English phonetic symbols are pronounced in Chinese.

first, the difference between the pronunciation of the original sound and the pronunciation of the call

Chinese pinyin is actually the "phonetic symbol" of Chinese characters, and its pronunciation principle, like English, is also determined by physical conditions such as people's mouth shape, airflow and nasal sound. For example, if you want to pronounce [l], according to the standard physical pronunciation, it is: "the tip of the tongue is medium, turbid, with a side sound, the tip of the tongue is against the upper gingiva, the soft palate rises, the nasal passage is blocked, the airflow vibrates the vocal cords, and it passes through both sides or one side of the tongue". [1] If learners are required to pronounce Chinese Pinyin completely accurately, they must pronounce it according to such regulations. However, in China, Chinese teachers did not teach from these angles, but adopted the method of direct reading, and compiled pinyin into a phoneticize table, which, like reciting a jingle, can learn pinyin well in a short time. Thanks to this jingle written according to the mouth pattern, the teaching of Chinese Pinyin has become the most successful and effective phonetic teaching in the world [2]. However, the teaching of English phonetic symbols in China is still based on the standard "difficult" and "difficult to understand" grammar (mouth shape, airflow, nasal sounds, etc.), which is very inefficient. Through research, the author's research group found that the key to the success of Chinese Pinyin is that it successfully distinguishes the pronunciation of the call from the local sound and applies it to teaching practice.

The local sound itself is not loud, inaudible, and inconvenient to read. Generally, a specific vowel is added after the local sound to form the calling pronunciation, such as adding O after B, P, M and F; Add e after d, t, n and l; Add I after j, q and x; After zh, ch, sh, R, add-I ... [1] The pronunciation of the call is loud and clear, and it can be marked and memorized with the help of Chinese characters or phonetic symbols with the same pronunciation when learning; However, it is difficult to combine the pronunciation with the pronunciation in real life, so it is very difficult to learn and remember itself.

In Chinese Pinyin, Lv Shuxiang and other language masters added different vowels to the local sounds in China's Chinese Pinyin to form the phonics that we usually learn, and then compiled a very vivid and catchy formula table according to these phonics, which made it very easy to memorize Pinyin [2]. The traditional teaching of English phonetic symbols in China is still a pure phonetic teaching, which distinguish a sound by physical means such as mouth shape, airflow, nasal sound, etc. This method is difficult for adults or British natives to pronounce accurately, just as we can't master the Chinese phonetic symbols according to the rule stipulated in Modern Chinese.

Second, the teaching method of English phonetic transcription and pronunciation spelling

After research, the author's research group found that it is not that English people are "stupid" than China people, but that their words-English words themselves belong to polysyllabic word formation, unlike Chinese characters in China, which are composed of monosyllables. For most monosyllabic phonetic symbols, it is difficult for English people to find words with the same or similar pronunciation in their vocabulary (English words) to annotate it. But there is no such problem for China people who study English phonetic symbols, because Chinese characters in China are monosyllabic, and most China people who study English have the experience and foundation of learning Chinese Pinyin before learning English, which can be applied to learning English phonetic symbols to improve the study-productivity.

pronunciation of words (Chinese characters) itself is composed of several small sounds (local sounds), but a single local sound itself is not loud and can't be heard clearly, so it is difficult for learners to grasp it. It is even more difficult to apply it to reading. Some people who study phonetic symbols in strict accordance with traditional teaching methods, even after they have learned phonetic symbols (local sounds) with great difficulty (at least half a year), the sounds they make at the moment of reading, especially when they are ready to come out, are not local sounds at all; But a Chinese phonetic alphabet or an English phonetic alphabet with vowels added. Practice has proved that it is not feasible to learn the pronunciation of phonetic symbols and use it to pronounce words. It is imperative to add vowels to the back of English phonetic symbols like Chinese Pinyin to form pronunciation and spell words with pronunciation.

There is also a theoretical origin why China people must adopt the methods mentioned above when learning English phonetic symbols. That is to say, people in different language families have different ways to spell words with phonetic symbols, and there is also a "preconceived advantage" similar to phonetics, that is, the spelling of mother tongue will form a "solidify" phenomenon on people who speak mother tongue. For example, people in China are used to spelling a sound, especially an unfamiliar word, by dividing it into different small sounds and then spelling them together. This is very unaccustomed to China people, and it is unrealistic for China people to learn English spelling. We find that many people who "always spell" according to English spelling still involuntarily spell in Chinese at the last moment of sound formation, just as Dayu's father used the method of containment to "eventually break his body"; But Dayu summed up his father's failure experience, treated the objective difficulties correctly, and adopted the method of persuasion to achieve Shenyu's "immortal feats", that is, Chinese spelling is a "learning difficult" for us to learn phonetic symbols. Why don't we make use of the situation to turn harm into benefit, and use the familiar Chinese spelling method to improve our efficiency in learning English and even other languages? [3] The phonetic transcription spelling method introduced by the author's research group is not only in the formula table, but also in the method of recognizing and intoning. Compared with Chinese Pinyin, it is still very rough. But it is very feasible in practical application.

in the future research and practice of the research group, we intend to focus on the improvement of the system. Summarize the rules of phonological combination and phonological coordination table like Mandarin Chinese ... and then further study how to spell and pronounce words by using the homograph characteristics of English phonetic symbols and letters. Use word pronunciation (phonetic symbols) to help remember words.

third, the English phonetic transcription spelling table

In fact, no matter which vowel is combined with the local sound, it will not greatly affect the paging effect (for example, if the local sound B of Pinyin is combined with the vowel O, the paging sound is B (broadcast), while the local sound B of Pinyin is combined with the vowel U, and the paging sound is B (no). These two B's are exactly the same in writing but the pronunciation is completely different, but no matter which one is the same as Pinyin A. China people already have the learning foundation of phonetic dictation table, and the phonetic alphabet which is very similar or exactly the same with phonetic symbols is also accepted by us as the "first-come-first-served advantage" in the formula table. Therefore, when compiling the English phonetic transcription formula, the vowels added are basically the same as those in the Pinyin formula table. There are no phonetic symbols with the same or similar sounds in Chinese Pinyin, and its local sounds are added separately according to the custom.

Based on the above basic theories, the author puts forward a phonetic transcription method table for phonetic transcription teaching, which is different from the traditional phonetic transcription teaching. Instead of using local pronunciation, it uses pronunciation to pronounce, spell and memorize phonetic transcription. This table is divided into eight parts, each phonetic symbol is written in a small box, and its basic phonetic symbols are capitalized. At the bottom of the box, phonetic symbols, standardized Chinese characters, Chinese Pinyin and international phonetic symbols are used to identify them respectively. Learners can memorize our capitalized basic phonetic symbols in any familiar way. At the bottom of the box, there are examples of English words (followed by phonetic symbols). In the upper right corner of the box, a small text box separates vowels for the phonetic symbols. In the upper right corner of the call reading table, there is a Chinese phonetic alphabet (part). In the other seven parts, the author divides it into seven regions: the first region is pinyin region, the second region is spoken region, the third region is complex tone region, the fourth region is homonym region, the fifth region is non-pinyin region, the sixth region is pinyin weakening region, and the seventh region is long and short tone contrast region.

area 1 is located in the upper left corner of the table, which is the same or similar sounds of English phonetic symbols and Chinese phonetic alphabet summarized by the author through comparison and research. The author basically sorts them in the order of Chinese phonetic alphabet. The characteristics are ..... (abbreviated below)

Compared with Chinese Pinyin, English phonetic symbols are quite different in pronunciation and writing. The author specially classifies them in the second area according to certain regularity. Teachers can let students read by dictation when teaching, and then give a special explanation of their individual writing and usage combined with the following examples of each phonetic symbol.

The third district is complex tone District, and the characteristics of these sounds are: ... (abbreviated below).

Four areas are homophony areas, which are very similar to synonyms in Chinese. Although they are different in writing and even pronunciation, we still classify them into one category for comparative teaching. Exactly the same, just let the students remember them directly. Different ones only need teachers to analyze and explain them specially. See vcd for detailed analysis.

The seven areas are the contrast areas of long and short sounds. Their pronunciations are the same, but the sources of the letters they pronounce are different. The key to mastering them is to analyze, summarize and summarize a large number of examples.

IV. Pronunciation and Pronunciation of English Vocal Pronunciation

With Vocal Pronunciation, how to spell and how to pronounce it is the most critical thing. The calling and reading of speech can be divided into "reading process" and "intonation process" (self-designed).

"the process of recognizing sounds" is the process of recognizing sounds. By splitting the sound of a word into many small syllables, spelling and reading a single small syllable, and then connecting the small syllables into word sounds. Some words with long pronunciation, as well as several times of calling and reading, are finally "finished". Generally, there are two spellings, three spellings and sound-medium spellings. (pinyin)

① two spellings: pinyin with initial consonant and vowel, such as g-uang-guang (light)

② three spellings: continuous reading with initial consonant, rhyme and rhyme. For example, j-I-a-jia (home)

③ Phonetic combination spelling: first, the initials and finals are combined into one part, and then pinyin is performed with the finals. For example, Xi-ong-xiong [1]

In the process of recognizing English phonetic symbols, we can completely adopt the above methods, such as gu-d-[gud] fi-ni-∫-[fini ∫]

It should be noted that (some contents are omitted) in Chinese pinyin.

③ "Read the rhyme correctly." [1]

For China people who learn English phonetic symbols, they have had the experience of learning Chinese Pinyin since childhood, so they are very skilled in how to get rid of vowels in pronunciation, so they don't need to learn any more. In a sense, we can learn phonetic symbols more simply than learning Chinese Pinyin. After learning to "recognize sounds", the problem of phonetic symbols is basically solved.

another content of call pronunciation is "quasi-tone". That is, how to pronounce "sound" more accurately. More in line with the process of "local sound" of words (Chinese characters). The process of "quasi-pronunciation" in Chinese Pinyin is as follows.

① Vowels added to effectively call out pronunciation.

② Calibration

③ Deliberating in the context. [1]

We found that if you use the pronunciation of the call, the principles of English phonetic symbols and Chinese pinyin are almost the same, and even most of the contents are exactly the same, but they are slightly different in the process of "intonation". It can also be said that the difference is relatively large.

① The English phonetic symbol "Hudu" is completely different from the pinyin "Hudu", but it is more like "the former sound is light and short, the latter sound is flat, and the last sound is light and slight"

② It is often used in falling tone

③ It is scrutinized in the context

④ When the stress symbol is in the upper left corner of the first letter in English. Or when there is no accent symbol in the phonetic alphabet, it is generally pronounced in a falling tone

In addition, the most fundamental reason for the difficulty in "intonation" of English phonetic alphabet is historical. In the current English teaching field, there is no complete set of English phonetic alphabet. At present, people see various phonetic symbols, such as International Phonetic Alphabet, American Phonetic Alphabet, British Phonetic Alphabet, etc ... There are many versions, and the symbols are not uniform, even the phonetic symbols in various textbooks officially published by the state are not uniform; In addition, although the International Phonetic Alphabet is called the International Phonetic Alphabet, it is actually a British Phonetic Alphabet made by the British and Europeans, and it is impossible to label the "American Phonetic", especially a large number of tongue-rolling sounds. The International Phonetic Alphabet used in China's general textbooks is actually simulating itself. Therefore, it is also of practical significance to simulate the spelling of English phonetic symbols by means of Chinese Pinyin. It is also easy to understand the original accurate pronunciation by putting it in sentences and articles in pure context. [2]

V. Theoretical and practical significance of phonetic spelling and phonetic calling

Phonetic spelling is very similar to the teaching of Chinese Pinyin, which is visual and easy for learners to learn, and it is easily accepted when it is applied to teaching, which will fundamentally solve the pronunciation and memory problems of words. It is completely possible to achieve the most basic vocabulary accumulation in primary school by taking advantage of the age characteristics of primary school students' quick memorization. More importantly, the use of phonetic spelling can use students' thinking to promote learning and develop the habit of looking up dictionaries for self-study at the beginning of their English learning. It lightens the teaching burden of English teachers in primary schools and fundamentally solves the phenomenon of "rote learning" in English learning. Especially for rural primary and secondary schools lacking English teachers, it is of great applicable value.

The biggest difference between phonetic spelling and other phonetic learning methods is that other phonetic learning methods mainly focus on phonetic symbols, allowing learners to actively change their own pronunciation methods to pronounce the phonetic symbols. [4] However, phonetic spelling is people-oriented. Considering the fact that human spelling is difficult and can be said to be impossible to change, in turn, the phonetic symbols we want to learn are reformed to make them suitable for learners to be familiar with Chinese spelling. This is a brand-new idea in phonetic symbol teaching, which gives people a feeling of stepping back. It is a pioneering work in phonetic symbol teaching so far and has attracted the attention of many researchers. However, its research is still in a very primary state, and more experts are expected to pay attention to it.