Information about Russian writer Chekhov

Regarding Chekhov, Gorky once said: "This is a unique and great genius, especially those in the history of literature and in

One of the writers who constitute the times in social mood. "

This is by no means a compliment. Chekhov's contribution to novel and drama creation is epoch-making.

The democratic thought in his works really reflects the social mood of the whole era in Russian history.

Ann Ba Chekhov (1860— 1904) was born in Taganrog, Rostov. His ancestors were serfs. 18

In April1year, his grandfather redeemed his personal freedom for himself and his family. His father was a man at first, but later he opened his own shop.

A grocery store. A strict father often ordered his son to stand in front of the counter to do business, Chekhov said when he recalled his childhood

He had no childhood when he was a child. 1876, my father went bankrupt because of poor management, and went to Moscow alone to be friends, no

His family moved to Moscow with him for a long time, leaving only Chekhov to continue his studies in his hometown, which was quite difficult.

Three years. 1879, Chekhov entered the Medical College of Moscow University. 1884, after graduating from college, he was

He practiced medicine in Vosklesinsk and Zvinigorod, and had extensive contacts with farmers, landlords, officials, teachers and other figures.

This undoubtedly had a good influence on his later literary creation.

1880, the humorous publication Dragonfly published Chekhov's first two novels: the short story A Letter to Scholars.

What is the most common among novels and novellas? This is Chekhov's literature.

The beginning of a career. In the previous work, the young author laughed at an ignorant and pretentious landlord.

In the latter humorous sketch, he reveals his dissatisfaction with the cliches in literary creation. However, in the nineteenth century,

The 1980s was a period of rampant reactionary forces, suffocating social atmosphere, imprisoned progressive ideas and mediocrity in Russian history.

Vulgar and boring books and newspapers came into being. In this environment, Chekhov, who was inexperienced and forced to make a living, used different pens.

Famous published many interesting entertainment stories, such as in the barber shop, uneven mirrors and surgery.

Wait, it's all works like this.

However, Chekhov soon jumped out of the low-level boring funny circle. He has been writing in Hungary since 1883.

Name, wrote many excellent short stories, reflecting the absurdity of Russian society and the pain and sadness of working people, such as

The death of civil servants, fat and thin people, chameleon, murderer, sergeant Pulis Beyev,

Distress and Wanka are masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.

Extraordinary talent makes Chekhov's reputation grow day by day. 1888 won the Pushkin Prize of the Royal Russian Academy of Sciences.

However, due to the influence of the surrounding environment, he doesn't care about politics. He just wants to have "absolute freedom" and be a "free art"

Artist. "However, the dirty reality and injustice, as well as his growing personal reputation and status, all made him feel good.

Restless. He began to realize, "Literati don't make sweets and snacks, don't make makeup and beauty, and don't relieve people's worries."

Boring; He is a responsible person. "He is always frustrated by his lack of a" clear world view ";

He understood a truth: if there is no "clear world outlook", then "conscious life" ... is not life, but

This is a burden and a terrible thing. "Chekhov's this kind of mood and understanding, in the novella" boring reason

Things "(1889) is not difficult to grasp.

From the second half of 1980s, Chekhov began to write plays. Idiot, propose, get married, commemorate

One-act comedies such as Japan are close to Chekhov's early humorous works in content and technique, and some of them are even him.

Adapted from his own short story. In Ivanov (1889), Chekhov described it for eighty years.

A generation of "redundant people".

1890 in April, Chekhov went to Sakhalin Island for an inspection in order to deepen his understanding of the Russian reality.

On the island, he witnessed a hell on earth and witnessed all kinds of extreme manifestations of barbarism, pain and disaster. sakhalin

This trip played an important role in Chekhov's later life, which improved Chekhov's ideological understanding and deepened his creative intention.

Conditions. It was then that he began to realize that writing for the reactionary New Era would only bring him "harm" and he began to correct it.

Regardless of his political inclination, he said, "If I am a writer, I need to live among the people ... I need at least."

A little social and political life, even a little. "It was at this time that Chekhov wrote" Shake ".

The novella "The Sixth Ward of the Mind" alludes to the gloomy prison of Tsarist Russia.

1892, Chekhov bought a manor in Merihovo and settled here, making more contact with ordinary people.

From 1898, he followed the doctor's advice and moved to Yalta on the south bank of the Black Sea. From 1890 to 1900,

Chekhov went to Milan, Venice, Vienna, Paris and other places for recuperation and sightseeing. 190 1 year, he and

Olga Knibir, a talented actor at the Moscow Art Theatre, got married.

From the 1990s to the beginning of this century, Chekhov took an active part in social activities. 1892, he

Relief in Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces; From 1892 to 1893, he was in Sherpukhov County.

Participate in the fight against cholera; 1897, participated in the population census; 1898, he supported French writers.

Zola's just action to defend innocent Jewish officer Dreyfus; 1900 February, he arranged the political process.

Larkin, a released prisoner and social Democrat, entered the Yalta tuberculosis patient sanatorium for treatment and recuperation; 1902, he protested against secession.

Due to the cruel intervention of Tsar Nicholas II, the Academy revoked Gorky's honorary academician qualification and cooperated with Korolenko.

Resolutely give up the honorary academician title he won two years ago; 1903, he enthusiastically supported the struggle for democracy.

A series of facts show that with the development of the Russian revolutionary movement,

Chekhov's democratic stand and thought are more and more firm.

Chekhov's novel and drama creation also entered its heyday at this time.

His short stories involve many important issues in social life. Such as farmers, new villas, and Gong.

The works such as Difference and In the Canyon depict the ignorance, backwardness and barbarism of rural Russia, and show the suspension of the rich and the poor in rural areas.

Disagreements and contradictions exposed the exploiter's snake and scorpion heart; The Kingdom of Women, Three Years, Home Visit and other short stories.

On the other hand, the theme is to expose capitalist exploitation. In gooseberry and Janice, Chekhov depicts selfishness and mediocrity.

Emptiness and degeneration

In many of Chekhov's later works, there was a typical social sentiment: "It can't be like this any more.

Live! Chekhov's famous plays Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and cherry orchard are also included.

It was written during this period. The audience also saw important social phenomena through the ordinary daily life of the people in the play.

Chekhov is an outstanding writer, but he has always been very enthusiastic about public welfare. For example, due to his efforts, in

Three quite good schools have been established in three villages: Tariege, Novoshorki and Merihovo. Another example is Chekhov's constant giving.

Some local libraries donated books, and those who received his books were Sakhalin, Perm, Sherpukhov and Taganrog.

Local library. As we all know, Chekhov studied medicine, and he once said in a joking tone that medicine is his "hair".

Wife ",and literature is his" mistress ". Dr Chekhov often treats poor farmers in places like Merihovo and Yalta.

And during the cholera epidemic in 1892, he presided over the work of Merihovo medical station and controlled 25 villages.

The condition of Zhuang, No.4 Factory and No.1 Monastery reached 1000 in just three months. Enthusiastic

Chekhov, who is committed to public welfare undertakings, has been practicing one of his lofty beliefs all his life: "The desire to do one's best for public welfare undertakings should be indispensable."

The lack of land becomes the need of the soul and the condition of personal happiness. "

1June, 904, Chekhov's condition deteriorated. Accompanied by his beloved wife, he went to Badenville, Germany for treatment. be

Chekhov died there on July 15, 2008, and the mycobacterium tuberculosis was taken away when this outstanding writer was only 44 years old.

Took away his precious life.

The creation and development of the novelist Chekhov went through three stages. The first phase started in 1880 and ended in 1880.

86. Most of the good works in this stage were signed by Hont Hungary, so it can be said that this is the "Hont Hungary stage". second

From 1886 to 1892, The Sixth Ward was published, which was created by Chekhov.

This is a major turning point in the development process. From 1892 to 1903, the short story "New

The ending of Niang is the third stage of Chekhov's novel development and the peak of his artistic creation.

In the first stage, Chi Hong's close-up works are mainly humorous works. However, after writing in 1883, it was a little quiet.

In silent works, there has been a new genre of short stories-the germination of lyric psychological short stories. This kind of bud

Budd gradually flourished in Chekhov's creative practice, and even formed a brand-new lyric psychology in 1886.

Short story genre, the representative works are Distress and Wanka. This kind of works is characterized by ordinary daily life phenomena.

Based on the plot, the narrative technique is objective and implicit, and the life background is carefully outlined by using ingenious artistic details.

The writer pays attention to reflecting the important aspects of social life and the writer's strong feelings in expressing the psychological state of characters.

Then it is integrated into the whole image system of the work. This genre of short stories will develop with Chekhov's creation.

It's getting better every day.

From 1886 to 1892, The Sixth Ward was published, which was the second development of the novelist Chekhov's creation.

Stage. Chekhov's reputation has been growing since the second half of 1980s. By 1888, he was already "Melbemini's"

Stories, colorful stories, evening, childish words and short stories.

Author of. Chekhov's second-stage creative themes are richer than before, and his exploration of life is deeper and wider than before. But these works

Most products reveal the contradictions in life from a moral point of view. For example, the short story The Enemy describes Master Abajin and Doctor Ji.

Rylov's moral conflict. In short stories such as Named Day, Duchess and Terror, Chekhov is exposed.

Rich and powerful people are hypocritical and vain, criticizing flattery. "The Jumping Woman" vividly shows a

A vain woman, ridiculous, poor, poor thoughts.

In the short story Insanity, Chekhov accused a "terrible sin" of capitalist society: betrayal.

Yin, and told readers that what is even more terrible is the indifference of society to this extreme "abnormal" phenomenon.

Grassland is Chekhov's first serious large-scale work. It praises the beauty of the motherland and depicts the people on the grassland.

People's life and thinking about the fate of farmers reflect people's hazy yearning for a happy life. The whole work is full of lyricism.

Meaning, the performance of Chekhov's stunt of depicting natural scenery.

An important feature of Chekhov's second-stage creation is that it reflects the ideological exploration activities of some people in the society that year.

For example, The Good Man and On the Road involve the intellectual's ideological exploration. Beggars, Encounters and Cossacks

Short stories like this reflect Tolstoy's popularity in Russia, and also show that Chekhov was influenced by Tolstoy.

The influence of theory. In the 1980s, reactionary forces were rampant, and many people fell into pessimism and disappointment. The novella "Light" puts forward that

A pessimistic question. This work actually reflects the author's own doubts: "There is no one in this world."

Make it clear But Chekhov was not satisfied with knowing nothing about himself. He tried to explore a way to express himself.

The "general concept" that runs through everything. The image of the old professor in the novella The Boring Story reflects the knowledge of that year.

The distress experienced by intellectuals in their ideological exploration also reflects the writer's desire to seek a "clear world outlook."

At this point, the populist critic Ni Kang Mihailovski was keenly aware of this, and he wrote:

Chekhov, a brilliant man, was always tortured by his heart because of the lack of something called "overall concept"

And "boring stories are the product of this inner torture." "The reason why this novel is good and has vitality,

It is the author who writes his own pain into the novel. "

Chekhov went to Sakhalin Island in the spring of 1890 in such an urgent mood of seeking "the general idea".

This hell on earth made Chekhov deny Tolstoy's philosophy that occupied his mind for 67 years. 1892, the first one

Two works, Six Sick Rooms and Exile, came out. Chekhov not only criticized the anti-evil, but also denied it.

See through the asceticism of the world of mortals and the asceticism of pessimism. The Sixth Ward is a work with both ideological and artistic qualities.

Beautiful masterpiece. First of all, Chekhov described "crazy" gromov and "smart" gromov skillfully.

Cleverly interspersed, and cleverly arranged the dispute between "crazy" gromov and "healthy" Dr. Lajing.

Theoretically, it naturally gives readers an impression that in tsarist Russia, people who are good at thinking and dare to speak out are regarded as "crazy".

It is these "lunatics" and "lunatics" who have insight into the evils of the autocratic system. The image of "crazy" gromov is undoubtedly a story.

Chekhov's great artistic achievements under the control of czar's censorship of books and newspapers.

Dr. Lajing's experience sets off and strengthens the reader's impression: just because Lajing talked to gromov several times, he actually

However, he was also treated as a mental patient and put in the sixth ward. Dr. LaJing's experience and tragic death show that Tolstoy and one

The idea of giving up struggle is bound to be denied by life.

The picture of the sixth district is shocking. Young Lenin read this book and immediately "felt terrible".

I feel that he "seems to be locked in the sixth ward."

Chekhov's later short stories have a strong artistic generalization. Take The Trapped as an example. In this work,

Chekhov depicts a Rykov who is afraid of touching reality, new things and guarding decrees. He is sarcastic.

And the reactionary 1980 s that caused this deformed character; At the same time, he also created a feeling.

The image of Ivan Ivanic, a warm and thoughtful veterinarian, reflects the image in the late 1990s.

Important historical situation: "The enthusiasm in the progressive revolutionary class is spreading to other classes and social classes."

However, The Man in the Trap, which is only over ten pages long, reflects the origins of two fundamentally different eras (1980s and 1990s).

Qualitative characteristics, which shows the great artistic summary of Chekhov's later lyric psychological short stories.

"I can't live like this anymore!" It was a typical social sentiment in Russia at that time, which almost penetrated into Chekhov.

Everything he created in his later years. The conclusion that "you can't live like this" was made by the veterinarian Ivan Ivannik.

In "Gooseberry", veterinarian Ivan Ivanic mercilessly denies the unreasonable life and scolds those who have lived it.

Happy and selfish, he is eager to innovate his life. The description style of The Woman with the Dog is simple and fresh.

Wrote two lovers. In a society full of hypocrisy and hypocrisy, they are like a pair of caged birds. sand

The Russian empire suppressed and killed everything that was beautiful, healthy and sincere. Visit, tolerance, new international exhibition bureau

Short stories such as Villa and Farmers are all about factory and rural life, and they are all permeated with "I can't live like this anymore."

Live "social sentiment, for example, the protagonist in Tolerance, Lu people, came into contact with poor and backward rural areas.

After the reality, I realized that he could not ignore the sufferings of the people and blindly pursue personal happiness. Another example is the novella zai.

Canyon exposes the greed and cruelty of the exploiters and praises the simplicity and kindness of the workers. The whole work is saturated with an emotion:

This gloomy life in the canyon must start over. Lenin said: "The revolution cannot be carried out according to orders and agreements, but only according to."

Only when thousands of people in Qian Qian come to the conclusion that they can't live as usual will the revolution break out. "History has been table.

In the Ming Dynasty, at the end of last century and the beginning of this century, Russia was brewing a great revolution of 1905. "You can't live like this any longer.

The social emotion of "going" is very strong, and Chekhov artistically embodies this emotion, which is undoubtedly Chekhov's realism.

The victory of creation.

"I can't live like this anymore!" More and more people are beginning to think: How should we live? What should I do? the people

Essentialists, liberals, Tolstoys and Marxists all have their own opinions and act according to their own opinions.

Chekhov has long been incompatible with populism and liberalism; He used to believe in Tolstoy, but he is on earth.

What Sakhalin saw and heard in hell made him hate Tolstoy's theory. Revolutionary struggle between Marxism and the working class

For example, Chekhov did not understand the passivity and ignorance of the workers he wrote, even though they met their master's carriage.

Take off your hat and bow (visit). So, what does Chekhov advocate? In gooseberry, he borrowed Ivan, the vet.

Nechi's mouth is always shouting "do good deeds", and Najia, who is resolutely divorced from her old life in Bride, has done nothing more than that.

Is to study in Petersburg. This shows that what Chekhov believed and advocated belongs to the category of democracy. Chekhov

How to deal with the problem of "how to do"? In The Story of Anonymous, he denied the practice of "personal terror". On my body

His reflection on "popularization" all his life has no effect; In The House with an Attic, he examines and criticizes it.

"Little things". But when he denied it, he did not put forward a positive suggestion to solve the problem of "how to do it".

Due to the rapid development of Russian capitalism, the evil forces of money have penetrated into every corner of life, and ordinary citizens have become accustomed to it.

Destroy people's hearts. Even in the era of high social movements, there are still many intellectuals addicted to the vulgarity of seeking profits.

In a boring life. Startsev in the short story Janice was corroded by the smell of copper, but in Gooseberry.

The landlord Chemusha-Himalayaski is also greedy. Chekhov was mercilessly flogged for such people.

Chekhov, while denying selfish and mediocre works such as Janitz and Chemusha-Himalayaski, enthusiastically praised these works.

Intellectuals divorced from vulgar and parasitic life, such as literature teacher Nicky, stared at the veterinarian Ivan Ivanic and the deputy inspector.

Guan's fiancee, Najia, etc. Chekhov's praise for the awakened intellectuals is the same as his "staring at two red eyes".

The denial of the "devil of capitalism", the exposure of the disparity between the rich and the poor in rural areas, and the anatomy of selfishness and mediocrity are all foreign.

Filled with the spirit of democracy and the flavor of the times.

Chekhov is a rare artist. Lev tolstoy gave the novelist Chekhov a high evaluation, calling him.

"unparalleled artist", but also said: "I put aside all hypocritical procedures and say for sure that technically, he,

Chekhov, far better than me! "

When it comes to Chekhov's novel art, we can't ignore his laughter, his humor and satire. Lev tolstoy praised this behavior.

He is a "first-rate humorous writer".

Chekhov was born with a strong sense of humor. This sense of humor is produced when it collides with various life phenomena and shows its essence.

A smile with aesthetic value. The art of Chekhov's laughter developed and improved with the continuous maturity of his thoughts and creations.

Get up.

During the period of Hungarian Hont Hungary, young writers showed extraordinary wit and talent, and wrote many hilarious jokes and

Interesting story. Novels such as In the Barber Shop, Rugged Mirror and Works of Art are full of wit and make people read.

The audience heard the joy and hearty laughter of the young writer. Of course, obviously, this kind of work only involves complex

The superficial phenomenon of complicated life. However, with the passage of time, Hont Hungary and Hungary's understanding of life deepened, in his laughter.

There is also a layer of bitterness in it. Dennis in The Murderer did something harmful, but he didn't know it, and it was justified.

Defending yourself quietly is very funny and uncomfortable. In the humorous works such as Medal, Fat Man and Thin Man, On a Nail, etc.

In the product, latosolic red specially cleverly arranges and ridicules some people who don't know how to respect themselves. The laughter here already contains a hint of contempt.

Short stories such as Sergeant Priestbiev, In Court and The Chameleon show that Che Hont Hungary Hungarian scoffed at it.

Laugh at the evil forces that oppress the Lebanese people. Works such as Oyster, Sorrow, Distress and Wanka make readers feel deeply.

Received a friendly smile, which made readers feel pity and sympathy for the characters.

For example, Xiaowanka's grandfather is funny and lovely, and his words and deeds cause readers to smile from time to time; Another example is "mourning"

The review and confession of the old spinning wheel in Regret for the Past makes people feel the author's kind smile. In short, in Hont Hungary's Hungarian works, I

Children can hear different laughter and have subtle feelings.

Mature Chekhov's observation, understanding and exploration of life are more profound. Under his sharp eyes, anything decorated

The ugliness and evil of a beautiful coat are hard to hide. He either encourages the characters to laugh at themselves (such as Dr. Lajin in the sixth ward)

Laugh at yourself), or use clever details (such as the unique luster on the faces of the warden and secretary in the canyon), or

Is it for contrast and contrast (such as the heroine and husband in Jumping Woman), or with the help of cartoons?

Exaggeration (such as that used in The Trapped and Gooseberry) aims to show the disconnection between form and content.

And contradiction leads to laughter. Bright joy, faint humor and pungent satire are skillfully intertwined, which shows the writer's superb skills.

Surgery. Chekhov always gives a kind and sympathetic laugh when describing laborers, but he always scoffs at life.

All kinds of ugly phenomena in life. Chekhov's smile once again proved the democracy of his creation.

The lyric psychological short stories formed in early works such as Distress and Wanka are Chekhov's original works.

Stop. It not only contains rich ideological content, but also has a unique artistic form.

The most striking feature is to downplay the plot, and the writer focuses on the description of ordinary phenomena in daily life, from which the characters are expressed.

The change of thought and the development of personality, or awakening, or contradiction, or depravity. Changes in the mental outlook of Chekhov's characters

For example, the awakening of Lu people in Tolerance, the depravity of the protagonist in Janice, and the beasts in Gooseberry and The Trapped.

The turning point of the doctor's thought and Najia's departure in The Bride have their own life foundation, so they all have a strong flavor of life.

In expressing the inner world of the characters, Chekhov is unique in that he does not pay attention to detailed and comprehensive description and portrayal.

The psychological activities of characters only require readers to see their inner activities and mental state from their words and deeds. This makes Chekhov

Completely different from Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, two masters of psychology. Artistic details and scenery descriptions are also Chekho.

An important means for husbands to reveal the psychological state of characters.

Rich lyricism is another important feature of Chekhov's short stories.

Writers not only truly reflect real life and social feelings, but also describe the awakening and depravity of characters, which are unique and diverse.

He clearly shows sympathy and praise for the awakened, disgust and denial for the fallen, longing for a better future and his ugliness.

A realistic attack. Chekhov's superb lyric art is that he can find the right time and occasion to express his lyric.

Cleverly arranged in the place where the life or characters described in the works have prepared mature conditions for them. For example, vinegar

Veterinarians' impassioned attack on ugly reality in Chestnut and Gulov's vulgar and boring ordinary life in Woman with Dog.

Condemnation is a very clever lyric expression. Chekhov is also good at hiding his thoughts and feelings in the description of scenery.

, skillfully borrow scenery lyrical. For example, the end of The Trapped is a description of the moonlight scenery in the countryside, which highlights the self.

However, the world is vast, and the writer takes this opportunity to express his disgust at the trap man who only found his "ideal" in the coffin.

And condemnation.

Chekhov's lyric psychological novels are an artistic whole. In addition to the above two foundations: psychological description and lyric interpretation

In addition to characteristics, there are other characteristics, such as sketching a life background around the central figure, which is ingenious and profound.

Artistic details, "objectivity" and implicit narrative skills. Humor and satire are also descriptions and displays of life in this novel.

Means of character. It must be emphasized that all these descriptive means are organically integrated with psychological portrayal and lyric expression.

Style makes Chekhov's novels a unique literary phenomenon.

Chekhov's lyric psychological short stories also have a recognized important feature, which is compact and concise.

There is much more content than words. Chekhov himself said, "I am good at short stories." He believes that "the more rigorous,

The more compact, the more expressive and the more vivid. In order to make the work compact, he advocated "putting one with a knife"

Cut off all the superfluous things. "He said," you know, carving a face on marble is nothing more than putting it on this stone. "

All the places that are not noodles have been removed. Another of his important insights is: "In short stories, there is enough content.

Talking too much is better than talking too much. ""The subjective elements that are missing in the novel will be added by the readers themselves. "Chekhov is writing.

In practice, these ideas have been seriously implemented, so his short stories are always compact and concise, and the images are always vivid.

Yes Reading his works, readers always have room for independent thinking and always have a feeling of endless aftertaste.

There are two sentences in Anba Chekhov's notes: "We are all human beings. Everything we do is the most

Good work is the cause of the people. "

It is more appropriate to evaluate this outstanding Russian writer with these two sentences. Chekhov is a writer of the people, and he

His creation is the cause of the people, and his growth and development path still retains profound practical significance.

Chekhov is a short story writer with a unique style. Lev tolstoy said: Chekhov is an "unparalleled artist". Thomas mann asserted: "There is no doubt that Chekhov's art belongs to the most powerful and excellent category in European literature." Hemingway also appreciated Chekhov's art: "People told me that Katherine Manthfield wrote some good short stories, even some good short stories;" However, after reading Chekhov's works, it is like listening to a story told by a clever and knowledgeable doctor and then listening to a story made up by an old maid who is still young. " More interestingly, Katherine Manthfield, known as "Chekhov of Britain", also admired Chekhov himself. In a letter to her husband, she said, "I want to exchange all Mo Bosang's works for a short story by Chekhov. "In a reading note, she wrote:" If all the short stories in France were destroyed by fire, and this short story ((distress)) survived, I wouldn't feel sorry. "In China, Chekhov is also very respected. Mao Dun had previously called on writers to learn from Chekhov's "keen observation ability", "highly concentrated and generalized artistic expression ability and refined language".

Chekhov was born in Taganrog on 1860 1 29th, and died in a nursing home in Badenville, Germany on July15th, 904. His ancestors were serfs; Grandfather redeemed himself and his family's personal freedom in 184 1 year. My father runs a grocery store and worked as a waiter after 1876 went bankrupt. Chekhov tasted the hardships of the world since he was a child, and he himself said that he "had no childhood life when he was a child." In 1879. The diligent Chekhov studied medicine at Moscow University on a grant. 1884 After graduation, he began to practice medicine in the suburbs of Moscow. This gives him the opportunity to get in touch with farmers, landlords, officials, teachers and other figures and broaden his horizons.

Chekhov's literary career began in 1880. The 1980s was a period of rampant reactionary forces in Russian history, and the social atmosphere was suffocating, so funny newspapers and periodicals for ordinary citizens to relax came into being. Chekhov was still young and forced to make a living. He often writes with the pen name of Qihongte Hungary, a humorous publication that was all the rage in that year, and has published many boring funny sketches, such as Uneven Mirror and Mysterious People. However, compared with many funny newspaper writers who are devoted to the entertainment of ordinary citizens, the young Chekhov has sharper eyes and healthier laughter.

The death of a civil servant shows Russian officialdom: the strong are arrogant and overbearing, and the weak are subservient to Nuo Nuo. Chervyakov, like a maggot, and his slave psychology are the products of this kind of official life. The humorous short story Fat Man and Thin Man begins with two friends who have been close friends since childhood meeting at the railway station. Hugs, kisses and tears are undoubtedly human nature. However, when the skinny man who had been an eighth-class civil servant for two years learned that the fat man was a "second-star" third-class civil servant, he suddenly turned pale, shrugged his shoulders and bent down, huddled up. When the fat man shook hands with him, he only dared to stretch out three fingers and bow down all over. The chameleon, written in 1884, continues and develops the themes of the above two works. In tsarist Russia, even the dogs kept by generals were more important than ordinary people. Inspector Ochumelov and others flatter the powerful dogs, but show their teeth to ordinary people. The chameleon is a mirror Chekhov gave to the world. It is not difficult for readers to see the shadow of chameleon in some "modern people" more than one hundred years later. Dowry reveals another bizarre social phenomenon: things are more expensive than people. Mani, daughter of Chikamasova