& lt& lt> "accompany your wife to fold the soldiers."

Zhou Lang staged a coup, losing his wife and soldiers.

Zhou Yu

Zhuge Liang will die till he dies.

Taoyuan three sworn

Zhang Bei and Guan Yu

Zhou Yu (175-2 10), a native of Shucheng, Lujiang, Gong Jin, was the first of the four great British generals in Soochow. I have known Sun Ce since I was a child, and I have become a friend of life and death. After Sun Ce became independent from Yuan Shu, Zhou Yu took the initiative to go to Sun Ce. In Sun Ce's war to pacify Jiangdong, he played the dual role of counselor and military commander, and conquered Taishi Ci by stratagem. After Sun Ce pacified Jiangdong, Zhou Yu was appointed commander-in-chief of the water army. In 200, Sun Ce died young. Before he died, he said to Sun Quan, "Ask Zhou Yu about diplomacy." . After Sun Quan succeeded to the throne, he also trusted Zhou Yu very much. In 2008, Sun Quan made a westward expedition to Huang Zu, and Zhou Yu played an important role. In 208, Cao Cao went south, aiming at Jiangdong, and Sun Quan went to war, which was undecided. Zhou Yu rushed back from Poyang Lake in time, correctly analyzed the disadvantages of Cao Cao's long journey, and made Sun Quan decide to fight Cao Cao. As the commander-in-chief of the water army, Zhou Yu defeated Cao Cao with fire, which is the famous Battle of Red Cliffs. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu was poisoned by an arrow when he attacked Nanjun, but he still took Nanjun desperately. Later, Zhou Yu cut the south bank of the Yangtze River to Liu Bei, but Liu Bei went to Jingkou to see Sun Quan and asked for the consent of the whole Jingzhou. Therefore, Zhou Yu had to retreat to Chaisang County to recuperate. During Zhou Yu's illness, remind Sun Quan to beware of Liu Bei. In 2 10, Zhou Yu led the troops to attack Xichuan. Arriving in Baqiu City, he was wounded by an arrow and died young at the age of 36. After hearing the news, Sun Quan immediately welcomed Zhou Yu's coffin back to Chai Sang in plain clothes.

Zhou Yu in history was charming and broad-minded. Cheng Pu, a veteran of Wu Dong, followed Sun Jian in his early years and thought highly of his achievements, looking down on the young Zhou Yu. However, Zhou Yu didn't care about Cheng Pu, and finally persuaded Cheng Pu himself. Cheng Pu said, "You and Zhou Jin's bus friends won't get drunk." In the Song Dynasty, the world still liked Zhou Yu very much, as can be seen from Su Shi's Niannujiao. However, after the Yuan Dynasty, people gradually vilified Zhou Yu, and by the time the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was published, Zhou Yu had completely changed. One of the most important reasons is the relationship between Zhou Yu and Liu Bei. On the one hand, Zhou Yu took the initiative to cut the land on the south bank of the Yangtze River to Liu Bei, but this was largely a diplomatic act. On the other hand, Zhou Yu saw Liu Bei's lean nature and didn't want Liu Bei to grow stronger day by day, so he wrote to Sun Quan, asking Sun Quan to put Liu Bei under house arrest in Jingkou (this is the origin of the honey trap in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but in fact Zhou Yu didn't do it himself, and Sun Shangxiang was also Sun Quan's initiative to marry Liu Bei), but Sun Quan didn't want to. Zhou Yu and Lu Su took completely different approaches to Liu Bei. Zhou Yu is a radical, while Lu Su sees further. Regrettably, thousands of years later, both of them became subordinates of Zhuge Liang, who was still unknown at that time. Zhou Yu became synonymous with narrow-mindedness, while Lu Su became an incredible honest man.

The first characteristic of Zhou Yu's personality is narrow-minded, jealous of talents and short-sighted. For example, in chapter 44 of the novel, Sun Quan decided to resist Cao and ordered Zhou Yu to organize a war against the enemy. But Zhuge Liang told Zhou Yu that Sun Quan still had concerns. Zhou Yu immediately went to see Sun Quan, as Zhuge Liang said. Zhou Yu thought, "Kong Ming has long had the heart of a marquis of Wu. Its plan is one head higher than mine. It is better to kill Jiang Dongjiu. " It was only because of Lu Su's persuasion that he was not killed. Imagine that if Zhou Yu really killed Zhuge Liang, the alliance between Sun and Liu might break down, which gave Cao Cao an opportunity. It is difficult to predict who will win and who will lose in Battle of Red Cliffs. This shows that Zhou Yu's vision is really short-sighted. Since then, Zhou Yu has repeatedly designed to assassinate Zhuge Liang, such as sending Zhuge Liang to build 100 thousand arrows in ten days in an attempt to kill him by military means; Another example is to send Zhuge Liang to Jutieshan to break Cao Cao's route for providing foodstuff in an attempt to kill him by Cao Cao's hand; Zhuge Liang borrowed the east wind from the Seven Star Altar, and Zhou Yu sent Ding Feng and Xu Sheng to Nanping Mountain with 100 soldiers each, in an attempt to kill them by force and other means. Although the crisis was skillfully resolved by Zhuge Liang, it shows that Zhou Yu is narrow-minded and jealous.

Roche and others, Zhou Yu's other personality characteristics are impulsive and impulsive. For example, Zhuge Liang went to Soochow to discuss the opportunity with Cao Da, and Zhou Yu deliberately said that he would surrender to Cao, so as to coerce Zhuge Liang and ask him to help Liu Bei break Cao. However, Zhuge Liang said: "It is very reasonable for Gong Jin to give up this exercise." When Zhou Yu heard Zhuge Liang's words, he flew into a rage and scolded, "The old thief bullied me too much!" "And he said," I hope Kong Ming can help us break cao thief. "The characteristics of its hospitality and impulsiveness are revealed. Another example is that Zhou Yu wanted to kill Zhuge Liang by Cao Cao's hand and sent Zhuge to Tieju Mountain to cut off Cao Cao's route for providing foodstuff. Knowing Zhou Yu's intention, Kong Ming didn't shirk it. Instead, he took this opportunity to laugh and said, "I heard the children in Jiangnan say,' Take the road and guard the mercy, and there will be Zhou Lang in the battle near the river. "Men are equal to the ground, but the road is guarded; However, Zhou Gongjin cannot fight in the sea. Zhou Yu heard this and said angrily, "Why can't you bully me into the sea? "! I don't need him. I will lead ten thousand troops to Tieju Mountain to cut off the grain road! "For a joke, he ignored the commander's duty, which shows how serious his feelings are, impulsive and impulsive. After Battle of Red Cliffs, he was angry with Zhou Yu, which made him feel that he had given birth to and died of Yu.

Zhuge Liang: Zhuge Liang's ability to govern the country and the army, his character of helping the world and loving the people, and his modesty and prudence set an example for various outstanding historical figures in later generations. The monarch, intellectuals and people all praised him, praised him and loved him from different angles. It can be said that Zhuge Liang's great influence in history has surpassed his political and military practice in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Although The Romance of the Three Kingdoms highlights the positive aspects of Zhuge Liang's life, such as personality, morality and achievements, it is infinitely exaggerated, describing him as the embodiment of wisdom and the representative of loyalty, and deifying him into a superman image that is half man and half god. Lu Xun commented: "Zhuge Liang's wisdom is close to the devil." Therefore, Zhuge Liang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not a real historical figure, but a historical novel figure.

Smart, cunning and analytical

Battle of Red Cliffs showed his eloquence and calmness, and the battle of Qishan showed his wit, persistence and loyalty.

First, he is not greedy for power, but he does not pursue personal power and does not work for it. With his talent, wisdom and lofty prestige, he got rid of the sinus of incompetence and became king on his own. It can be said that heaven and man are one, which is in line with the people's hearts. However, he insisted on holding a ceremony for his late master and never put on airs with his father. On a series of issues, only after courtesy persuasion and the consent of the late master.

Second, he does not seek personal gain. He only lives on his salary and doesn't abuse power for personal gain. In the book of commandments, he put forward his own strict requirements: "A gentleman's trip should be quiet and self-cultivation, frugal and self-cultivation, not indifferent to ambition, not quiet and far away." He lives with an indifferent and quiet attitude towards life. He said to the late king, "If I don't make more money in it and win money outside, I will be responsible to your majesty." He did die as he said. He got rid of the bad habit of being a perfect match, and chose the ugly girl in the Yellow River. Huang said: "Wen Jun chooses a wife, and there is an ugly girl with yellow head and black head, which is a good match." With regard to this marriage and Huang's talent and beauty, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms briefly introduced that Zhuge Zhan died in Mianzhu, and his admiration was beyond words, giving warm praise to this ugly woman.

Thirdly, he was strict with himself, and Ma Su broke the rules in the battle of street kiosks, which led to his defeat, but he took the initiative to take responsibility: "I know I don't know people, but it's a pity that it's so dark. Spring and Autumn Annals is in charge of handsome, and I am a minister. Please downgrade yourself to a third-class supervisor. " He issued several proclamations, encouraging soldiers to speak frankly and protest, and asking everyone to criticize their mistakes and omissions. During his administration, if there are mistakes, he will never appoint others, but will reflect on self-discipline Lai Min, Li Yan and others are guilty, but they all blame themselves and review their losses.

Fourth, know people and be good at their duties. Starting from the great cause of Shu and Han, he selected and reused a large number of talents with broad minds and pure hearts. His criterion for selecting talents is having both ability and political integrity. For those who are loyal to the Shu-Han regime and have real talents and practical knowledge, he does not talk about family background and qualifications, makes an exception in employing people, boldly grants important positions and entrusts them with important tasks. He Zuoyuan was a scribe under Yang Hong, the prefect of Shu County, and also a hero of Li Yan, the prefect of Shu County. Both he and Yang are regarded by Zhuge Liang as satrap and Li Yan. Therefore, it is known as "a tool for people to do their best and serve Zhuge Liang." When Zhuge Liang was appointed as Shu Xiang, in order to attract talents, he built a recruiting platform in the southern suburbs of Chengdu. After Liu Bei's death, a large-scale personnel adjustment was carried out, and a group of outstanding talents with both ability and political integrity were reused. Such as Jiang Wan, Shao Li, Ma Xun, Zong Yu, Dewey, Ma Zhong, Fu Qin and Dong Yun. This time, people praised it as a "benign move". In the list of former teachers, he solemnly recommended Dong Yun and Xiang Chong. With the principle of "near sages, far villains", to the late master. It is rare that his heart is just and pure. Among the civil and military officials that Zhuge Liang reused, there were both people in Jingchu and talents in Sichuan, both old subordinates of Liu Zhang and generals of Wei, but they did not have any shortcomings of the mountain circle, and they had an inclusive mind of "all corners of the country", which United the vast majority of people. As a politician in feudal society, he was open-minded, tolerant and generous, got rid of personal likes and dislikes, and the spirit of selecting people by career was very admirable. Liao Li and Li Yan, who were severely punished by Zhuge Liang, wept bitterly when they heard the news of Zhuge Liang's death. Instead of resentment, they pinned their hopes on him and were very sad about his death. This shows how fair Zhuge Liang is in employing people.

Verb (the abbreviation of verb) is humble to people. If Zhuge Liang is compared with Kong Rong and Mi Fei at that time, it is obvious that the latter's reputation is far from that of Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Sima Yi, who are extremely clever. Compared with his eponymous Pang Tong, we can see that they are in a competitive relationship. Although, Mr. Shui Jing said, "Long Fu and Feng Chu can live in peace." But the point he said is Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang's superiority over Pang Tong lies not only in his ingenuity and talent, but also in his moral character. Pang Tong was selfish, jealous of Kongming, arrogant, eager for success, made a big mistake and regretted it for life. Zhuge Liang is selfless and fearless, modest and prudent, thoughtful, insightful and far-sighted. He is good at learning from others and integrating people's courage. He confessed many times: "I am dressed in cloth and dedicated to Nanyang." In "With Du", he said: "Accusing of dominating Guizhou with air is thin and heavy, and miserable and worrying." In "History of Teachers and Military Advisers Joining the Army", he said: "There are many omissions because of heavy responsibilities and light talents. At the beginning of the past, I made peace with the state, and I heard many gains and losses; After paying yuan straight, common enlightenment; Yu Gongzi, a former counselor, is full of words; After engaging in Dewey, he stopped; Although the nature of the fund is obscure and I can't understand it, I have been getting along with this son, which is enough to show that he has no doubts. "

Zhuge Liang is not only modest, but also illustrates his sincere desire to be taught by others with instructive examples. When pacifying South China, it adopted Ma Su's proposal of "attacking the city for the top, attacking the city for the bottom and using troops for the bottom", and issued a general order of the whole army, emphasizing that the southern expedition should not only suppress by force, but also outsmart and ideologically disintegrate the rebels, thus formulating a policy of peace and appeasement for ethnic tribes.

Sixth, the so-called rule of Shu is to serve as an official and benefit one party.

Guan Yu

Is one of the most sought-after figures in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. This book gave him more praise than any other role. The novel praises him for "disloyalty, never dying", "being brave and daring, and doing whatever it takes", and finally bravely "beheaded and died" for Liu Bei, boasting that a living Guan Yu is a god. Nevertheless, Guan Yu was the most hated character of many fans of the Three Kingdoms, and Jin Shengtan of A Qing Dynasty complained a lot about him. I'm afraid this is because as long as you read the Romance of the Three Kingdoms carefully, you will find that it is really difficult to convince the public that Guan has achieved such a high status and evaluation with his literary skills and moral cultivation. It is not an exaggeration to say that Guan Yu is a wave with a hollow reputation. The evaluation of Guan Yu in past dynasties is nothing more than praising his courage and loyalty. But Guan Yu's works are all so-so, and there is nothing extraordinary. His advantages mainly lie in hypocrisy and good at speculation.

Let's talk about courage first. Guan Yu's martial arts are described many times in the novel, but I don't think he has fought any beautiful battles. This can be compared with Guan Yu's colleagues: Zhao Yun once went in and out of Cao Jun's encirclement in Changbanpo, killing 54 generals in Cao Ying in one breath, and Guan Yu only passed the "five" pass, and beheaded at most "six" generals, which was far from Zhao Yun in number; In the battle of Dingjunshan, veteran Huang Zhong struggled to kill Xia, one of Cao Cao's four generals, and made Cao Cao regret "hurting one of them". Guan Yu always jokes about opponents who are obviously not opponents, so it is difficult to see him when he meets a master. Therefore, most of the people who died under Guan Yu's sword were Han Fu, Meng Tan and Che Zhou, and the highest ranked ones were Yan Liang and Wen Chou, whose gold content was not comparable to that of Huang Zhong. Probably Guan Yu also knows that his martial arts are mediocre, so he always plays tricks at critical moments, so his only victory is victory without the help of force. In the White Horse Battle, Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang was not familiar with Guan Yu's situation, so he underestimated the enemy. Guan Yu violated the rules of exchanging names in ancient battles, rushed to Yan Liang and cut him off with a knife when he didn't respond. Later, Wen Chou was on guard, but Guan Yu did not dare to stand out, leaving Zhang Liao, Huang Xu and Wen Chou to work hard. It is estimated that Wen Chou was exhausted, so Guan Yucai "drank" Wen, beheaded Wen Chou easily, and took it home. Before that, Hulao Pass and Guan Yu were also difficult. First, I am afraid that Lu Bu is courageous and unwilling to fight; Zhang Fei was on the verge of success when he hit Lu Bu, but he was afraid that his third brother would take the lead and lose face. He hurriedly "helped" and hit the villain. Later, Liu Bei was dissatisfied, and he also came to boo, staged three farce of "English" wars against Lu Bu, and was therefore escaped by Lu Bu. There are many examples similar to Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms. In a word, Guan Yu was like a rogue in the war, letting others take chestnuts from the fire and enjoying his own success.

Let's talk about it A general must be resourceful. Everyone in the Shu generals has a wonderful example of winning by outsmart. For example, Zhao Yun adopted the tactic of "pretending to be a snake", and in the first world war in Hanzhong, Cao Jun was defeated by a large number. Huang Zhong cheated and defeated the enemy soldiers, thus capturing the sky and mountains in one fell swoop. Even Zhang Fei, a brave and good fighter, can outsmart Yan Yan and defeat Zhuge Liang in the battle of entering Shu. In sharp contrast, Guan Yu is poor in this respect except for boasting and joking. Most of his victories were arranged by Zhuge Liang. I didn't leave any brilliant strategies, and I didn't leave any classic examples. Only the "flooded seven armies" can barely make up the number. And you can see at a glance, before the "flooded seven armies", Guan Yu was obviously at a disadvantage in the battle with Wei Jun. Not only did he not beat off the enemy, but he was almost shot by Pound himself. If it weren't for Wei Jun being forbidden to be jealous of talents, fearing that Pound would make great contributions, not listening to Pound's advice, and violating the art of war to station troops in the depression, Guan Yu would never win by luck. Such a trivial victory won Guan Yu the reputation of "a sublime China". Guan Yu, on the other hand, forgot the way he was beaten by Pound and accepted it brazenly. Thus, joy begets sorrow, and soon ushered in the most famous war example in his life-losing Jingzhou-which has now become synonymous with arrogance and failure.

Loyalty is Guan Yu's most vulnerable place. He is the only one of the five LTTE members in Shu Han who defected. And under the banner of "protecting sister-in-law", I didn't forget to put gold on my face when I surrendered. Although he claimed to be "not Cao, but to show his bluff, he still tried to solve the siege of a white horse for Cao Cao. After tossing Cao Cao for a long time, he was treacherous and rode thousands of miles to find Liu Bei. He seems to be loyal enough. But a few days later, Cao Cao, who had become Liu Bei's enemy, ran away in Huarong Road, making Cao Cao grateful. When he went back, he pretended not to forget the old feelings. It can be said that right and wrong are indistinguishable, extremely hypocritical and full of two sides. More seriously, he was arrogant and lost Jingzhou, a strategic place, which caused serious losses to Shu. I didn't know the situation myself, so I dreamed of Liu Bei again and again to avenge myself. As a result, Liu Bei was impulsive and did not listen to people's discouragement, and finally defeated Wu. Not only did he kill Zhang Fei, Huang Zhong and Liu Bei, but Shu was never recovered. It can be said that the revolutionary cause initiated by Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang was destroyed by Guan Yu. To say loyalty, where is Guan Yu's loyalty?

Besides, Guan Yu still has many shortcomings. Apart from his well-known arrogance, his other major weakness is his poor psychological quality. Guan Yu is the only senior general captured twice in the Three Kingdoms (second only to Meng Huo in number), which has strategic reasons, but also related to Guan Yu's psychological quality. The first time he was captured by Cao Cao, the book explained that he could not fight with all his strength because of the protection of Mrs. Liu Bei. However, the same dilemma Zhao Yun can repeatedly save the day: in the encirclement of Changbanpo, he rushed out with a single soldier and exhausted fighting spirit; In the battle of Hanzhong, Zhang Zhu and Huang Zhong were single-handedly rescued from Cao Cao's million-strong army; And always lead troops when the army retreats to protect the main force. In contrast, Guan Yu is much inferior in this respect. Every battle has not yet reached the last moment, either "fidgeting" or "utterly confused". First of all, he lost his fighting spirit and "numb his paws". The general is the backbone of the army. When Guan Yu was in chaos, the combat effectiveness of the army naturally declined, and failure was inevitable.

Courage and loyalty are not enough, so we must find another way. So Guan Yu's advantage of being good at speculation is even more obvious. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were the first to follow Liu Bei, but Guan Yu was not as reckless as Zhang Fei and often contradicted Liu Bei. He knew that Liu Bei was the supreme ruler of Shu, so he wouldn't worry about being promoted to a higher position. So he followed Liu Bei's instructions and firmly supported him. Liu Bei's instructions ordered him to obey unconditionally and carry it out to the end, and he has always been a "big brother". "Big brother" is short, but fortunately he is loyal to Liu Bei after his predecessors. Liu Bei also reciprocated. First, Guan Yu was sheltered from the severe punishment of Huarong Road, and Cao was released. Later, Guan Yu was urged to be the commander of Jingzhou Military Region. So who dares not flatter Guan Yu when selecting the "Five Tiger Generals"? Therefore, Guan Yu's ability to take credit is obviously higher than his own Zhang, Zhao, Ma and Huang, ranking first among the "Five Tiger Generals". Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun have great opinions, but they are helpless. Worst of all, with the popularity created by Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu finally got mixed up with the titles of "Great Conqueror" and "Guan Fuzi", which was widely admired by later generations, and it can be described as infinite scenery. If Guan Yu has a spirit underground, I really should thank Luo Guanzhong. Unfortunately, after a long struggle, Guan Yu finally failed to live up to expectations, lost Jingzhou and hurt Shu Han. This is the evil result of knowing that you can't do it, but you are reluctant to do it.

May there be one less modern Guan Yu in today's society!

Zhang Fei

It is one of the most familiar and favorite characters for readers. However, this image was created by Luo Guanzhong on the basis of maintaining the basic characteristics of historical figure Zhang Fei, such as loyalty to Liu Shu and being brave and good at fighting, according to the ethics and aesthetics of the civil class. Many people are not familiar with Zhang Fei in history, and even have some misunderstandings or unwarranted guesses.

First of all, what was Zhang Fei like in history? You might say, "leopards have eyes and eyes, and beards and beards." In fact, this is just a popular literary statement, but the biography of Shu Shu and Zhang Fei in the history book "The History of the Three Kingdoms" made no mention of Zhang Fei's appearance. There is a classic description of Zhang Fei's appearance in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "He is eight feet long, with a leopard head and eyes and a beard. His voice is like thunder, and he is like a galloping horse. " (Back to 1) Since then, Zhang Fei's appearance has been stereotyped in the readers' minds. Later, in order to show Zhang Fei's honest and frank, the opera gave him a black face. Others say that "Zhang Fei in history was a handsome man", which can only be a guess. ...

Secondly, what is the origin of Zhang Fei in history? ..... Although Liu has a street flavor, and Zhang Feijia is better than Liu Bei and Guan Yu, only Zhang Fei can make people feel kind.

Third, what is Zhang Fei's personality in history? According to the biography of Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Zhang Fei, Zhang Fei in history has the advantages of respecting sages, loving scholars and worshiping gentlemen, but also has the serious defects of bad temper and ingratitude. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, based on the story of the Three Kingdoms, changed the character of historical figure Zhang Fei from "brave and resolute" to "brave and headstrong". This is a very important change. ...

To sum up, in the eyes of the vast majority of China people, Zhang Fei is not a historical figure, but mainly an image of Zhang Fei transformed and reshaped by The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. He not only takes Zhang Fei in history as the prototype, but also has great development and changes. This lovely artistic image is not only unique among thousands of characters written in romance novels, but also opens a series of heroic images characterized by "rough and bold" in Ming and Qing novels, becoming the most influential and irreplaceable "this one" in this image series.

2。 The shortcomings of Zhang Fei's character are bad temper, "no sympathy for villains" and "violent ingratitude" Whether it is the official history of the Three Kingdoms or the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it is recorded that Liu Bei criticized Zhang Fei for "punishing and killing athletes too hard, and flogging every day is also a way to take trouble." Sure enough, Zhang Fei died at the hands of his men.

Liu Bei: Chen Shou's evaluation of Liu Bei is: "Hongyi is generous, knows people and treats scholars, and is a hero in the style of Gao Zu." And entrusted the whole country to Zhuge Liang, but with the same mind, sincere monarch and minister serve the public and prosper in ancient and modern times. If you have no right to do something, you can't catch Wei Wu. Because the cardinality is too narrow. However, he "persisted, and he would never do it." "In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author described Liu Bei as a representative of the benevolent, who was the orthodox successor of the imperial power in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, it is extremely exaggerated to describe Liu Bei's kind, generous and kind-hearted personality, but while highlighting his kindness, he fell into an incompetent side, giving people the feeling of incompetence and hypocrisy. Liu Bei in TV plays is often Lacrimosa. Although crying and tears show Liu Bei's benevolence and righteousness, they give people the impression that Liu Bei's world is crying, distorting Liu Bei's true image as a "lean" and "outstanding person".