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Legends and stories about bridges and their roles in social development.

The Zhaozhou Bridge

The ancient Zhaozhou is now Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province. There are two stone bridges in Zhaozhou, one in the south and the other in the west. The Dashiqiao in the south of the city looks like Changhong on the river, which is magnificent. According to folklore, this big stone bridge was built by Luban. The small stone bridge in the west of the city looks like a little white dragon floating on the water. It is said that this small stone bridge was built by Luban's sister Lu Jiang. These two bridges are well built! "Little Cowherd" was staged on the stage, and there was such a lyric: "Grandpa Luban of Zhaozhou Shiqiao repaired it, the sage of the jade railing stayed, Zhang rode the donkey bridge, and the firewood rolled the ditch." This is the legend of Lubanxiu Zhao Zhouqiao.

According to legend, Lu Ban and his sister traveled around the world. When they arrived in Zhaozhou, a white river stopped them. People push carts, carry burdens, sell onions, sell garlic, ride horses to catch exams, and pull donkeys to catch meetings, making a scene and vying to cross the river into the city. There are only two boats swaying from side to side in the river, and few people can cross it for a long time. Lu Ban saw it and asked, "Why don't you build a bridge over the river?" People say, "The river is wide, the water is deep and the waves are urgent. Who dares to repair it? No one can find such a skillful craftsman who can play lanterns! " When Lu Ban heard this, he reached an agreement with his sister Lu Jiang to build two bridges for pedestrians.

Lu Ban said to his sister, "Let's build a big stone bridge first, and then a small one!"

Lu Jiang said, "All right!"

Luban said; "Repairing bridges is hard work, don't be afraid of hardship!"

Lu Jiang said: "Not afraid!"

Lu Ban said: "It's good not to be afraid. Your heart is stupid and your hands are clumsy. If you are afraid of suffering, you will be in trouble. " This sentence made Lu Jiang unhappy. She said unconvinced, "Don't blame me for being all thumbs. Today, we will repair it alone. You fix the big one, and I'll fix the small one. "

A game to see who can fix it quickly and well. "

Lu Ban said, "OK, let's play! When will it start and when will it be completed? " Lu Jiang said: "As soon as it gets dark, the stars will start to work, and chickens will call it morning." It's a deal. Brother and sister prepare separately.

Luban leisurely headed west towards the mountains. When Lu Jiang arrived in the west of the city, he hurried to do it. As she repaired it, she thought, don't be busy, I have to pull you down. Sure enough, the small stone bridge was repaired after midnight. Then she quietly ran to the south of the city to see what her brother had done. When I came to the south of the city, there was not even a bridge on the river. Luban is not by the river either. She thinks her brother will lose this time. I can see when I turn my head, on the Taihang Mountain in the west, a man is driving a flock of sheep to jump down the mountain. Looking closer, it turned out that her brother was driving the sheep. Where is the shepherd? The stone as white as snow and as smooth as jade has arrived. When these stones reached the river, they became processed stones in a blink of an eye. There are square bridge foundation stones, rectangular bridge deck stones, crescent-shaped arch ring stones and beautiful railings. Beautiful sentry boxes, all used on bridges, have everything. Lu Jiang was shocked when he saw it. How strong it would be to build a bridge with such a good stone! In contrast, the one I made is not good, and I need to find a way to remedy it quickly. It's too late to rebuild, so work hard to catch up with him in carving! She quietly returned to the west of the city and began to work. On the railing, she carved Pangu Tiankai and Dayu to control water, and also carved Cowherd and Weaver Girl and Feng Dan facing the sun. What rare birds and animals, exotic flowers and herbs, carved like real ones. Carving birds can spread their wings and fly, carving flowers and smelling incense. She was satisfied with this exquisite sculpture and ran to the south of the city to peek at Lu Ban. At first glance, I let out a cry of surprise. How did Changhong in the sky fall on the river? Looking carefully, it turned out that my brother built the bridge, except for the last sentry on the bridge. Her uncle played a joke on his brother when he won the bet. She squatted behind Liu Kezi, holding her throat and stretching her neck, and "goo goo-"learned a cock crow. Her cry attracted chickens from nearby families. When Lu Ban heard the cock crow, he quickly put the last sentry on the bridge, and the bridge was completed.

The two bridges, one large and one small, are very beautiful. The big stone bridge in Luban is magnificent and durable; The small stone bridge built by Lu Jiang is exquisite and beautiful. Zhaozhou built two bridges overnight, and the next day it caused a sensation in the nearby prefectures and counties. Everyone saw it, and everyone praised it. Skillful craftsmen come here to learn skills, and girls with good skills come here to draw patterns. People who come to visit every day are like running water. This miracle soon reached the ears of Peng Caixian's daughter Zhang. Zhang does not believe it, he thinks that Lu Ban has such a great skill! I asked Master Chai to come and have a look. Zhang is riding a little black donkey and Chai Wang is pushing a unicycle. When they came to Zhaozhou Dashiqiao, they happened to meet Lu Ban standing on the bridge, watching the passers-by laughing! Zhang Lao Guo asked Lu Ban, "Did you build this bridge?" Lu Ban said, "Yes, what's the matter?" Zhang pointed to the unicycle of the little black donkey and Chai and said, "Can it stand when we cross the bridge?" Lu Ban gave them a fat look and said, "The big mule is in Malaysia, and the golden cart and silver cart are passable. Can't you get through driving a broken car in Xiao Lv? " Hearing this, Zhang felt that his breath was too loud, so he used magic to gather the sun and the moon together and put them in the wallet on the donkey's back. The sun was on the left and the moon was on the right. Master Chai also used magic to gather the five famous mountains and put them in the car. They laughed and pushed the donkey onto the bridge. As soon as I got on the bridge, I watched it flickering. Lu Ban quickly jumped under the bridge, raised his right hand to hold the bridge and saved it.

When they passed by, Zhang looked back at the bridge and said to Chai, "No weirdo praised it. This bridge built by Lu Ban is really a big talk to the West. " Chai Jun nodded and said yes, and gave a thumbs-up to Lu Ban who had just returned to the bridge. Lu Ban looked at their backs and said to himself, "These two are not simple!"

Now, on the bridge deck of Zhaozhou Stone Bridge, there are still footprints of riding a donkey and ditch marks rolled by Chai Wang's cart. Anyone who goes to Zhaozhou Shiqiao can see that there is a big handprint under the bridge, but now it is not clear.

Qiao Feng

A temple can only have one monk in charge. Hanshan and two monks are in a temple. Who will be the host? The two monks are very polite, and pushing and shoving is of no help. It doesn't matter when there are only two monks in this temple. Problems will arise when a group of young monks come in one after another. The young monk asked, "Old monk, which scripture did you read today?" Hanshan said, "You should ask the master to pick it up first." The young monk went to ask Pickup, who said, "Let's ask Master Hanshan." They respect each other, but they suffer from the young monk, how to entertain pilgrims, how much sesame oil to buy, who to send to collect firewood, and so on. The young monk is at a loss, and if he has any opinions, it is hard to be vague. The young monk's words reached Hanshan's ears and picked them up. They discussed them again and pushed them around, but there was still no result. Then an old peasant woman came up and said, "Second Master, don't be modest. Let me give you an idea. It's fairest for you to be a big monk. " Picking it up in the cold mountain is an idea. However, compared with what, the peasant woman pointed to a river in front of the temple and said that there was no bridge on this river, so it was inconvenient and dangerous for villagers to cross the river. Please use your magic to change this bridge, and the skilled one will come out. Monks don't gossip, and they are not afraid of hiding spells when picking them up in cold mountains. Sure enough, they cast spells first, took off their robes and threw them into the river, turning them into bridge decks. Unfortunately, there is no bridge support. After a while, when the wind blows, it will collapse. Hanshan hurriedly inserted the mord in his hand into the river and carried the magic weapon on his back. The mord suddenly turned into a tree. When the tree crossed the river, a bridge stood firmly on the river. The old peasant woman smiled and said, "Hanshan is more capable." As she spoke, she threw her handkerchief at her feet and it turned into a lotus flower. She stepped on the lotus and rose into the air. Hanshan picked it up and looked at it. It turns out that the old peasant woman was changed by Guanyin. Hanshan should be a responsible monk, and that temple is also called Hanshan Temple. Hanshan's mord was cut from a maple tree, so this bridge is naturally called "Maple Bridge".

Daduhe-Tiesuo Bridge

The first month of 1936 is the time for people to celebrate the Spring Festival. The Red Army came to Yachi River, stood on the shore and watched the rolling Wujiang River, and the cliffs on both sides were slashed, worrying about crossing the river. In the distance, a young man came in a hurry and the Red Army greeted him. This young man, Zhao Youshi, helped him pick his feet and went back to his hometown in western Guizhou. When he saw the Red Army coming to escape, he didn't have time to escape because the Red Army came too fast. When the Red Army saw Zhao Youshi in rags, it knew that he was a poor and lower-middle peasant. Then he asked, "Do you know where the iron chain bridge is?" Zhao Youshi didn't know the details of the visitor, just wanted to take the door to deal with a few words and left. The Red Army flew over the iron cable bridge.

The Red Army asked him, "Have you seen the Red Army?"

Zhao Youshi said: "I have never seen it. I only heard that the Red Army went to Zunyi to help the poor last year, and all the poor people got relief. Yesterday, I heard in Xiuwen that the Red Army was coming back, and the poor were very happy. "

The Red Army said to him, "We are the Red Army led by Chairman Mao."

Zhao Youshi looked up and down at the Red Army in plain clothes and asked, "Aren't you interested in wearing military uniforms?"

The Red Army said, "Wear it! We are plainclothes avantgarde. "

Zhao Youshi understands this, but he wants to worry about it. Did the Red Army have any concerns when Zhao Youshi turned from joy to worry? Zhao Youshi said, "The iron cable bridge is 100 feet high, with strange roads on both sides. Not to mention that Baoding is a gun guard. As long as one person guards with a knife, you can't cross it even if you have thousands of troops. "

Towards the light,

When I walked to the window of that family, I saw an old woman scalding chicken. Zhao Youshi knocked at the door, and the old woman hid the chicken under the bed, and then opened the door to let them in.

The old woman mistakenly thought they were Baoding, so she begged, "Master Baoding, my family has no food for several days, and it is as poor as water ..."

Knowing that the old woman was frightened by Baoding, Zhao Youshi said to her, "Old people, they are not Baoding, but the Red Army led by Chairman Mao." Hearing that it was the Red Army, the old woman quickly pulled open the straw stool, added firewood to the fire and called the Red Army to sit down.

The old woman's surname is Gan, and her wife died early. Only an only son named Xiaodong helped people carry the pole to Zunyi last year. When the Red Army opened Zunyi City, it took him to dinner, gave him two Yongxing bumpkins and a few pounds of salt, and told him how the Red Army fought for the poor. Xiaodong would have been a Red Army if he hadn't supported his mother. The old woman's family has always owed money to the Red Army, knowing that the Red Army is a good person. He told the Red Army guarding the bridge: "Take a blowtorch (gun) and go to the surrounding villages to catch chickens and grab rice. People who cross the bridge wear a hat casually, and they will find that it is full of money, even a good dress, and sometimes they will get off the fence. Just' soldiers are like combs, bandits are like combs, and their bags are shaved'. Especially that captain Guo is even more powerful. "

Hearing this, the Red Army turned red with anger. A Red Army said: "Old people, we just want to take a road from Tiesuo Bridge to Daguan. Tomorrow, we will meet a large army crossing the Yachi River in Laojie, killing the bandits, capturing the bandit captain alive and revenging for the people. "

The Red Army and Zhao Youshi were just about to leave when the old woman stopped them and said, "Take your time, until I find a way to let you cross the bridge safely." The old woman took the Red Army to the bridge. On the other side, Baoding gambled under the oil lamp, and the quarrel was clearly audible. The old woman had a good idea. Smiled and said, "Hi! There is a way, I will have a' fishing bridge', you hide in the dark and finally see me flash my flashlight, so you can rest assured to cross the bridge. When crossing the bridge, first pick up a stone and knock twice on the edge of the rock where the iron rope is tied. This is the signal that Baoding crosses the bridge. " When the old woman went back, the Red Army went into hiding.

Suddenly, I heard the old woman cutting meat. It's quiet at night, and it's very loud. Baoding said, "These unruly people pretend to be poor during the day and steal good food at night." So one person was left to keep his mouth shut, and the rest of them slid across the bridge along the rope and walked towards the sound of chopping meat. As soon as Baoding people broke into the house, they saw that the old woman had just put the chopped meat into the pot. The old woman said, "This chicken was caught by my relatives in the afternoon and given to me."

Baoding shouted at the old woman, "No matter where you got it, this chicken is ours to eat. Please bring some firewood to make the fire bigger. " The old woman deliberately pretended to be afraid and lit a torch to get firewood. She used this time, and the torch shook. When the Red Army saw the torch shaking, they knew it was time to cross the bridge. Zhao Youshi led the Red Army to the pass, picked up a stone and knocked twice. On the other side, "Gollum, Gollum" sounded. Someone twisted the steering wheel. Zhao Youshi grabbed the iron rope and bamboo tube. Knowing that the bamboo tube was broken, he was afraid that the Red Army would be in danger if it was not hot. He asked the Red Army, "Do you have a rope?" A Red Army untied the belt around his waist and handed it to Zhao Youshi. He sat on a bamboo pole and slipped past. Bao Ding kept silent and asked, "You have eaten, please bring me some ..." At this moment, Bao Ding was pushed off the hanging rock by the Red Army, and all the Red Army arrived at the other side safely. Zhao Youshi led the Red Army around a path and broke up with the Red Army. The Red Army gave him two oceans and a belt. After the Red Army left, Zhao Youshi often tied the Red Army belt around his waist. If he is in trouble, he will touch the belt and come as soon as he touches it.

The Red Army asked him, "Have you seen the Red Army?"

The Red Army said to him, "We are the Red Army led by Chairman Mao."

Zhao Youshi looked up and down at the Red Army in plain clothes and asked, "Aren't you interested in wearing military uniforms?"

The Red Army said, "Wear it! We are plainclothes avantgarde. "

The Red Army said, "Please show us and think again." Zhao Youshi took the Red Army to the rocks by the bridge. It is too dark to see the other side. I was in a hurry when I suddenly saw a light in the Woods not far away. Zhao Youshi remembered that there was a family living here, so he took the Red Army to a bright place. When I looked at my window, there was an old woman scalding chicken in the room. Zhao Youshi knocked at the door, and the old woman hid the chicken under the bed before opening the door to let them in.

The old woman mistakenly thought they were Baoding, so she begged, "Master Baoding, my family has no food for several days, and it is as poor as water ..."

The torch swayed until it crossed the bridge. Zhao Youshi led the Red Army to the pass, picked up a stone and knocked twice. On the other side, "Gollum, Gollum" sounded. Someone twisted the steering wheel. Zhao Youshi grabbed the chain and bamboo tube. Knowing that the bamboo tube is broken, I am afraid of red.

If the army is not hot, it is dangerous. He asked the Red Army, "Do you have a rope?" A Red Army untied the belt around his waist and handed it to Zhao Youshi. He sat on a bamboo pole and slipped past.

The main purpose of building a bridge is to solve the traffic across water or valley, so that vehicles or pedestrians can walk on the bridge unimpeded. Judging from its earliest or most important function, a bridge should refer to a road across the water. Therefore, Duan Yucai's comment in Shuo Wen Jie Zi is: "The word of Liang, crossing the water with wood, is also a bridge today." It shows that the original meaning of bridge refers to the passage with wood on the water, and later it is extended to the form of "plank road" on the cliff and "climbing over the wall" between pavilions and pavilions.

China is a bridge country with many mountains and rivers. In ancient times, both the bridge-building technology and the number of bridges were in the leading position in the world. For thousands of years, bridges have long been an indispensable part of people's social life. However, due to the vast territory of China, there are great differences in geography, climate, cultural customs and the development level of social productive forces from south to north and from east to west. Therefore, according to their own actual situation and needs, they have created a variety of bridge forms and gradually formed their own characteristics after a long time. Specifically, they have the following characteristics:

(1) regional. China, a vast country, is a bridge connecting the North and the South and the East and the West. Influenced by its natural geography and humanistic society, it has formed its own relatively independent style and characteristics according to local conditions. For example, the Central Plains and the Yellow River Basin in the north have relatively flat terrain and few rivers and waters, so people rely on mules, horses and carts to transport materials. Therefore, most of the bridges here are Guan Dan's majestic stone arch bridge and Liang Shi bridge, so that ships can pass under the bridge; In the northwest and southwest regions, it is difficult to build piers because of the high mountains and steep valleys. Therefore, rattan, bamboo cable, logs and other mountain materials are often used to build rope suspension bridges or outrigger wooden beam bridges. The coastal areas of Lingnan, Fujian and Guangdong are rich in hard granite, so stone bridges abound. In Yunnan minority areas, unique bamboo bridges can be seen everywhere because of the abundance of bamboo. Judging from the style of the bridge, the bridge in the north is as rough and simple as the northerners; Bridges in the south are as smart and light as southerners. Of course, this is also closely related to physical geography. For example, the rivers in the north have changed greatly due to the bullying of water flow and the impact of mountain torrents and ice, so the bridge must be thick and stable; However, the South River is gentle and easy to navigate, so the bridge is slender and beautiful.

(2) Diversity. China is an ancient civilization, with vast territory and abundant resources, beautiful mountains and rivers, and great differences in geology and geomorphology between the north and the south, so the technical requirements for bridge construction are also very high. Around the Han Dynasty, four basic types of bridges: beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge, all came into being. According to the different building materials and structural forms, these four kinds of bridges have evolved into: wooden bridge, stone bridge, brick bridge, bamboo bridge, salt bridge, ice bridge, rattan bridge, iron bridge, reed bridge, stone pillar bridge, stone pier bridge, flood bridge, cantilever bridge, covered bridge, wind and rain bridge, bamboo bridge, stone bridge, telescopic bridge, cable-stayed bridge and third bridge.

(3) Multifunctional. Ancient craftsmen in China paid great attention to the maximization of bridge benefits when building bridges. They should not only consider adjusting measures to local conditions, but also consider making the bridge play a multi-functional role as much as possible. For example, most arch bridges in the south of the Yangtze River are flat at both ends and high in the middle, which not only produces the beauty of arc in modeling, but also facilitates sailing. Covered bridges can be seen everywhere in the south of China, which fully embodies the multi-purpose characteristics of one bridge. There is a lot of rain and strong sunshine in the south, so the bridge builders built a gallery on the bridge, which not only provided a place for passers-by to avoid the wind and rain, but also increased the self-weight of the bridge, prevented the bridge from being washed away by the flood, and protected the wooden beams and iron cables from being corroded by the wind and rain. In particular, many of these covered bridges are also used for markets, accommodation and business activities, because people are used to being in a hurry. For example, Xiangzi Bridge in Chaoan County, Guangdong Province, with a total length of more than 500 meters, is known as "a long bridge in one mile and a city in one mile", and there is an openable pontoon bridge in the bridge to facilitate navigation; Build a gallery house on the bridge and make a market behind it. During this period, shops are lined up, from morning till night, bustling and lively, so that you can't smell the roaring tide and the wide river. Therefore, there is a joke among the people that "ask Xiangqiao when you arrive at Xiangqiao".