Joke Collection Website - Joke collection - If the "artificial sun" can shine forever, mankind will completely solve the energy problem.
If the "artificial sun" can shine forever, mankind will completely solve the energy problem.
On May 28th, 221, the fully superconducting tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device (EAST), known as the "artificial sun" in Hefei Institute of Material Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, set a new world record, and successfully realized the repeatable plasma operation of 12 million degrees Celsius for 11 seconds and 16 million degrees Celsius for 2 seconds, which broke the record of 1 million degrees Celsius for 2 seconds set by South Korea at the end of 22 and extended the time. Researchers say the new record further proves the feasibility of nuclear fusion energy and lays a physical and engineering foundation for commercialization. This is another successful breakthrough in human control of nuclear fusion.
nuclear fusion refers to the polymerization of light nuclei, such as hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, into heavier nuclei, such as helium. In the process of fusion, certain mass will be lost. According to Einstein's equation of mass and energy, these masses will be transformed into huge energy. Thermonuclear fusion is a common phenomenon in the universe, and the sun is a huge thermonuclear fusion reactor.
people have known about nuclear fusion for almost 1 years. In 1932, mark oliphant completed the laboratory fusion of hydrogen isotopes. Twenty years later, in 1952, the hydrogen bomb test was successful. The hydrogen bomb is the first use of nuclear fusion in human history. However, this method is drastic and uncontrollable. In fact, only controllable, human beings can do it, but such a fusion reaction, the input energy is greater than the output energy, not worth the loss, and the time is very short, so it can not be used to generate electricity. If fusion is to be used to generate electricity, it should not only be controllable, but also output more energy than input, and it should be sustained and stable.
The fusion reaction of the sun is constrained by gravity, but it still needs a huge space to accommodate such a high-temperature object. Prominences on the surface of the sun are hundreds of thousands of kilometers higher than the surface of the sun, while the diameter of the earth is only over 12 thousand kilometers. Even so, without the protection of magnetic field and atmosphere, life on earth can't bear the radiation emitted by solar nuclear fusion. Obviously, there is not so much space on the earth. If we want to achieve large-scale fusion, we have to think of other ways.
when nuclear fusion occurs, it is in a plasma state, and the temperature reaches tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of degrees. No container can withstand such high temperature. Then, one idea is to restrain the plasma with an invisible force. The way that humans think of is magnetic field.
since the late 194s, many countries have carried out a lot of research on the feasibility of fusion power generation, invested a lot of manpower and funds, and developed a variety of magnetic cages. In the 197s, the "Tokamak" invented by Soviet scientists Igor Tamm, Andrei Sakharov and Lev Azimovich in the 195s gradually showed its advantages and became the mainstream of fusion energy research in the 198s. In the center of tokmak is an annular vacuum surrounded by coils. When electrified, a huge spiral magnetic field will be generated inside it, which will heat the plasma to a very high temperature and restrain it to achieve the purpose of controlled nuclear fusion.
The EAST in Hefei was started in 2 and completed in 26. It was designed and developed by China, also known as the Oriental Super Ring. A series of milestone achievements of EAST show that the research on magnetic confinement fusion in China has begun to lead the international frontier in the physical and engineering aspects of steady-state operation.
However, the technology, capital and manpower required by nuclear fusion are so great that it is often difficult for a country to bear it alone.
from the late 197s to the mid-198s, the United States, Japan, Russia and Europe successively built five large-scale tokamaks. In 1985, Reagan-Gorbachev proposed that the Soviet Union, the European Union (through EURATOM), the United States and Japan participate in the construction of ITER on an equal footing. On May 24th, 26, a series of relevant cooperation agreements were initialled by seven representatives from the European Union, the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and India, marking the start of this plan. ITER is one of the largest and most influential international scientific research cooperation projects in the world, and it is also unprecedented in the history of international scientific and technological cooperation. Its construction period is very long, and it is planned to cost 5 billion US dollars (1998 value).
it should be pointed out that ITER's goal is to realize self-sustaining deuterium-tritium discharge for 3-5 seconds, and the expected power is 5MW. But this is still an experiment, and it is still far from commercialization.
Controlled fusion is considered to bring infinite clean energy to human beings, and the long-term planning is very tempting. However, it is a pity that in the past few decades, after investing countless funds, the achievements made by scientists are very limited, and the practical commercial value is still out of reach. There is a long-standing joke among physicists who study fusion: the news that nuclear fusion technology will enter the practical stage in 3 years and the nuclear fusion factory will start construction soon is reported in the press again.
it is inevitable that the media will exaggerate because the prospects are too bright.
the industrial history of human beings is nothing more than digging and planting, getting raw materials, and then introducing energy to make products. Mining itself requires energy, and planting is nothing more than changing solar energy into carbon compounds. Therefore, human life is essentially determined by the degree of energy utilization. Nuclear fusion can provide cheap and clean energy, and once it is realized, it is bound to fundamentally change our lives.
For example, some industries with high power consumption will be free from the restriction of electricity, and will inevitably undergo changes, such as steel and chemical industries. When the cost of electricity is reduced, the cost of the whole product is also reduced. The coal and crude oil industries are gradually being replaced, and the global environment will be better. For another example, electric vehicles are praised by some people as "new energy vehicles", but some sources of energy are not new at all, and electricity is still dominated by fossil fuels. Only when controlled nuclear fusion really occupies the mainstream of energy supply, can new energy vehicles with this energy be truly deserved.
The prospect is so beautiful that human beings are eagerly looking forward to it. However, the road ahead is far away, with obstacles and difficulties, and scientists need to make efforts to explore the endless frontier.
(The author is a researcher at Shanghai Institute of Finance and Law)
(This article is only the author's personal opinion and does not represent the position of this newspaper)
Liu Yuanju
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