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Why is a modern history of China a modern history of China?
China's backwardness in modern history evolved from the old system in feudal autocracy and national struggle, and was bound by long-term traditional culture, which eventually led to the danger of national subjugation. From the perspective of modern history, the backwardness of a country is firstly the backwardness of culture and thought, and secondly the backwardness of politics. Such is the history of China. Traditionally, it considers itself an ancient civilization and the center of the world, and its development is superior to that of foreign countries. Neighboring countries are "yi, de, yi and Rong", and they are also subordinate to clans and princes. China is the "master of the world", "barbarians" and "self-denial". The vassal States will pay tribute, and the new king will be conferred by Emperor China. That is to say, in ancient China, there was never a modern sense of western diplomatic concept (closed to the outside world, even the world and the west really didn't understand it), and of course there was no government functional organization specializing in diplomacy. Therefore, according to the traditional concept, only the suzerain country managed the vassal state (called the vassal court), and the so-called diplomacy was also behind a social era. Wanli, the British envoy of Qianlong Dynasty, took pains to congratulate Emperor China on his eightieth birthday, and made a joke about the etiquette dispute between monarch and minister, and also clearly saw the gap between Chinese and western ideology and culture. The biggest problem here is that the Qing government's closed-door policy did not dare to open, completely shutting out the western world. The cultural ideas of the East and the West can't communicate, and corruption and incompetence lead to ignorance of the people, and finally the nation is left behind.
After the Opium War in modern history, on the one hand, the Qing government had to deal with Britain and France, on the other hand, it failed to change its ideology and political style and did not know how to deal with the changing situation. However, it lost the battle and disdained "diplomacy" with western society. It still regards foreign powers as barbarians, and even local authorities handle the most important state power event-Sino-foreign negotiations. After signing the unequal treaty of nanking, China was forced to open five trading ports, and its diplomatic activities increased sharply. At the beginning of the Qing government, the five-port trade was handled by local affairs first, and then the five-port trade ministers were set up (because the five ports were located in the south and Guangdong Province was the place of negotiation, the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi served concurrently at the beginning), and the traditional system finally opened a small gap. With the development of Shanghai port, the focus of diplomatic activities moved northward, and the ministers of trade of five ports were changed to the governor of Jiangsu or the governor of two rivers. The purpose of setting up five trade ministers is to limit foreign negotiations to "places" and prevent foreigners from entering the capital. In the Qing government's view, these barbarian countries could not directly deal with the court. Pedantic at this point shows that the Qing government has been unable to bear the national responsibility, and the Chinese nation is in danger.
In order to further open the door to China, the western countries launched the Second Opium War, and then forced China to sign the Beijing Treaty, and the western countries obtained the right to send envoys to China. For the Qing government, it was a great change caused by the shock wave of the system, that is, it had to learn from the western political system to deal with it, and some people saw with their own eyes that westerners were described as demons. Under the unequal treaty system, the Foreign Affairs Department of the Prime Minister was established in Beijing, which marked that China began to deal with foreign affairs after imitating the European system of international relations. Compared with the "tribute system", it was undoubtedly a major transformation. However, the Qing court didn't understand the concepts of western politics and national sovereignty at all, equating the so-called "westernization" with trade, and even thought that trade was maintained only in the name of "first", not in the name of diplomatic and political relations. This is not only conceptually irrelevant, but also makes it impossible for the government's full-time diplomatic agencies (in fact, state acts that fully represent state power) to achieve complete unification of power, making many diplomatic powers mainly in the hands of government officials. The governor of Zhili became the "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" of the Qing government, and Li Hongzhang, once a minister of Beiyang, seemed to be the master of the overall situation of national diplomacy. The "Beiyang School" in history was named after this, and later Yuan Shikai, who was also a minister of Beiyang, became a grave digger in the Qing Dynasty. It is also the social and political consequence of closing the country to the outside world, and I don't understand the norms of international relations at all (at that time, many people didn't even know basic common sense). At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, western culture developed in China through missionaries, and it was precisely because of the opposition and contempt of Kangxi and others that the country was closed to the outside world, entirely for the benefit of the feudal ruling group, which eventually led to the historical catastrophe of the country and the whole nation. Kangxi and others despised western learning, thinking that it was contrary to traditional culture and a clever trick that would bring disaster to the country and the people. But Guangxu, who really saw the role of western learning, was strangled by royalists. But later, under the pressure of some important officials, they embarked on the road of westernization, but historical times did not give them any more opportunities. In the late Qing dynasty, it was hit by the "European style and beautiful rain" and was in jeopardy in the stormy weather. Among them, the "Beiyang School" eventually became a political force that the central government could not control, which had a far-reaching impact on the late Qing Dynasty and the later Republic of China, and finally became a "symbol of death" for the Qing Dynasty to return to the West. Such an outcome was never expected by people who only knew how to maintain traditional etiquette and face, but confined diplomacy to local areas (it can be said that it was also unexpected at that time), which was one of the reasons for the demise of the Qing Dynasty.
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