What are the differences between Chinese and English parts of speech usage?

For example, she is shy. (She is shy) And be verb+adjective (+for sb)+to do sth (* note that sb is someone and sth is something).

After the general verb+adverb (adv.), for example, she plays basketball happily.

3. Connect verbs+adjectives. Common copula verbs include look, seem, smell, taste and so on.

Adverbs, as I said before, mainly modify verbs.

Adjective: 1. Same as above verb+adjective usage.

Adjective+noun Example: A red apple.

Prepositions are widely used, many of which are+nouns or gerunds (* note that gerunds are the ing form of verbs).

Several common collocations are listed: do sth (used for infinitive verbs, or dosth if it is not infinitive verbs) about sth/doing sth of+sb on+sth into+sth, etc. In short, prepositions are followed by nouns, gerunds, persons and pronouns. Part-of-speech classification of Chinese. Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers and pronouns. (-) nouns.

Nouns are words that represent people or things. For example:

Refers to people: Lu Xun, farmers, workers, writers, teachers and students.

Refers to things: sun, wind, mountains, horses, rice, airplanes, atoms, computers, vehicles, paper, morality, law and culture.

Time sequence: spring, next year, morning, Sunday, now, just now.

Representatives: Malaysia, Beijing, Arc de Triomphe, Daqing, Asia.

Direction: up, down, front, left, right, east, south, inside and outside (simple)

Above, before, east, above, above, east, west, inside, outside and middle (synthesis)

(2) Verbs

Verbs are words that express actions, behaviors, psychological activities or changes. For example:

Indicative actions: walking, sitting, listening, watching, criticizing, propagating, defending, studying, researching, proceeding, starting, stopping and forbidding.

It means existence, change and disappearance: existence, existence, equality, occurrence, evolution, development, growth, death and extinction.

Express psychological activities: love, hate, blog, miss, plan, like, hope, harm blog, worry, hate.

Express judgment: Yes.

To express possible wishes (auxiliary verbs): yes, yes, willing, yes, hope, willing, willing, dare, want, should, should, deserve, deserve.

Express the trend (trend verb): up, down, in, out, back, up, over, up, down, in, out, back,

Come, come, get up, go, go up, go down, go in, go out, go back, drive away, go over.

Grammatical features of verbs:

1. Some verbs can overlap, meaning "the action is short" or "trying", which is a tense expression.

The overlapping form of monosyllabic verbs is AA.

Listen-listen, think-think.

Try-try to talk-talk.

The overlapping form of disyllabic verbs is: ABAB

Learning-learning, learning, criticism-criticism

Discussion-discussion-rest-rest.

Verbs are complicated and some need to be explained.

1. Verb "Yes"

"Yes" is a verb used before nouns. This kind of "yes" often means that the subject is "equal to something" or "belongs to something". For example, "Lu Xun is Zhou Shuren", "Cows are ruminants", "He is a driver" and "He saved me"; In addition, the word "yes" in "this year is a good year, I am a bad year, and I have no food after the autumn harvest" is still a verb or a predicate.

Two. "Shi" is used before verbs and adjectives to express affirmation, meaning "really" and "really". It can be regarded as adverbials of mood, such as "I understand", "He is brave" and "That's good".

2. The verb "you"

"You" is only a verb, not an adverb. For example:

Excuse me, do you sell pens here? Excuse me, do you sell pens here? (right)

Is Li Guang there? (Wrong) Is Li Guang there? /Is Li Guang there? (right)

Did teacher Li teach you that? (Wrong) Did Miss Li teach you? /Did Miss Li ever teach you? (right)

Are you hurt? Are you hurt? (right)

3. Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary verbs refer to words that can be put into "no x no" format. Auxiliary verbs can be used as predicates, such as "is this ok" and "completely ok". However, adverbials are often used before verbs and adjectives to express the subjective will, possibility and necessity of the actor. For example, "We must [must] stick to principles" and "Spring is coming, and the weather [should] be warm".

4. Directional verbs

Directional verbs can be used as independent predicates, such as "the moon has gone down and the sun has not yet come out". It is usually used after other verbs or adjectives to indicate a trend. As directional complements, such as "take a book", "take a book" and "take a book".

(3) Adjectives

Adjectives are words that express the shape and nature of people and things or the nature and state of actions and behaviors. For example:

Expressiveness: good, bad, great, brave, excellent, smart, honest, reckless, generous, soft, hard, bitter, sweet, cold, hot, firm and ordinary.

Table shape: long, short, big, small, thick, thin, red, green, flat, neat, white, straight, green, bloody, dull and black.

Expression state: fast, slow, vivid, skilled, relaxed, clear, rambling and crisp.

Quantity: more, better, complete, complete, complete, more, less.

Grammatical features of adjectives:

1. Most adjectives can be combined with adverbs of degree, such as "very brave", "very neat", "too rigid" and "clearest". Some adjectives have a certain degree of meaning and can no longer be combined with adverbs of degree. For example, Snow White and Blood Red. Adjectives with overlapping suffixes, such as "black, black, black and oil" and "black in winter and black in autumn".

2. Some adjectives can overlap. take for example

Monosyllabic: AA type

High-high (big)-big (big)

Red-red (slow)-slow (slow)

Two syllables: AABB style

Honesty-honesty and neatness-neatness

Clarity-clarity and generosity-generosity

Or type AB in a.

Careless-Mali careless-confused.

Panic-panic and stingy-stingy.

Overlapping generally means deepening. Used in front of nouns to indicate moderation, but also with the emotional color of nicknames. For example, "tall man" and "red face"

3. Adjectives cannot take objects. "Correct, pure, firm, sound, strong, positive, strict and rich" are adjectives and verbs. "Correct attitude" means correct attitude, and "enriching cultural life" means enriching cultural life. "Correct and rich" is a verb here. Words such as "straight", "red" and "flower" in "straight", "red" and "blindfolded" indicate that things exist in a certain state and should also be regarded as verbs.

figure

Numbers are words that indicate quantity and order. Things that represent numbers are called cardinal words. Such as "one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, hundred, thousand, ten million, zero". The sequence is called ordinal number. Such as "first, second and third". There are also multiples, fractions and estimates.

Multiplication consists of numerals and quantifiers "times", such as "times, times, times". Scores are often expressed in fixed phrases. The format is "fraction". There are two representations of the divisor; First, add "Duo, Ba, Lai, Up and Down, Left and Right" after the base number, such as "More than 100" and "About 1000"; Second, two adjacent cardinal numbers are used together, such as "34 (pieces)", "178 (pieces)" and "5600 (pieces)". In addition, "three two (pieces)". Idioms with two cardinal numbers, such as "three to five (one)", also indicate estimation.

Grammatical features of numerals;

The numeral 1. often appears in front of quantifiers, such as "one", "five books" and "twice". In modern Chinese, numerals are generally not directly combined with nouns. Only in classical Chinese format or idioms can numerals directly modify nouns. For example, "one needle and one thread", "one grass and one tree", "Qian Shan is full of water" and "half-hearted".

2. Multiplication can only be used to increase numbers, but not to decrease them. Fractions can be used to increase or decrease numbers. The increase or decrease of the number of expressions must be based on the original number, not on the increase or decrease of the number. There is a set of idioms to increase or decrease numbers.

1. First, it indicates the increase in quantity:

Increase (decrease), increase (decrease), increase (decrease), increase (decrease)-excluding the base figure, it only refers to the net increase. For example, from ten to fifty, it can be said that it has increased fourfold, but it cannot be said that it has increased fivefold.

Increase to (for); Increase to (for), rise to (for)-including the base, refers to the total amount of increase. For example, from ten to fifty, we can say "five times", but we can't say "four times".

2. Second, it indicates a decrease in quantity:

Decrease (decrease), decrease (decrease), decrease (decrease)-refers to the difference. For example, from ten to one, it should be said that it has decreased by nine tenths, not nine times.

Reduction is (for), reduction is (for), and reduction is (for)- refers to the remainder after reduction. For example, from ten to one, expressed as a fraction, it should be said that it is "reduced to one tenth".

(5) Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that represent units of calculation. Can be divided into two categories:

1. Noun quantifiers represent units of people and things.

(1) is dedicated, for example:

Units of measurement: feet, feet, liters, barrels, ounces, pounds, tons, cents, acres, hectares, cents, cents and meters.

Individual unit: individual, individual, individual, individual, individual, individual, individual, individual, individual, individual, individual, individual,

Only, frame, branch, ship, vehicle, frame, seat, sentence, paragraph, article, chapter and head.

Collective units: double, pair, deputy, pile, batch, group, gang, class, set, string, fight (dá), gang.

Indefinite units: some, points

(2) borrowed, such as: touch (touch)

Compared with ancient Chinese and foreign languages, modern Chinese is particularly rich in quantifiers, which makes modern Chinese increase the function of distinguishing homophones and visual expression means, such as "a sword, an arrow", "a ray of sunshine" and "a string of beads".

In recent decades, some compound quantifiers have appeared, such as:

Number of sorties: calculate the sum of the number of aircraft. A plane flying ten times is called "ten sorties", five planes flying twice is called "ten sorties", and ten planes flying once is also called "ten sorties".

Number of people: calculate the sum of the number of people and times.

Tonnage kilometer: it is the unit of calculation for tonnage and kilometer of land transportation. Three tons of goods run 100 km, which is called "300 tons km".

Ton nautical mile: it is the unit of measurement for calculating sea (water) cargo, and the calculation method is the same as ton kilometer.

Cubic meters per second: indicates the amount of water flowing through one cubic meter in the river bed in one second. If it flows through 50 cubic meters in one second, the water flow is "50 second cubic meters".

2. Momentum words

Momentum words indicate the amount of action, and there are also two kinds: special and borrowing. Special words such as "go once", "read once", "cry" and "take a trip". Borrow words such as "eye, knife and sky" such as "take a look", "cut a knife" and "play for a day"

(6) Pronouns

Pronouns are words with substitution and demonstrative functions. Personal pronouns replace names of people or things; Those who express doubts are called questions. Hello. Demonstrative pronouns refer to or distinguish people, things and situations.

Personal pronouns can be divided into three types: the first person refers to the speaker, the singular uses "I", and the plural uses "we" or "we". The first person refers to the obedient party, with "you" as the singular and "you" as the honorific title; Use the plural "you", and use "how many people are there in you" and "you" as honorifics. The third person refers to a third party other than speaking and obeying, with the singular number of "he, she and it" and the plural number of "man", and "it" refers to things rather than people.

The usage of "we" and "we" are not exactly the same. "We" should include both the speaker and the listener, which can be called "tolerance". "We" and "we" appear in the same occasion, and "we" only includes some people including the speaker, excluding the listener, which can be called "exclusive". For example, several guests said goodbye to their hosts and said, "Let's go and meet again." However, the word "we" in Putonghua can be "exclusive" or "inclusive". For example:

Do you think mom is afraid of poverty? Afraid others will laugh at us for being poor?

Don't worry, Mr. Wang. We will definitely visit you in a few days.

Example ① "we" is "inclusive", including both the speaker and the listener, and example ② is "exclusive", excluding the listener. "Miscellaneous" is sometimes equivalent to "I" and sometimes equivalent to "we".

Personal pronouns: I, Zha, you, you, he, she, it, us, us, you, friends, them, themselves, themselves, children, others, others, everyone, everyone and each other.

Interrogative pronouns: who, what, where, where, when, how long, how much, how, how much.

Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, here, here, there, there, at the moment, then, these, like this, those, like this, like this, like this. Second, function words: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations, onomatopoeia (.

Adverbs are words that restrict and modify verbs and adjectives and express degree, scope, time, etc.

Expressive: very, most, extremely, quite, top, very, very, extremely, exceptional, special, more, more, more, a little, slightly, almost, almost, too much.

Scope: all, total, * * *, total * *, all, unique, unique, single, light, all together, all the same.

Time frequency: once, once, once, just, just, yes, will, will, will, immediately, immediately, finally, often, often, often, gradually, always, always, forever, forever.

Affirmative negation: must, must, must, inevitable, of course, accurate, indeed, no, no, no, no, not necessarily, unnecessary, why bother, inconvenience, don't (don't), you might as well.

Modality: don't, don't, in the final analysis, just, simply, yes, whether, yes, maybe, no wonder, probably, fortunately, fortunately, on the contrary, anyway, sure enough, unexpectedly, why not, actually, clearly, accurately, reluctantly, have to.

1. Adverbs can only be supplemented by "hen" and "Ji". For example:

(1) This method is excellent.

(2) this method is good.

2. Some adverbs can play a related role.

(1) disposable:

I said that if I could eat, I would eat clearly, and then I would leave when it rained heavily.

(2) Before and after use:

It's … it's … it's … it's not … it's not … it's not … it's not … it's not … no.

(3) Used with conjunctions:

Not only ... but also only ... because ... although ... but if ... no matter. ...

Although ... only ...

3. "Wu" is an adverb before verbs and adjectives, which denies the occurrence of behavior; Nouns are preceded by verbs, which deny the existence or possession of things. For example:

I have never seen such a good student. (Deputy)

Don't you have a book of songs? (mobile)

There is a difference between "no" and "no": "no" cannot be used at the end of a sentence, nor can it be used alone to answer questions, but it can be used. If you can't say, "Is he here?" "No." Can only say, "Is he here?" "No."

There are several adjectives and adverbs, which are often used as adverbials. We should distinguish them carefully. For example:

The green hills after the rain are particularly beautiful.

This dress looks beautiful.

You can't take a completely negative attitude.

Everyone agrees with the decision of the meeting.

In this case, we can distinguish their parts of speech through the combination of words. For example, we can say "special task" or "(special) task", but "special" is not used in this way. Therefore, "special" is an adjective and "special" is an adverb. For another example, you can say "unanimous" or "(unanimous) opinion", but "all" is not used in this way. Can be used as predicate, attribute and adverbial, but the meaning is adjective, adverbs can't be used as predicate and attribute.

5. "White, strange, old and clean" is an adjective when combined with nouns, and an adverb when combined with verbs and adjectives. Because the two positions have different meanings. Compare the following two groups of words:

Jiayi

White cloth ran for nothing.

Old friends can't finish talking.

Strange and beautiful

Clean water is covered with mud.

preposition

Prepositions are function words, which are used in front of words or phrases to form a "prepositional structure". As an additional component of verbs and adjectives, prepositions indicate time, place, way, condition and object. For example:

Schedule time: from, from, playing, to, in, in front, in, using, using, following, catching up, coming.

From, from, to, to, to, to, in, in, from, along.

Means: press, according to, follow, conform to, pass, pass, according to, according to, use, use, rely on, take.

Express reason and purpose: because, because, for, for and for.

Object, correlation: right, right, about, substitution, same, and, and, give, call, let, yes, will, tube, theory, smooth, even.

Table comparison: Bi, He, Tong, He and Tong.

Not included in the table: except, unless.

1. Preposition structure can be used as adverbial and a few can also be used as complement. For example:

Reading (in the reading room).

Work [from morning] (table time),

Go ahead [along the river] (in the direction of the table)

Be responsible (to students).

To pull up (a table object)

Better than in the past (table comparison)

Some can be used as attributes, but "de" should be added. For example:

He made an academic report (about the poet Du Fu).

His analysis (of this problem) is correct.

2. Prepositions are mostly composed of verbs, and some prepositions have clear boundaries with verbs, such as "from, be, right and about". Some words are prepositions on this occasion and verbs on another occasion, such as "zai, bi, gei" and so on. For example:

He put the book on the table. (preposition)

He is at home. (verb)

Many students study better than me. (preposition)

We should compare driving force, speed and quality. (verb)

He bought me a book.

He gave me a book. (verb)

The difference between the two: prepositions can't be used as predicates alone, and they can't be asked in parallel, but verbs can. Prepositions can't be followed by tense auxiliary words "le, zhe and guo" (le and zhe in "for", "for" and "in presence" don't indicate tenses) and can't overlap; Verbs are generally ok. Their meanings are also different, such as the place where "in" in (1) means "put"; "Existence" in Example 2 means "belonging to" or "existing in". Other words that can be used as both prepositions and verbs are "You, Rang, Chao, Wang, Yong, Na, Guo, Guo".

(c) connection

Conjunctions are function words of conjunctions, phrases or sentences. For example, "and, with, with, and, and, and, not only, not only, or, although, but, if, even, then, because, so, so" and so on.

The four words "He, Ji, Tong and Yu" have two uses: conjunctions and prepositions. For example:

Both he and I have been there. (conjunction)

I have been there (with him). (preposition)

Everyone ([he] went to Beijing) came back. (preposition)

The "and" in the above three situations can be replaced by "and, and and". When used as a preposition, "heel" is often used in spoken language and "tong" tends to be used in written language. When used as a conjunction, "and" are generally used, and "and" have a written color.

The difference between the conjunction "He" and the preposition "He" is shown in the following aspects: First, the words before and after the conjunction "He" are in a coordinate relationship, and they are a component, which can be exchanged without changing the basic meaning of the sentence; The words before and after the preposition "he" are not juxtaposed and cannot be interchanged. Second, adverbial can appear before the preposition "he", but the conjunction "he" can't. Thirdly, the preposition "he" can sometimes appear before a period or a component, but the conjunction "he" can't, as in Example 2.

When used as conjunctions and prepositions, such as "he", some sentences will be ambiguous, such as "I talk to the land". He may talk or he may not say a word. In order to express ideas accurately, in written language, "he" is generally used as a conjunction and "tong" as a preposition. For example:

(4) After a while, Mrs. Xu quickly tidied up the dishes and chopsticks, picked some sesame cakes for Ah and Gillian, and left home with Xiuying and returned to the boat.

(D) Auxiliary words

Auxiliary words are function words that express grammatical meaning or mood such as additional relations or tenses. Common ones are as follows:

Structural auxiliary words: de (below), de, de and suo.

Tense auxiliary words hold, read, pass, come,

Comparative auxiliary word: similarity

Modal particles: de, le, ba, de, de, de, de, de, de (gang), de, de, de (declarative mood).

Yao, Ba, Yao, Ah (interrogative tone)

Ok, ok, ok, ok, ok (imperative mood).

Ah (ah, wow, where) (sigh)

1. structural auxiliary words refer to auxiliary words that express the structural relationship between additional elements and the head language. "De", "De" and "De" are all pronounced softly in Mandarin, but there are three ways to write them in written language. Write "de" after the attribute, after the adverbial and before the complement. This can make the structural relationship of written language clearer. For example:

The brilliant spring of science has arrived.

The students all finished the homework assigned by the teacher quickly.

Teacher Zhang is too happy to speak.

(5) interjections

Exclamation sentences are words that express strong feelings or calls and responses, such as "haha, alas, ah, hum, bah, ouch, cough, oh, hello, um" and so on.

① Haha! I think so.

(2) hey! Such a big watermelon!

Oh, I remember.

4 hey! The meeting has begun now.

⑤ hmm! I'll go right away.

Example 1 means joy, example 2 means surprise, example 3 means awakening, example 4 means calling, and example 5 means responding.

1. interjections are the most independent, generally have no structural relationship with other words, and often act as independent components.

2. The interjection "ah" is different from the modal particle "ah". For example:

6. We don't go the same way!

⑦ Ah, the crops are growing well this year!

The modal particle "ah" is always attached to the end of a sentence, pronounced softly and never independent, as in Example 6. The exclamation "ah" is not pronounced softly, but is always independent of the sentence structure.

3. The writing of interjections is not very fixed, and the same sound is often expressed by different Chinese characters. Like "no, I understand". You can use "oh, oh, oh" or something. Another example is the exclamation "ah" and writing "ah". When writing, try to use common writing methods.

In addition, exclamatory sentences can be used as sentence components. For example, "He snorted" (as a predicate). I only heard the voice of' Hello, Hello' on the phone. This is a flexible use.

(6) Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeic words are words used to imitate the sounds made by things. For example: hum, rush, jingle, babble, babble, bang, woo, squeak, meow and so on. The teacher called you. Yesterday you asked the teacher to praise you. ③ From Baicaoyuan to Santan Yinyue. I'm going to Shanghai tomorrow. Please give her your seat. Mother asked me to learn to cook. Lock the door when you go to school. I bought a lock.

(with reference answers: ① verbs, ② prepositions; 3 prepositions and 4 verbs; ⑤ verb, ⑤ verb; ⑦ Verbs and nouns. )

In spoken Chinese, the concepts of things expressed by some nouns are supreme in people's minds, such as "God", "Heaven", "Earth" and "Mother", so when people feel surprised, stunned and helpless, they often exhale and express their feelings. In the long run, in the specific language environment, the original meanings of these nouns are blurred, and the parts of speech have also changed, becoming some special exclamations that only express the call for response or some kind of feelings. This language phenomenon often appears in spoken language. For example:

"Oh, dear! I don't know yet. Did he stay here for a while and then leave? " (chameleon)

"Sky" originally generally refers to the sky, weather, seasons, etc. , and it is a noun. But in the sentence, there is no real meaning, only a surprised exclamation, which is transformed from a noun to an exclamation.

"My God" in the sentence is originally a noun radical phrase, and it also refers to the supreme God in people's minds. Here, its original meaning has been blurred, only expressing a call and sigh of surprise, panic and helplessness, which has become a special sigh.

Of course, such things can't happen in life. Xiao Gang's "mom" in the joke is not a call to his mother, but a feeling of panic and terror. The same is true of "Mom, you scared me to death" that we often say in spoken English.

There are also some nouns with admiration and affection. Sometimes, in a specific language environment, the true meaning of nouns is vague, and they only express their affection and become exclamations. For example:

In spoken language, the word "dear" is generally a child's intimate address to her, but here it expresses a feeling of admiration. Its original meaning has been blurred, and its part of speech has also changed, from the original noun to an exclamation.

This kind of interjection is very special, because it is generally a noun. Only in a special language environment, especially in spoken language, when calling for response or strong feelings, will it blur the original intention and change the original part of speech, so we must pay attention to the difference when using it.