Chinese grammar, such as nouns as verbs.

An overview of Chinese grammar knowledge

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Summary of Chinese Grammar Knowledge 20 1 1-04-08 → Mobile Edition

morpheme

Definition: The smallest phonetic and semantic combination in Chinese.

Classification: (1) Monosyllabic morphemes: such as: mountain, water and lamp (express a complete meaning independently)

(2) Disyllabic morphemes: one is continuous words left over from ancient times, such as dragonflies and pipa (if they are disassembled, they cannot express their complete meaning); The other is transliteration of loanwords, such as tanks, sofas and jeeps (after being disassembled, the meaning is not complete, or the meaning expressed is inconsistent with the meaning expressed by the words themselves).

(3) polysyllabic morphemes: such as potatoes; Most of them are transliterated loanwords, such as amoxicillin and Constantinople.

Exercise:

Thinking: Is a Chinese character a morpheme? explain

Thinking: Are two Chinese characters necessarily two morphemes? explain

Chinese character

Definition: Also known as Chinese characters, Chinese characters and Chinese characters, it is a kind of characters widely used in the cultural circle of Chinese characters, belonging to morpheme syllables of ideographic characters. It is that basic unit of write, and the legend was created by Cang Xie.

Evolution of Chinese characters: The use of Chinese characters began in Shang Dynasty, and experienced various changes in writing styles, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscription, Dazhuan, Xiaozhuan, Weibei, Songti, Imitation Song, official script, regular script, running script, cursive script, running script and so on.

Classification of Chinese characters: Chinese characters can be divided into six types according to their composition, namely six books.

Liu Shu is the basic principle of Chinese character formation. Six books are mentioned in the Book of Rites, but the specific contents are not explained. In Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty expounded the structural principles of "Six Books": pictographic, referential, comprehending, pictophonetic, phonetic and borrowing.

Pictographic characters: This method of creating characters is described according to the shape characteristics of an object, and so is the so-called "painting into its object, following its body".

Such as the sun, the moon, the mountains and the water, originally depicted the patterns of the sun, the moon, the mountains and the water, and then gradually evolved into the present shape. Melons are hieroglyphics. In the word "melon", two strokes represent vines, the middle vertical hook represents melons, and the slap represents leaves. "Cucurbitaceae plants collectively" is the original meaning of "melon". "Like a melon", there are many things that look like melons in real life. For example, "melon skin hat" is a kind of hat; "Guapi Ship" is a kind of ship. "Like cutting a melon", the fate of the melon is divided, which is why it means this. People use "carve up" to mean division or distribution. It also means that several powerful countries unite to carve up the land of weak countries or underdeveloped countries. "Fool" means not smart. The word comes from the ancient "melon seed family" Jiang, who lived in Guazhou (Dunhuang, Gansu) during the Spring and Autumn Period, was called "Guazi". They are very diligent and always work nonstop when they are employed. However, some people regard their honest customs as "stupid", so there are "fools".

Refers to things: this refers to the method of expressing abstract things, using symbols or adding symbols to hieroglyphics to represent a word. The same is true of the so-called "things that each refers to". If people write "up" on it, people write "down" and "blade" on it, and add a little to the blade to indicate that it is the sharpest blade here, and so on.

Pictophonetic characters: A unique sound represented by a specific shape (root) in a text. Such as Hu. This word can also be a root, combined with different attribute roots, can be synthesized into: butterfly, butterfly, lake, gourd, Hu, etc., with the same pronunciation (some only initials) to represent different things. Shape and sound are the most common methods and verve in Chinese characters. Arrogance is "smelly"; The "rich" have fields, and the "poor" work by "strength"; The traditional meaning of "cheap" is "cheap"; The two "brothers" on the right are naturally "cheap" because they are fighting for money.

There are three combinations of pictophonetic characters:

Left form and right sound: finger, poem, estimation and case

Left sound and right shape: salvation, apology, sword and piano

Visible on the top, sound on the bottom: empty, dew, flowers, flowers.

Upper voice and lower form: jar, goods, marriage, foundation

Internal forms and external sounds: smells, problems, boredom, skin flaps, braids and debates.

Internal sound appearance: garden, hoarding, disease, longing, pavilion, box

Sound occupies a corner: feeling, distance, escape and logic.

Form occupies a corner:

With the reform of Chinese characters, some pictophonetic characters have changed the pronunciation of phonetic parts and no longer play the role of phonetic symbols. If you read half of it, you will be joking. Now "a scholar can only read half" has become an irony for "a scholar" to read wrong words.

Understanding: This word formation method is to use two or more words to form a word and combine the meanings of these words into one meaning.

For example, when the sun and the moon merge into one, the sun and moonlight become "bright". The word "person" and "word" are combined into the word "letter", which means that a person kept his promise in the past, that is, he kept what he had said, and "rest", "person" and "wood" were combined together, and a person leaned against a tree to indicate rest.

Some new words are formed by overlapping two or more identical words. Most of the two characters overlap in the left and right coordinate structure, and most of the three characters overlap in the tower-shaped upper and lower structure, which looks like a pyramid in gymnastics. For example, three "people" form a "crowd"; Three "fire" constitute "Yan"; Three "Woods" make up "Sen"; Three "days" constitute a "crystal"; Three "straightness" constitutes "foundation"; Three "waters" constitute "seedlings"; Three "mouths" make up "goods" and so on.

Because their glyphs have changed greatly, we can't see their origins now. For example, why add a crooked mountain next to a woman's personality? The correct etymological analysis can only be seen from the traditional Chinese character "Fu". The word "fu" on the left of the word "fu" refers to a woman, and the broom next to the woman is a broom. Together, women work at home with brooms. "Women, brooms are given to women" and "strength, fields are given to men" are in line with the social conditions of "women work outside the home" and "men plow and women weave" at that time. The etymology of quite a few words is not easy to see, so people call them "broken words". "She" is a personal pronoun commonly used in modern Chinese, referring to the woman of a third party. There was no such word in ancient China, but it didn't appear until the 1920s of 19.

Note turn: this is used to annotate two words, which are synonymous but have different shapes. Xu Shen explained in Hanshu: "Building a class, agreeing to accept each other, and taking the test as usual." What can I say? The ancient word "test" can be said to be "longevity", and "old" has the same meaning as "test", that is, the so-called old people take the test and the candidates are old. The Book of Songs, Elegant? Bai Pu also said, "A textual research on Zhou Wangshou".

Borrowing: In short, this method is to borrow a word to express something else. Generally speaking, if there is something new that can't be described, we should borrow a root with similar pronunciation or attributes to express it. For example, "You" originally meant the right hand (first seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions), and later it was disguised as "You". Another example is "smell", which means listening with your ears. In "University", there is a phrase "turn a blind eye, listen but don't smell, eat but don't know its taste", which was later disguised as an olfactory verb.

Summarize the above six books-the first two, "The Law of Making Characters" also; Second, the "combination method" is also; The last two items, "using Chinese characters", are the same. In a word, the above principles are a set of philology theories summarized by ancient philologists, and the rules of Chinese character creation contained in them are not created by one person, but have evolved over a long period of time in people's use and are the crystallization of collective wisdom from generation to generation.

word

1. Definition: A word is the smallest sentence-making unit composed of morphemes.

2. Classification:

(1) can be divided into:

① Simple words: Words composed of one morpheme, free monosyllabic morpheme and all disyllabic and polysyllabic morphemes can form simple words. Such as: mountains, water, sky, earth, people, existence, earth, red, together; As if, boundless, centipede, glass, jagged, wasted; Dichlorvos, aspirin, saxophone, microphone, etc.

② Compound words: words composed of two or more morphemes.

From the part of speech, it can be divided into:

(1) notional words, words with practical significance, including:

Noun: a word indicating the name of a person or thing.

Nouns with numbers: such as students, the masses, the elderly, women, comrades, uncles, Uighurs, drunkards, etc.

Things nouns: such as pen, Chinese fir, snail, cheetah, Otto, baseball, fighter, Pluto, thought, middle school, physics, process, etc.

There are time nouns: such as morning, past, future, midnight, midnight, Wu Jia, century, etc.

Orientation nouns: such as southeast, top, front, inner and middle.

Verb: a word indicating action, behavior and development.

Behavior verbs: such as running, singing, drinking, knocking, shouting, staring, kicking, smelling, listening and touching;

There are developmental verbs: such as growth, withering, germination, fruiting, spawning;

There are psychological verbs: like, hate, anger, feeling, thinking, disgust;

Existential verbs: such as disappearance, appearance, existence, loss, disillusionment;

Imperative verbs: such as make, make, order, ban and order;

There are willing verbs: if yes, willing, can, can, would rather;

There are directional verbs: come, go, go up and down;

There are judgmental verbs: yes, yes, yes.

Adjectives, words that express the essence and appearance characteristics of things.

There are table shapes: such as big, tall, fat, flat, thin and strong;

Expressiveness: such as sweet, good, fragrant, beautiful, smooth, witty and monotonous;

Indications with status: such as fast, thick, full, many, urgent and quiet.

Numbers, words representing the number of things.

Exactly: such as 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1/2, 3,1/. There are estimates: such as a few, some, left and right, below, and surplus; Ordered numbers: first, second, boss, third, ninth and tenth.

Quantifier, a unit that indicates something or action.

Famous quantifiers: such as feet, inches, miles, kilometers, kilograms, two, cars, horns and yuan;

Verbal words: such as Ba, Ci, Tang, Xia, Hui, Sheng, Jiao, Zhuang and Zuo.

Pronouns are words that can replace the names of things.

Some people call pronouns: such as me, you, it, them, everyone, us;

Interrogative pronouns: such as who, what, how, where, why, why, etc.

There are demonstrative pronouns: here, there, there, there

② Function words, words with no practical meaning. Including:

Adverb, a word that modifies or limits the function, degree or scope of a verb or adjective.

Adverbs of degree: such as very, extremely, very, too, too much, etc.

There are adverbs of time: such as already, just now, only, going, wanting, etc.

Adverbs with scope: such as "Du", "Quan", "Zong", "Zhi" and "Zhi".

Modal adverbs: just right, sure enough, just right, or, completely, quietly, etc.

Modal adverbs: such as quasi-guarantee, certainty, no, no, no, no, special, even, absolute, etc. There are repeated adverbs: such as you, zai, Huan, Huan, etc.

2) Prepositions, words used in front of nouns, pronouns or noun phrases, jointly indicate directions, objects, etc. Such as: from, to, in, when, to, with, for, to, than, with, be, because, except, etc.

3) Connectives, words that connect words, phrases or sentences. Such as harmony, identity, obedience, not only, but also, as long as, moreover, the same, still and so on.

4) Auxiliary words are special functional words that are attached to other words and have poor independence and no practical significance. In Chinese

Structural auxiliary words: such as "de", "land", "de" and "suo";

There are dynamic auxiliary words: such as writing, reading, passing on, etc.

There are modal auxiliary words: such as, ba, mo, yo, Li, ya, and so on.

5) interjections, words that express sighs or ask for consent. Such as ah, ah, oh, oh, hum, bah, hey, ah, etc.

6) Onomatopoeic words, words that imitate the sound of things. Such as haste, rumbling, snapping, drumming, scratching, haste, ticking, screaming, wanting, meowing, chirping, snapping, etc.

③ Chinese is polysemy and multi-purpose. For example (1. How does he (personal pronoun) (interrogative pronoun) come from (modal adverb) to (behavioral verb) and elegance (exclamation)? (2) Next time (quantifier) I (personal pronoun) return (repeated adverb). (3) There are (existential verbs) borrowing (behavioral verbs) and (existential verbs) returning (behavioral verbs), and there are (repetitive adverbs) borrowing (behavioral verbs) without (modal adverbs) difficulty (adjectives).

[Instant exercise] 1. Determine which of the following words are real words? What are function words? Name their specific parts of speech.

Example:

1)

Words to express laughter:

Laugh, laugh, laugh, laugh, laugh.

Talking and laughing.

2) Words expressing anger

Fly into a rage, fly into a rage

3) Happy words:

Smile, be ecstatic, smile

4) Words expressing sadness:

Depressed, misty, long, full of troubles and worries.

Sorrow is a hundred knots, and sorrow is about to break.

I am sad, I am sad, I am sad, I am sad.

I am worried, I am worried, I am depressed, I am worried, I am worried.

Worried like a frying pan, full of worry, worried that I can't eat, the more I worry, the more I hurt my stomach.

Tea and rice don't think about tears, pull a long face and feel sad.

Sad, sad, sad, sad.

Phrases (phrases)

Definition of phrase: words and words combine to form a phrase.

2. Types of phrases: There are two ways for words to form phrases, either a certain word order or connecting function words. Structurally, phrases can be divided into subject-predicate phrases, radical phrases, verb-object phrases, postcomplement phrases, coordinate phrases, object-object phrases and word phrases. The following mainly introduces these categories.

(A) Subject-predicate phrases

Subject-predicate phrase is a phrase composed of words that express the relationship between the stated and the stated. For example:

The geese returned with a stubborn nature, revealing crystal clear consciousness and improving ideological emancipation.

It's sunny and I'm in a good mood. Today is Wednesday, and tomorrow is National Day.

Partial phrase

A phrase consisting of nouns, verbs or adjectives and their modifiers, used to express time, position, place, object, etc. For example:

Mother's Pearl walks slowly and thinks independently.

Very elegant, a camellia in the motherland is very beautiful.

(C) Verb-object phrases

Verb-object phrase is a phrase composed of elements that are dominated by a verb. The dominant component of the verb is the object. For example:

Smile, enlighten the soul, fear nature, destroy the enemy and let go of the burden.

Leave it, develop production, fight, cheat trust and restore calm.

Be lively and make up your mind to have a sense of humor.

Verb complement phrase

Verb-complement phrase is a phrase composed of verbs, adjectives and the following supplementary elements. Complement is complement. There are two kinds: verb+complement and adjective+complement. For example, the first group is verb+complement, and the second group is adjective+complement:

Group 1: Take a look and have a good look. Go pick it up and have a rest.

The second group: red and purple. That's great. Very hot. Much higher. I am in a hurry.

The structural auxiliary word "de" is the sign of complement, such as running fast, walking in a hurry, being clever and impenetrable.

Pay attention to the difference between "verb+complement" and verb-object phrase: "verb+complement" can answer "how did you do it" or "how long did you do it", while verb-object phrase can only answer "what did you do" and "object" is the object of verb.

Full (How do you eat? The degree to which "satiety" complements eating-verb-complement phrases)

Clean up (how was the washing? The result of "clean" plus washing-verb-complement phrase)

Eat (what to eat, "rice" is the object of "eat"-verb-object phrase)

Washing clothes (what to wash, "clothes" is the object of "washing"-verb-object phrase)

(5) Coordinate phrases

A phrase consisting of two or more nouns, verbs or adjectives juxtaposed. Words are combined equally, and there is no distinction between primary and secondary importance. such as

Observation and research on the reform and opening up of newspapers and periodicals: ridiculous cultural education

Brilliant today or tomorrow, I will be with him in all directions for generations.

Factories, rural areas, spring, summer, autumn and winter, men, women and children are close to literature and love literature.

(6) Prepositions and object phrases

Preposition phrases consist of a preposition followed by an object (usually a noun, pronoun or noun phrase). For example:

Serve the people and tell the masses about classroom discipline from now on.

Push open the gate at dawn as required.

Chinese sentence components:

1, definition: the components of a sentence are called sentence components. In a sentence, there is a certain combination relationship between words. According to different relationships, the sentence can be divided into different components. Sentence components are represented by words or phrases. Chinese: Modern Chinese has six common sentence elements, namely, subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement.

subject

1, definition: the subject is the object of the sentence statement, indicating who or what. Indicates that this sentence is about "who" or "what". Subject is the subject of the act or action of executing a sentence. 2. Features: A. It is often acted by nouns, pronouns and noun phrases. B, generally indicating that the predicate is "who" or "what". 3. Symbol: two-way line.

predicate

1, definition: used to describe the subject of the statement.

2, characteristics: A, often acted by verbs and adjectives. B, generally indicating the subject "how" or "what".

3. Symbol: One-way street _ _ _.

Predicate is an important part of a sentence. Predicate consists of simple verbs or verb phrases (auxiliary verbs or modal verbs+active words). Predicates can be divided into simple predicates and compound predicates.

target

1. Definition: the language unit that represents the object of the predicate verb.

2, characteristics: a, often served by nouns, pronouns, noun phrases. B, generally express the predicate "how" or "what".

3. Symbol: wavy line.

All willing verbs, such as "hope, think, be able to speak", are generally regarded as objects.

attribute

1. Definition: a language unit used in front of a subject and an object to modify and restrict. 2, characteristics: a, often served by nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns. B, there is a "de" connection between the general attribute and the head word. 3. Symbol: brackets ().

adverbial modifier

Definition: a language unit used to modify and restrict verbs and adjectives.

Features: a. It is often acted by adverbs, adjectives, verbs, nouns indicating place and time, and locative words. B, there is a connection between the general adverbial and the head word.

Symbol: brackets [].

supplement

1. Definition: an additional component after the predicate, which plays a supplementary role in explaining the predicate and answers questions such as "how", "how long" and "how little" (time, place and result).

2, characteristics: a, often served by verbs, adjective adverbs. B there is a "de" connection between the general complement and the head word.

3. Symbol: the name of a single book. Generally, the arrangement of complete sentence components is: attribute (modifying subject) subject adverbial complement attribute (modifying object) object sentence component symbol: subject = predicate-object ~ attribute () adverbial [] complement <>

chink

Subject-predicate object, definite complement is clearly divided into main branches and leaves, and definite complement must be in front of subject and object. Attribute must precede subject and object, the former is a form and the latter is a complement. Adverbials are sometimes preceded by commas.