Preparation guidance for the adult entrance examination: Sentence examples in classical Chinese

Explanations of sentence patterns in classical Chinese texts

Although the test point of "understanding sentence patterns and usages different from modern Chinese" has not been set as a separate question in the college entrance examination in recent years, reading When understanding, many sentences involve this aspect of knowledge, especially in the process of reading classical Chinese. If you are familiar with some sentence structure features in ancient Chinese, especially special ones such as subject-predicate inversion, object preposition, attributive postposition, and adverbial postposition, etc. Unfamiliarity and incomprehension of the sentence structure will inevitably lead to difficulty in reading and inaccuracy in translated sentences. Therefore, one should have sufficient understanding of the different sentence patterns in classical Chinese and modern Chinese. This is a test point that cannot be ignored in Chinese review.

What sentence patterns are there in ancient Chinese that are different from modern Chinese? , including judgment sentences, passive sentences, omitted sentences, inverted sentences (special sentence patterns), fixed structures, etc. Judgmental sentences and passive sentences must be mastered from the structural characteristics. For omitted sentences, the omitted part must be inferred according to the context. For inverted sentences, the rules of object preposition, attributive postposition, subject-predicate inversion, and adverbial postposition must be mastered, and the sentence pattern must be fixed. Remember their idioms.

General sentence patterns

1. Judgment sentences

(1) Use "Zhe...ye" to express judgment

"Lian Po" "Zhe is a good general of Zhao"

(2) Use "Zhe" at the end of the sentence to express judgment

"Xu Gong in the north of the city is the most beautiful person in Qi"

(3) Use "Zhe" to express judgment

"The four are Luling Xiaojun Guijunyu, Changle King Huishenfu, Yu Di Anguopingfu, Anshang Chunfu."

(4) Use the verb "for" or the judgment word "is" to express judgment

①Manage money for the world, not for profit

②You are the son of the great family

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(5) Use adverbs such as "that is", "nai", "ze", "all", "ben", "sincere", "yi" and "su" to express positive judgments and strengthen the tone, and use "fei" to express negative judgments

① I am in a hurry today, and this is the autumn of my life.

②This is the autumn of life and death.

③Liang General will be Chu General Xiang Yan.

④This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

⑤ Chenbenbuyi.

⑥He looks like a bitch.

⑦ Fish is what I want, bear paws are also what I want.

⑧I am not a literati painter.

(6) Unmarked judgment sentences

Some judgment sentences in classical Chinese do not have any marks, and the judgment is made directly from the noun to the noun.

For example: "Liu Bei is a great hero in the world." ("Battle of Red Cliff")

"Special reminder" The "yes" that appears before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment word, but It is a demonstrative pronoun and serves as the subject of a judgment sentence, and the word "IS" in some judgment sentences does not always mean judgment. "IS" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese in the pre-Qin period, but became more common after Han Dynasty.

2. Passive Sentences

The so-called passive means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is a passive relationship. That is to say, the subject is the passive person in the behavior represented by the verb. Victims, not initiators and implementers.

There are signs

(1) Use "wei" or "for...by..." to express passiveness

"He who dies in the hands of others will make the world laugh." ." (... ridiculed by the people of the world)

"(Giant) is located in a distant county, and the line is occupied by others." ("Zizhi Tongjian")

(2) Use. "Be" means passive

"If you are loyal but you are slandered, how can you not feel resentful?" "or "see... in..." means passive

"... only see deceived" (... deceived in vain)

"I am sincerely afraid of seeing deceived by the king. "Fail Zhao."

(4) Use "Yu" or "Suffer...from..." to express passiveness

"Cannot be tolerated far or near" (Zhang Pu's "Tombstone of Five People". "Memory"

"I cannot lift the land of Jin and Wu, with a hundred thousand followers, and be controlled by others.

" ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian")

(5) Use "be" to express passiveness.

"I still remember the arrest of Duke Zhou, in March of Dingmao. " (Zhang Pu's "Tombstone Story of Five People"

No mark

This situation refers to a passive sentence without a passive verb. For example: "The people of Jingzhou follow the rules and force the troops to do so." "Shi Er." ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian") The word "force the force" here means "forced by the force".

"Note" "See" has a special usage and expresses passiveness. The form of "see" is very similar, such as "Ji Jun is real or seeing anger" ("Reply to Sima Jian Yi Shu"), but the "see" here does not mean passive. It is placed before the verb, indicating that the action refers to one side. , a polite way of saying "how do you treat yourself", such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese, are all used in this way. Examples will be given in detail later.

3. Elliptical sentences

(1) The omission of the subject

The wild snake in Yongzhou, (snake) has black substance and white chapters...

(2) The omission of the predicate

Fighting means courage. One drum beats the wind, and three drums exhaust...

(3) The omission of the verb object

The effect is great. "The Biography of Lian Po Lin Xiangru" (4) The omission of prepositional objects

This person has heard and heard of (him) one by one.

(5) Omission of prepositions

The general fought (in) Hebei, and the minister fought (in) Henan

4. Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences in classical Chinese generally have interrogative words, which include interrogative pronouns (who, he, he, so, an, yan, shou, etc.), interrogative modal particles (hu, zhu, zai, 欤, ye, etc.) and interrogative adverbs ( Qi, Du, Qi, etc.). Sometimes interrogative words are not used.

In addition, there are some common usages of rhetorical questions.

Special sentence patterns are not explained here. >

The following is a translation and explanation of several special sentence patterns in ancient Chinese that are different from modern Chinese.

1. Subject-predicate inversion

For emphasis. The predicate is sometimes placed before the subject. This is simply because of the need for language expression. ① What's more, you are not helpful (Hui)! You're smart"

②Anzai\Young Master can be anxious about others' difficulties. ("Xinling Lord Steals Talisman to Save Zhao") Translation: "Where can I be anxious about others' difficulties?"

2. Object preposition

「1」Pronoun object preposition in negative sentences

Format: subject + negative word "no, wei, wu, mo, Wu, Fu" + object "I, I, Er, Zi, Zhi, Shi" + action

① Three years old, I am willing to take care of you ("Shuo Shu") Translation: "Mo I am willing to "Gu" should be understood as "not willing to take care of me."

② Translation by Mo Zhixu ("Longzhong Dui") of the time: "But people at that time did not approve of him (see it this way)"

③The people of Qin had no time to mourn themselves ("On the Passage of Qin") Translation: "The people of Qin had no time to mourn themselves."

④ Avoid not being confident ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice") Translation: "Zou Ji does not believe in himself"

⑤ However, there is no king who is not a king ("Qi Huan and Jin Wen") "Things") Translation: "You can't rule the world like this, there is no such thing"

Also like: If I don't do it, Mo Jiruo also (Translation: "It can't be because of me, (he) is worse than me") "Myself")

The idioms are: I have no deceit, you have no danger (translation: "I will not deceive you, you will not deceive me")

From the above examples, we can We draw this conclusion: two conditions must be met for the preposition of the object pronoun in a negative sentence: first, the object must be a pronoun, and second, the whole sentence must be a negative sentence, that is, there must be negative adverbs "no, wei, no ( None)" etc. or the indefinite pronoun "mo" expressing negation. The object of the pronoun should be placed before the verb and after the negative word.

『2』The pronoun object is placed in front of the interrogative sentence

(1) The object is in front of the verb

Format: subject ten objects "Who, Xi, Hu, He , Huo, An, evil, Yan" + move?

① Liang asked: "What did the king come to do?" Translation of "Hongmen Banquet": Zhang Liang asked Justice: "What did the king take when he came?"

② Asked the daughter what she was thinking about ? ("Mulan Ci") Translation: "Ask my daughter what she is thinking about?"

③The king saw it and said, "Where is the cow?" ("Yan Zi's Mission to Chu") Translation: The king saw it and asked: "Where to take the cow?"

④What's the harm? ("The Matter of Qi Huan and Jin Wen") Translation: "What is the hindrance (what is the hindrance)?"

⑤The king said: "Whoever binds is the one who does it?" ("Yanzi Envoys to Chu") Translation : The king asked: "What does the tied person do?"

⑥Who among me dares to complain? ("Snake Catcher Says") Translation: "Who can I blame?"

⑦How can we put earth and rocks away? ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") Translation: "Besides, where should the earth and rocks be placed?"

(2) The object is placed in front of the preposition

Format: Subject + Object "Who, Xi, Hu, He, Huo, An, Wei, Yan" + introduction + action?

① Otherwise, why would we be here? ("Hongmen Banquet") Translation: "Otherwise, why would I (Xiang Yu) get to this point?"

②Who is the mourner? ("Tombstone Story of Five People") Translation: "Who are you crying for?"

③Why did Lord Chang'an trust Zhao? ("The Crab Dragon Talks about the Queen Mother of Zhao") Translation: "Why does Lord Chang'an have a foothold in the State of Zhao?"

④ How should the country be sympathetic to each other? ("On Accumulation and Storage") Translation: "What does the state use to relieve the common people?"

⑤Conjecture! Who will return to me from Weisi? Translation of "Yueyang Tower": "Oh! Who else can I be with except such a person?"

⑥Although he was born, how could he return to the Han Dynasty? ("Su Wu Biography") Translation: "Even if I am alive, why should (I) have the dignity to return to the Han Dynasty?"

『3』Preposition of preposition object in declarative sentences

Format: Bin + Introduction + Action

①Use the hook to write the dragon, and the chisel to write the dragon ("Ye Gong Loves Dragons") Translation: "Use the hook to draw the dragon, use the chisel to carve the dragon"

② Yu Shizhi ("A Journey to Bao Chan Mountain") Translation: "That's why I wrote down this incident"

③ Translation in one sentence: Summarize it in one sentence

④The Chu warriors are all equal to ten ("Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu") Translation: There is no warrior in Chu who does not have to fight ten with one against ten.

⑤ Idioms include: night and day (translation: using night to follow day)

「4」prefixed objects marked with “之” and “是”

Format: Subject + Object + (Yes) + Action

①Fu Jin, what crime did he commit? ("Zhu Zhiwu Retreats the Qin Army") Translation: "What sin does Jin have to do?"

②Only Yi Qiu listens ("Yi Qiu") Translation: "Only listens to Yi Qiu's teachings" ( "Wei" is translated as "only", the same below)

③If you don't know the sentence reading, you will be confused ("Shi Shuo") Translation: "If you don't understand the sentence reading, you can't answer the doubts"

④Only state the affairs ("Reply to Li Yishu") Translation: "Just be sure to get rid of those old words"

⑤Parents only worry about his illness Translation: "Parents only worry about his illness"

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⑥Only look at the horse's head ("Feng Wanzhen") Translation: "Only look at my horse's head to act"

⑦The king will not care about his death, but his ministers will be worried. Translation: "Our king (Jin Hui Gong) does not pity himself for being in exile, but he is worried about our ministers"

There is also an idiom: mercenary (translation: "only seeking benefits") is to use meritocracy (Translation: "Only employ talented people")

「5」When the word "phase" is interpreted as "the action refers to one side", it can be translated as "me, you, him (her)" , at this time "phase" is used as an object before the verb predicate, and when translated, it is placed after the verb predicate.

① I have lost my kindness and will not agree to her ("The Peacock Flies Southeast") Translation: "I have no affection for her and will never agree to you"

②Be diligent in raising your father-in-law, and be good at supporting your generals ("The Peacock Flies Southeast") Translation: "Serve your mother-in-law with all your heart, and serve her well"

③When children see each other but don't know each other, they smile and ask where the guests are from. Lai ("Returning to Hometown") Translation: "The child saw me but did not recognize me"

Modern Chinese also has reservations, such as: Please believe it

「6」 When the word "see" is interpreted as "the action refers to one side", it can be interpreted as "I". In this case, "see" is used as an object before the verb predicate, and when translated, it is placed after the verb predicate.

①The government official met Ding Ning ("The Peacock Flies Southeast") Translation: "(When I came back) the government official warned me"

②The child was born in six months, and the loving father saw his betrayal ( "Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi") Translation: "Six months after I was born, my father abandoned me (meaning that my father passed away)"

This situation is also retained in modern Chinese, such as : hope you can forgive me (hope you forgive me); have any advice (have anything to teach me); make you laugh (make you laugh at me); hope forgive me (hope you forgive me).

"7" When locative words and time words are used as objects, they are sometimes preceded

① Yafu sits facing south (translation of "Hongmen Banquet": "Yafu Fan Zeng sits facing south "

② As for the North Sea, when you look eastward, you cannot see the end of the water ("Autumn Water") Translation: "When you reach the North Sea, you look eastward, but you cannot see the end of the water."

3. Postposition of adverbials

We know that in modern Chinese, adverbials are placed before the predicate, and if they are placed after the predicate, they are complements. However, in classical Chinese, the components in complements are often understood as adverbials. That is to say, when translating, most of the time, the predicate must be mentioned in front of the predicate for translation.

(1) Format: verb + 译 + object

① Decorated with the shape of turtles, birds and beasts in seal script (" "Biography of Zhang Heng") Translation: "Decorate it with the shapes of turtles, birds and beasts in seal scripts"

②Return the arrow to the ancestor, and achieve success ("Preface to the Biography of Lingguan") Translation: "Put the arrow back to the ancestor Before the spirit enthronement, the report is complete."

③Invite the arrows and put them in the brocade bag ("Preface to the Biography of Lingguan") Translation: "And please take out the three arrows and put them in the brocade bag"

④Fang Qi is the father and son of Yan, ("Preface to the Biography of Lingguan") The translation: "When Zhuangzong tied up the father and son of King Yan with ropes"

⑤The meaning of filial piety and brotherhood ("Qi Huan Jin Wen" "Things") Translation: "Tell them repeatedly about honoring your parents and respecting your brothers"

① Cover it with your palm ("Promoting Weaving") Translation: "Cover it (cricket) with your palm"

(2) Format: Dong + Yu (hu, equivalent to "Yu") + Bin

① When the envoy returned, he asked for help from General Sun ("The Battle of Red Cliff") Translation: "Let him go back and ask for help General Sun asks for help"

② Someone who can slander and ridicule Yu Shichao ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice") Translation: "A person who can point out my faults in the market"

③ And set up stones at the door of their tombs ("Tombstones of Five People") Translation: "And set up stone tablets in front of their tombs"

④ Born in front of me ("Shi Shuo") Translation: " Born in front of me"

⑤Feng Hu Wuyu ("Four Sons Sitting") Translation: "The wind blows on the Wuyu platform"

(3) Format: Shape + Yu + Bin

①Longer than Yuchen ("Hongmen Banquet") Translation: "(He, referring to Xiang Bo) is older (bigger) than me"

②Although his talents are higher than those of the world, but No arrogance ("The Biography of Zhang Heng") Translation: "Although my talents are higher than others in the world, I have no pride"

4. Attributive postposition

In modern Chinese, Attributives modify and limit nouns, and are usually placed before the central word. This word order is consistent throughout ancient times. In classical Chinese, in addition to this situation, the attributive can also be placed after the central word, with the word "zhe" used. The end forms the form of the attributive postposition. Then, when translating, you should pay attention to putting the postpositioned attributive in front of the central word for translation.

「1」Format: central word + attributive + person

① Asking for help can repay the Qin Dynasty. ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") Translation: "Looking for someone who can come back as an envoy to Qin"

② There are people in Chu who cross the river. ("Carving a Boat and Seeking a Sword") Translation: "There was a man from Chu who crossed the river"

③The people of Jingzhou attached themselves to him. ("Battle of Chibi") Translation: "The people of Jingzhou who rely on Cao Cao"

④ Scholars from all directions come. ("Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu") Translation: "Scholars from all over who came to join the Kingdom of Wu"

⑤The young people in the village who are doing good things. ("Donkey of Guizhou") Translation: "There is a troublesome young man in the village"

「2」Format: central word + of + attributive + person

①horse The Thousand Miles Man ("Horse Theory") Translation: "A Thousand Mile Horse"

②The rich monk cannot reach it Translation: "The rich monk cannot reach it"

③The Journey of the Child of the Country ("Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu") Translation: "Young People Traveling in the State of Wu"

④The one who has a sonorous voice. (Translation of "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "The sonorous stone"

"3" format: central sentence + of + attributive

①An earthworm does not have the power of claws and teeth, nor the strength of sinews and bones. ( "Encouraging Learning") Translation: "Earthworms do not have sharp claws and strong muscles and bones"

② If you live high in a temple, you worry about its people; if you live far away from the rivers and lakes, you worry about your king ("Yueyang Tower") Translation : "When you are an official in the imperial court (or live in a high temple), you have to worry about the suffering of the people; when you retreat from the court (or live in a distant river and lake), you have to worry about the monarch."

" 4" Format: central phrase + and + attributive + person

How many people in the world can resist the change of a gentry? ("Tombstone Story of Five People") Translation: "Can not change. How many officials do you have in the world?"

"5" Quantifiers are usually placed after the central word. Format: central word + quantitative attributive

① Compared to Chen, there were six to seven hundred chariots, more than a thousand cavalry, and tens of thousands of soldiers. Translation: "When we arrived at Chen, there were six to seven hundred chariots, more than a thousand cavalry, and tens of thousands of soldiers."

②One meal can consume one stone of grain ("Ma Shuo") Translation: "Eating can sometimes consume one stone of grain"