invisible hand" that weaves all kinds of knowledge, emotions and experiences together to make it a whole mind, that is wisdom.

Philosophy discusses all important problems and concepts as if it didn't actually produce knowledge about them. Scientists, historians, economists, sociologists, anthropologists, logicians, linguists, etc. Knowledge can be produced, and philosophers can also participate in the production of all kinds of knowledge (if they have this talent), but what philosophy really needs to do is to think about how to make all kinds of knowledge "artistically" cooperate together to form an ecologically harmonious concept/knowledge system, so that people can think about various problems more harmoniously and fully. Simply put, what philosophy wants to create is a kind of thinking ability, not some kind of knowledge.

For example, philosophy does not want to obtain the meaning, definition and usage of the concept of "truth", which is only background knowledge, but to think about where the concept of "truth" is appropriate in the concept/knowledge system, which concepts should be closely related to it, what kind of interaction should be established with other concepts, what kind of ideological effect may be there, and so on. In this sense, philosophy considers how to maximize the ability and charm of ideas in the ideological picture composed of various ideas. An idea itself is not more wrong than other ideas, but it may be put in an inappropriate ideological position, destroying the effect of the ideological picture, just like a bad move or a stupid chess piece. Where an idea falls is like where a chess piece falls. If economists have no opinion, I just want to say that philosophy is the game theory of ideas.

Philosophers have their own special experiences.

Husserl said that he pursued the pure result of philosophy, just like sharpening a knife when he was a child. He was always afraid that it was not sharp enough, so he grinded it, and one day he suddenly found that the knife was gone.

Wigenstein said that his father is a businessman, and his philosophy is nothing more than figuring out what can be worked out one by one (of course, the dormant account is the one that can't be worked out).

I have an "experimental experience" myself, and I don't know if it is a "reference". Anywhere, such as intersections, just look at everything that happens, pedestrians, cars, traffic jams, violations, fines, liars, shameless people, shameless people. Considering everything and opposing your consistent position, you will gradually find that all the reasons are so contradictory, so contradictory and very reasonable. All the reasons belong to others. I think this is the "truth" that philosophers want to know.

Thales Heraclitus Democritus Pythagoras Socrates Plato Aristotle Philo Epicurus Archimedes Plotting Medieval Philosopher Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas, Sijani Koro Machiavelli17th century philosopher Voltaire Francis Bacon Denis Derot John Locke renard Descartes. Spinoza Leibniz18th century philosopher Jean-Jean-Jacques Rousseau David Hume George Bekele Emanuel Kant Fichte19th century philosopher Hegel Arthur Schopenhauer Friedrich Schelling Nietzsche Kierkegaard Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Auguste Comte William James 20th century philosopher Benado. Croce John Dewey Bertrand Russell Rudolph Carnap Jean Paul Sartre Camus Husserl Martin Heidegger Wigenstein Karl Jaspers Hannah Arendt 2 1 century philosopher Julian Baggini Judith Butler Daniel Dennett Jerry Fodor Jacques Ticas LagZizek Wan Dana Shivaz Weitan Todorov Julia Kristeva Philip Soller Fernando Sava, the main representative of Chinese philosopher Taoism.

Laozi (founder of Taoism),

Zhuangzi, Liezi, Shinto, Yang Zhu.

Representative figures of Confucianism

Confucius, the founder of Confucianism,

Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Er Cheng, Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan, Wang Yangming.

Zhou Wenwang (author of Zhouyi)

Mozi (representative of Mohism)

Han Feizi (Legalist Representative)

Zou Yan (founder of Yin and Yang, founder of Five Elements Theory)

Wang Yangming (Wang Shouren, a master of psychology, put forward the idea of the unity of conscience and knowledge and action)

Wang Fuzhi (the spiritual source of Huxiang culture, also known as the Gemini of Eastern and Western philosophy with Hegel)

China modern philosopher

Jin, Xiong Shili, Liang Shuming, Mou Zongsan, Hu Shi, Feng Youlan, Nan,.

Western philosopher Greek philosopher Heraclitus (founder of the theory of the origin of fire),

Thales (founder of Shuiben Garden),

Anaximander (founder of indefinite theory),

(the founder of qi),

Socrates (the founder of western rational metaphysics tradition),

The Christian Philosophy of Plato, Aristotle and Epicurus

Justin, Augustine (City of God), Laktanxiu Thomas Aquinas (Encyclopedia of Theology),

Rosalyn Anselmus (ontological argument

Roger Bacon

After the Renaissance

Francis Bacon (the father of modern science, who wrote many scientific research methods),

Hobbes (mechanical materialist),

Descartes (dualist, very important philosopher),

Spinoza (rationalist, representative of pantheism),

Leibniz (rationalist, well-read),

Locke (empiricist),

Becquerel (empiricist),

Hume (logically developing empiricism to its peak),

Rousseau (social contract theorist),

Kant (fundamentally analyzing the tradition of binary opposition since Descartes),

Fichte (claiming to inherit Kant's philosophy),

Hegel (idealist, German philosopher),

Schopenhauer (voluntarist),

Adam Smith (father of economics),

Marx (Economics, Politics, Philosopher),

Nietzsche (voluntarist, philosopher, historian, poet),

Russell (a famous historian of mathematics, philosophy and philosophy),

Wigenstein (analytical philosophy, philosophy of language),

Heidegger (existentialism),

Sartre (existentialism),

De Hida (deconstruction),

Dewey (pragmatism master, educational philosopher),

Vendel class (historian of philosophy),

Goethe (philosopher),

Rorty (pragmatism),

James (pragmatism),

Swinball (the main leader of modern theology, a member of the British Academy of Sciences and Seminary),

Foucault (structuralist psychology),

Althusser (structural socialism),

Sosa (main modern metaphysics) and so on.

Class philosophers, who study philosophy, exist in academic and theoretical ways. However, the controversy lies in whether philosophers are comfortable or dependent. Obviously, politicians are dependent. Without the country, politicians become clowns in people's eyes.

For philosophers, Marx believes that philosophy is party spirit and serves the society, that is, there is no philosopher beyond class. In other words, all philosophers' theories and behaviors must represent a specific class and cannot surpass it, which is determined by people's dependence on society.

Others have proved the super-class nature of philosophy and philosophers. Egoistic philosophy has no class. Egoism aims at the origin of matter and studies the principles of its internal formation, development and change. Based on the universe, particles and dark matter, it studies inorganic matter, organic matter, life and human society. Human society is like a drop in the ocean in space. Egoism is neutral, and class nature is biased by personality. Marx's philosophical research has the characteristics of the times. The limitations of the era of existence are understandable.

Firstly, the understanding and research of microscopic matter and microscopic time period are briefly introduced, such as one billionth of a gram of matter and one billionth of a second of a time period. This denies the materiality of microscopic matter and microscopic time. But in real life, these substances occupy a considerable proportion in space and time, and at the same time play a decisive role. Second, one-sided emphasis on the dynamic role of human consciousness, while denying the existence of material self-motivation. In fact, the material self is the motive force of the material power. According to the results of modern scientific research, what people can see and hear is only a tiny part of the universe. The undiscovered substances that people have never seen account for the vast majority. Third, man is a unique substance on the earth, and the earth is just a drop in the ocean in the material world of the universe. And class struggle is only the product of human society. Of course, Marx's philosophical theory is also the product of the development of human society, which plays a huge destructive role in the development of human society to a certain extent. The development and renewal of this theory should be a matter for our future generations.