Ask the hearing of voiced stops.

Pay attention to the distinction between zh ch sh, z c s and JQ X. In Putonghua, there are acute postconsonants zh, ch, sh, acute pronunciations Z, C, S and tongue sounds J, Q, X ... Cantonese (represented by Guangzhou dialect), Hakka dialect (represented by Meixian dialect), Minnan dialect and Lei Qiong dialect without zh, CH and sh. There are J, Q and X in Cantonese, but their pronunciations are before J, Q and X in Mandarin, and between Z, C and S and J, Q and X in Mandarin. Cantonese is called tongue-leaf sound, so people whose mother tongue is Cantonese often mix zh, ch and sh into Z, C, S or J, Q and X, and also often pronounce Z, C and S. In Hakka, zh, ch and sh are pronounced as pronunciations, while in Chaoshan, zh, ch and sh are pronounced as pronunciations or middle pronunciations. The difference between these three groups of initials is mainly in the pronunciation part, so mastering the pronunciation part is the key to learning the pronunciation of these three groups of initials. However, learning the pronunciation of these three groups of initials does not mean that you can read accurate pronunciation when you see commonly used Chinese characters. It takes some effort to distinguish which initials should be read and which initials should be read. In addition to taking more notes in the usual practice reading, you should also master some practice reading skills, such as:

(1). Use the internal structural rules of phonological coordination of Putonghua to distinguish.

The combination of initials and finals in Putonghua has certain rules, and we can use these rules to memorize accurate pronunciation in batches. The vowels ua, uai and uang cannot be spelled with Z, C and S, but only with zh, ch and sh, so there are grasping (zhuā), dragging (ZhuāI), piling (zhuāng), kicking (chuài), making (chuàng), brushing (shuā) and throwing (throwing). The vowel ong does not form syllables with the initial letter sh. Such as: Song s6ng, Song, Song, Ode, Song Yong initials, do not read the tongue.

(2) Use the evolution law of ancient and modern sounds to distinguish.

Some initials in ancient pronunciation are similar to today's D and T, and have evolved into zh, ch and sh in modern Mandarin pronunciation. Therefore, we can use the pictophonetic characters beside D and T to judge that their initials are zh, ch and sh.

(1) Look at the pronunciation of words from the sound side. Zhan Zhan's voice is Ding, his voice is Dai, his voice is Tai, and his strong voice is Tong. In ancient times, these four pictophonetic characters were all derived from the sounds of D and T, while the initials of modern Mandarin must be zh and ch.

(2) Look at the pronunciation from the sound of words. Zhou Zhou is next to the harmonic tune, Shoushou is next to the prayer flags and Tao Tao, and Zhuo Zhuo is next to the funeral knife. The pronunciations of Zhou, Shou and Zhuo have nothing to do with today's D and T, but they can be used as tones in ancient times. But with the evolution of speech, there may be a few cases.

(3) Metaphor with pictophonetic characters. There are a large number of pictophonetic characters in Chinese characters, and all the homonyms beside them often have the same initials or the same pronunciation parts. There are only a few exceptions.

Such as: Shaoshao-Shaoshao (~ years), sand, sand, sand, sand, sand, Dongsha (cable, exception);

Sou-sao, sou, sou, sou, sou, sou, sou.

Zhu's initials are zh, so Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu and Zhu are also initials.

(4) Using the method of memorizing less but not more, remember several commonly used flat-tongued words (the flat-tongued sounds account for about 30% of the total number of flat-tongued words), thus inferring the accurate initials of flat-tongued words.

Compare and practice reading the following monosyllabic words.

ZH-Z Zha (zhá)-Za (zá) Zheng (zhēng)- Zeng (zēng) Pick (zhāI)- Plant (zāi) Zheng (zhèng)- Find (zh o)- Morning (z o) for (zèng). ) Zhou (zhōu)- Zou () specializes in Jinàn(Zhuān)- drilling (zuān) pillow (zhěn)- Yan (zěn) zhe (zhé)- Ze (zé) students (zhōng)- students (z ? ng). Zhi (zhi)-Ji (j) zhi (zhi)-avoid (j) call (zhi)-call (Ji) know (zhi)-base (j) blink (zhi)-fake (ji ì) Z-J information (zǒu)-. Blow (chu)-push (cu) pure (chun)-save (c ú n) ch-q entanglement (ch á n)- front (chán) length (cháng)- strong (Qiang) ruler (chē)- up (qǐ). Li (Shü)- Su (sü) Set (Shüu)- Search (sü u) Sh-X Shao (Shüo)- Xiao (xi mü o) Snake (Shé)- Shoe (xié) Shed (sτ)- Yesterday (x τ) Silk (sτ)- Rare (X