Policy introduction for soliciting public opinions * * * Answer: Examination topic: What should be included in the decision-making plan in combination with the specific plan?

1. Guidance: The topic requires students to contact specific plans for discussion. What should the decision-making plan include? Students can contact the following specific projects:

1 Measures for the Administration of Relief for Vagrants and Beggars Living Without Living in Cities

2 "Opinions on Adjusting Housing Supply Structure and Stabilizing Housing Prices" (referred to as "Article 6 of the State") check the contents of the above public policy plan online and read it carefully. Then write a discussion outline based on page 98 of the textbook "Specific content of decision-making scheme". There are many examples of combining practice. Just write 1 to two examples you know. Form an outline after discussion.

As long as students write well-founded, coherent and self-explanatory.

Second, the homework tips:

(a) personal discussion outline (choose one of the following two)

Personal discussion outline 1:

1. Measures for the administration of assistance to vagrants and beggars who have no life in cities.

2. Discussion outline: 1) What is the purpose of imitation? (Improving social assistance)

2) What is the executing agency? (Civil Affairs Department is responsible)

3) What principles are embodied? The principles of voluntariness, relief and help show the government's attitude of being responsible to the people. )

4) What are the basic measures? (Set up a rescue station and put forward 12 specific measures)

5) What are the requirements? (Give priority to with civil affairs, assisted by other departments, and carry out humanized management. There are clear requirements for managers and conditional definitions for vagrants, which will be implemented from August 1 day, 2003. The old rules1982 may 12 shall be abolished at the same time. )

Personal discussion outline 2:

1. Selected cases: opinions on adjusting housing supply structure and stabilizing housing prices.

2. Discussion outline:

1) What is the purpose of the example? (Solve the problems existing in the current real estate market and stabilize housing prices)

2) What are the basic measures? (effectively adjust the housing supply structure; Give further play to the regulatory role of taxation, credit and land policies; Reasonably control the scale and progress of urban house demolition; Further rectify and standardize the order of the real estate market; Gradually solve the housing difficulties of low-income families; Improve the system of real estate statistics and information disclosure)

3) What are the key problems to be solved? (The housing below 90 square meters should account for more than 70% of the total project area; Business tax must be paid for the transfer of houses less than 5 years; Commercial housing that has been vacant for more than 3 years shall not be used as loan collateral; The down payment ratio of individual housing loans shall not be less than 30%; The land will be reclaimed after being idle for 2 years; Cities that have not yet established a low-rent housing system must be established before the end of this year)

4) Implementation time? (June 2006 1)

(2) Group discussion outline (record the main points of the above two or more groups of discussions)

(III) Discussion results: The following conclusions are drawn:

The decision-making plan shall include the following specific contents:

First of all, make necessary explanations on the implementation of the plan. In other words, to put the designed scheme into practice, what problems should be paid attention to first to ensure that the implementation effect of the scheme is consistent with the expected effect.

Second, the basic measures to solve decision-making problems. This is the core content of the plan, which should be as clear and specific as possible, giving the executors of the decision-making plan some flexibility. It is necessary to clearly point out what the implementer of the plan should do, how to do it, and what is the inevitable connection with the realization of the decision-making objectives. Therefore, it can enhance the credibility of executors and improve the operability of the scheme.

Third, make clear the corresponding stages of the scheme. The complexity of public decision-making problems makes its solution long-term and staged. Therefore, the decision-making stage must be clearly defined in the plan, so that the actors can make targeted division and decision.

Fourth, the definition of the nature of the decision-making scheme. That is, it is clear about who to use, how long to use and the key issues of the plan.

Fifth, the requirements of various conditions required by the plan. Such as the adjustment or re-establishment of the corresponding institutions needed to implement the plan, the staffing situation, and the requirements for funds and other resources.

Formative assessment (2)

Time: Finish the fifth to seventh chapters of the textbook.

Question type: consistent with the final exam.

I. Explanation of nouns (5 points for each small question, *** 10)

1. transaction theory: it is considered that policy implementation is a process of political bargaining. In the meantime, policy executors and policy objects have reached some kind of compromise, concession or tacit understanding through different trading methods and the interaction of various forces. Policy objectives and programs based on a certain value standard are ideal results, but they are not feasible in practice.

2. Delphi method: Delphi method is an intuitive forecasting technology. It was first invented by researchers of RAND Corporation in 1948. It was named after Delphi, the original site of the temple of Apollo, which was the land of Oracle in ancient Greek mythology and could predict the future. This technology was originally designed for the prediction of military strategic issues, and later it was gradually adopted by government departments and industrial and commercial departments, and extended to the fields of education, science and technology, transportation, development and research, space exploration, housing, budget and quality of life.

2. Multiple choice questions (each question 1 point, * * *1point)

1. Generally speaking, "(a)" should be emphasized for decision-making types with irrelevant interests. This is a very appropriate type of "professional behavior" thinking, and we need to advocate this kind of thinking in both interest-related and interest-independent decisions.

A. business is business. B. active participation. C. ignore. D. Stay out of it

2. (2) Put forward a famous policy implementation model.

A. Krone Smith

C. Simon lasswell

3. People divide the response to policy acceptance into three different levels: obedience, recognition and (d).

A. Response B. Depth

C. Reflect D. Internalization

4. The evaluation of policy effect is essentially a kind of (c) judgment.

A. Interests B. Facts

C. Value D. Feasibility

5. Under the induction and enlightenment of some cognitive media, the suddenly enlightened thinking process refers to (c).

A. Imaginary thinking B. Stereoscopic thinking C. Inspirational thinking D. Intuitive thinking

6. Policy evaluation is the analysis of policy (c).

A. Question B. Conclusion C. Program D. Objectives

7. People divide the response to policy acceptance into three different levels: obedience, recognition and (c).

A. Reflection B. Deepening C. Internalization D. Response

8. Smith believes that there are some basic elements that must be seriously considered in policy implementation.

One, four, five, three, three, four, five.

9. Thinking is the B reflection of the conscious mind on the nature and laws of objective things, while thinking method refers to the thinking rules and means formed by people according to the objective laws of things.

A. Consciousness, objectivity and directness

B. Consciousness, generality and indirectness

C. awareness, universality and directness

D. Generality, indirectness and subjectivity

10, there is a basic assumption in completely rational thinking: D.

A. that is, human behavior is or should be rational, or can be interpreted as rational from the perspective of pragmatism.

B. That is to say, human actions can't be rational, or can't be interpreted as rational from the perspective of pragmatism.

In other words, human behavior is or should be rational, or it cannot be interpreted as rational from the perspective of pragmatism.

D. human behavior is or should be rational, or can be interpreted as rational from the perspective of pragmatism.

3. Multiple choice questions (2 points for each small question, *** 10)

1. From the analysis of the attitude of policy implementers towards policy implementation, there are the following problems (A, B, C, D,) in policy implementation.

A. contradictory B. discounted C. lagging D. rigid E. structural

2. The evaluation criteria of (a, b, c, d) are produced in the process of various personnel consultation and interest balance.

A. Effective B. Moderate C. Goal D. Comprehensive

3. From different angles, public policy evaluation can be divided into (A, B, C).

A.b. Internal and external evaluation

C. Pre-evaluation, implementation evaluation and post-evaluation D. Overall evaluation and local evaluation

4. The inherent characteristics of three-dimensional thinking are hierarchical, multidimensional, connected, systematic and (a, d).

A, integrity, b, universality

C, flexibility d, dynamic

5. The advantages of brainstorming are (a, b, c, d).

A. It can give full play to the wisdom of a group of experts and produce the complementary effect of experts' intelligence;

B) Experts can exchange information and inspire each other, which has the effect of "thinking vibration" and more sparks of creative thinking;

C the expert group provides much more knowledge and information than a single expert;

D. The various aspects of the issues considered by the expert meeting and the options provided are more comprehensive and reasonable than those provided by individual members.

4. Short answer questions (each question 10, ***30)

1. Briefly describe the bathtub model.

A: The contradiction between the constant development and change of things and the relative stability of policies determines that every policy has its own process of failure. To ensure the reliability of policy implementation, it is necessary to control its ineffectiveness. According to the analysis of reliability theory, in the process of policy implementation, "failure" is manifested in three stages: early failure, accidental failure and wear failure. The change of the failure rate of this policy is similar to that of a bathtub. This curve is also called "bathtub model". For example, the introduction, implementation and adjustment of household contract responsibility system policy.

2. Briefly describe the characteristics of tracking decision.

A: The characteristics of follow-up decision-making are: ① retrospective analysis, that is, objective analysis of the original decision-making mechanism and environment, finding out the links and reasons of mistakes, and making correct decisions on this basis; (2) Non-zero starting point, that is, the decision is not based on zero, but an improvement on the previous decision; (3) Double optimization, that is, it is better than the original scheme and the best among various improved schemes; (4) Psychological effect, that is, we should fully consider the internal and external relations of the decision-making object.

3. As an indispensable part in the process of public policy, what is the difference between public policy evaluation and general evaluation activities?

A: ① Public policy is a selective management behavior of the government. (2) Because the benefit distribution of public policy is a dynamic process, the practice of public policy is also a dynamic process, which will move with the passage of time. (3) Public policy is a process of selecting, synthesizing, distributing and implementing social public interests. In the evaluation, we should consider whether the social public interests have been scientifically and effectively distributed and implemented.

5. Essay questions (20 points for each small question, 40 points for * * *)

1. An analysis of the problems existing in China's current public policy evaluation.

A: First, research should be used instead of smoking; Second, replace science with likes and dislikes; Thirdly, to pursue fame and fortune by means of evaluation; Fourth, replace substance with form; Fifth, artificial information barriers; Sixth, the lack of talents and funds. (See page 153 of the textbook for details)

2. Illustrate the role of Balaam's donkey thinking method in realistic decision-making.

Answer: "Balaam's donkey" means that once the decision maker knows that he is about to get something, its appeal will decrease; And the trouble of giving up something will increase. The basic process of baram's donkey thinking method is to make the decision-makers make extreme criticism on each option item by item, making it lose its original attraction. If he succeeds, it will be no longer a painful thing to give them up and he will make the best decision.

For example, a government recently demolished a large piece of land in downtown, which is a prime location, but how to deal with it has become the government's trouble. Because every leader knows that once a decision is made and a new building is built, it can't be changed. In the core area of this city, the people of the whole city are brothers, and the provinces and cities are staring at it. What does it do? Decision-making becomes difficult, and good land is idle for a long time.

The basic scheme is as follows:

(1) build a large commercial building, make full use of the advantages of downtown areas, and serve tax revenue and municipal finance; But there are many shopping malls around, so how necessary it is to build such a big shopping mall, and whether it can really fundamentally increase the city's fiscal revenue is a problem;

(2) Building a large-scale free park to provide leisure and entertainment places for citizens, but it has no contribution to finance;

(3) Build government buildings, improve office conditions and show the new look of the government. But now the government's office conditions are not very bad, and reconstruction may cause social discussion;

(4) Building a large parking lot to ease the traffic pressure in the city center. But it would be a waste to build a parking lot in such a good location; Many people suggest that an underground parking lot can be built.

After these considerations, building a citizen park has become a more feasible scheme.

Formative assessment (3)

The topic requires writing an investigation report or a work report, and there is no standard answer. Everyone can justify himself by writing a topic with content, a beginning and an end, and enough words.

For reference:

1 investigation and thinking on the reform of official vehicles

2 Investigation and analysis of traffic problems in Guangzhou

3. Thoughts on urban medical and health reform

4 Guangzhou Education Consumption Survey

5. The present situation and thinking of Internet bar management:

Reflections on the management of Internet cafes (for reference)

Recently, in the daily management survey of Internet cafes in our district, I found that almost all Internet cafes have the same problems. These problems are not only common, but also frequent, which can be said to be "persistent". A western philosopher once said: "Common problems should be found in the system, and frequent problems should be found in the law." Is there a "problem" in our management system, or have we not found its "law"? Where should we start to solve these "sticking points"? This question has puzzled me for a long time and I have thought a lot. It is true that the social problems caused by Internet cafes have to be paid attention to, so many excellent students are depressed, so many people who care about the growth of teenagers are angry, and so many parents who want to succeed are desperate! While "admiring" this "iron-fisted secretary", I wonder if "banning" is the best way to solve the problem? Is the Internet cafe really a demon? Is it really useless? Just look at the comments of netizens on this matter. The ancients had a joke that when a person choked while eating, he was greatly annoyed and vowed never to eat again. The truth told by this joke is obvious, but choking once is accidental, and there must be a reason for choking often. Next, I want to find out the reasons from the perspective of network supervision management and explore ways to solve this problem, hoping to attract the attention of the majority of network supervisors.

I. Frequently Asked Questions

There are three kinds, one is to accept minors online; Second, the "real name registration system" has never been implemented; The third is not to install or shield "NetShield 2000". For these three problems, according to Articles 30, 31 and 32 of the Regulations on the Administration of Internet Service Business Sites, a fine of10.5 million yuan may be imposed, until the network culture business license is revoked. Strictly in accordance with the "Regulations" implementation, will be shut down. However, if you can put yourself in the other person's shoes, what makes them know that such a heavy punishment is still "repeated investigations and repeated crimes, and infatuation will not change"?

Second, the operating conditions of Internet cafes

First, it's hard to say that it's unfair to classify the owners of Internet cafes as "black-hearted". Do they come to open Internet cafes because of "black heart"? Or become "black-hearted" because of opening an Internet cafe? What do they open Internet cafes for? Do you want to teach bad children? Why can Internet cafes turn bosses into "black hearts"? Why do they accept minors? What is behind this to manipulate them? By visiting the internet cafes in our city, I feel that the invisible hand of economic interests is manipulating them. Take an Internet cafe in our district as an example, 60 terminals are medium-sized in our district, so how much does it spend every year? Let's figure it out: telecom 5000/ year, store rent 30000/ year, utilities 85000/ year, industry and commerce 15/ machine/month, one year is 10800, local tax 15/ machine/month, and one year is/kloc. Salary: network administrator 800/ month, 9600 a year, cashier 2 500/ person, year 12000, health worker 400/ month, year 4800, total 174800/ year, excluding computer depreciation, with a general depreciation period of 2 years, which is nearly 654800/ year. As for income, ordinary netizens surf the Internet 1.5 yuan/hour, and members 1 yuan/hour. At present, most people who go to Internet cafes for leisure are regular customers, that is, members. According to the average 1. 1 yuan/hour, it takes nearly 1.6 thousand machine hours a year to barely make ends meet, so there will be an average of 438 machine hours a day. Now every family's economy is similar. It is convenient and cheap to buy a computer to surf the Internet at home. How many people will actually go to Internet cafes to surf the Internet? The competition is so fierce, where do tourists come from? In this case, of course, it is "all the guests are here, whether you are underage or not". In this way, there are still many internet cafes operating at a loss. And what is the identity of the owner of the Internet cafe? Many of them are laid-off workers. They don't know what to do with the meager "buyout fee" and can't do anything else. They just want to open an Internet cafe, hoping to earn some money to make a living. I never thought it would be like this. Dial if you want, but it's hard to ride a tiger.

Secondly, in this case, the "real name registration system" is difficult to implement. Suppose you are a net friend. Every time you go to an Internet cafe, the boss wants you to spend ten yuan on an Internet card. Would you like to? Is it possible for you to surf the Internet in only one Internet cafe all your life? So the situation now is, use the "public card"! No matter who comes, the owners of internet cafes use this card to do business, so the "real name registration system" has become an empty talk, and no one has implemented it at all.

Third, all Internet cafes are monitored by installing "NetShield 2000" software, that is, once they are not installed, they will be in a disconnected state. As far as our county is concerned, "NetShield 2000" is the exclusive agent of a network company (I don't know what other counties and cities are like). However, because the machines in Internet cafes are extremely easy to be poisoned, and some game software is upgraded very quickly, frequent system updates and software upgrades are needed, which is impossible during the day (doing business during the day) and is usually carried out at night. After the system is updated, if this agency doesn't have it, it will make this company too powerful. You can't do business if I don't pretend to be with you. So in this case, they are "desperate" and have to open the business without timely installation. How else can they make money? Find someone to intercede with when you find out.

Third, is there a reasonable solution?

Having said so much, it seems that I am complaining for the owners of Internet cafes and making excuses for their illegal operation. Actually, it's not. It's like treating a disease. Only by finding the root cause can we prescribe the right medicine. So, what is this "prescription"? First, the reasonable layout of internet cafes should be planned according to the proportion of the surrounding population, but it seems impossible. Then we have to stop applying and approving new Internet cafes. That's enough. If the fact exists, let him die. As long as we strengthen management, let those unprofitable small Internet cafes take the initiative to quit, or be merged, or change careers. In short, adjust them with market and management until they become reasonable. In this way, Internet cafe owners can still make money without accepting minors. Will he take the risk? Second, communicate with the school. At present, teachers in the school are also very concerned about students surfing the Internet, and often go to various Internet cafes to inspect. We can look for "information officers" among teachers, and inform us as soon as we find students surfing the Internet, which expands our team and strengthens our management. You can even recruit enthusiastic people who care about the growth of teenagers as "voluntary supervisors" to control the problem of minors surfing the Internet from a social perspective. Third, since it is not feasible to ask a netizen to buy an Internet card, it is always no problem to ask him to show his ID card. The administrator of the Internet cafe records the ID number and the time when netizens use the "public card" to surf the Internet, so that we can find the responsible person through the "public card". Isn't it also a "real name" to surf the Internet? As long as we can achieve our goal, I don't think it is necessarily a bad idea. Fourthly, the practice of "NetShield 2000" being represented by a company can greatly reduce our workload, but it also brings a problem. He can't just do this business. Without enough manpower, he can't maintain it at all. Besides, as I said before, the time for updating the system in Internet cafes is usually in the middle of the night, so it is really unrealistic to ask people to install "Netshield 2000" for you in the middle of the night. So can we take two measures? First, sign a letter of responsibility with NetShield 2000, stipulating that he must arrive within a long time after receiving the phone call from the owner of the Internet cafe, otherwise we can punish him; The second is to simply stipulate that only one system can be used in county Internet cafes, and this system is also represented by him, so that he can update the system while installing "NetShield 2000". Fifth, if some owners of Internet cafes are found to block or bypass the supervision of "NetShield 2000" without authorization, they will resolutely crack down and never be soft.

Formative assessment (4)

The topic requires specific case analysis, and there is no standard answer. Students can find a public policy case and analyze it. As long as the analysis is well-founded, coherent and the number of words reaches, it can be well-founded.

I. Special instructions

There is no standard answer to the case analysis question, so you can apply relevant principles, come straight to the point, reason and justify yourself. The following are just simple hints of some related cases. Students should give full play to their subjective initiative, use the relevant theory of Introduction to Public Policy, refer to the case analysis method in the textbook, grasp the key points, and systematically analyze related issues in depth, which meets the requirements of words.

Second, tips

Case 1: In recent years, the floating population in a southern city has increased, and the demand for human resources is relatively insufficient. Coupled with the chaotic management of public security, the public security problem was prominent for a while. On the buses of major routes, various theft gangs are active, and even in some remote sections, robberies occur from time to time. The citizens are generally dissatisfied with this and have called on government agencies to start governance.

Do you think the comprehensive management of social security in a southern city can enter the policy agenda? Why?

Reference answer (outline): The comprehensive management of social security in this city can enter the policy agenda. For a policy issue to enter the policy agenda, the following conditions need to be met: (1) The event or problem must be clear and serious. (2) There should be a predictive launch by political authoritative leaders and experts and scholars. (3) There should be a normal, democratic and open testing mechanism. The public security problem in a city in the south has been very serious, which has aroused the general dissatisfaction of the citizens. The municipal government should properly reflect this serious and clear problem. If the unhealthy trend of illegal and criminal activities is not curbed in time, its development will be more violent and more difficult to control. Therefore, the comprehensive management of social security in this city should enter the policy agenda.

Case 2:1June, 1999, a junior high school student in a city committed suicide at home because of the pressure of study. This incident caused 1 strong repercussions among the general public. The problem of heavy burden and pressure on primary and secondary school students has become the central topic of public discussion and the focus of media attention. The media in this city have made a lot of reports on this matter. Reflect the opinions of students, parents, teachers and relevant experts. Although there are different opinions on this incident, it is generally believed that the government should take appropriate measures as soon as possible to effectively reduce the burden on primary and secondary school students. To this end, the municipal government held a special meeting on this issue and instructed the Municipal Education Bureau to come up with a specific plan to reduce the burden on primary and secondary school students within two months. 1999 on the basis of consulting relevant experts and parties, the municipal education bureau issued a package of measures aimed at reducing the burden on primary and secondary school students, including limiting class hours, controlling the amount of homework, and prohibiting classes on holidays. In fact, the heavy burden of primary and secondary school students is not a new problem. The public and relevant experts have called for this issue for many years, but the government has never taken any measures. It was not until this tragic incident that the city introduced a policy to reduce the burden on students.

Please analyze the conditions for social issues to enter the policy agenda in this case. What lessons do you think this city should learn in this respect?

Reference answer (outline): The conditions for social issues to enter the policy agenda are: (1) The event or problem must be serious and have a wide impact on society; (2) The incident or problem must attract the attention and attention of the relevant government departments; (3) There should be a normal, democratic and open consciousness mechanism, such as news media. The lesson that this city should learn in this respect is that the government must improve its political sensitivity, political discrimination and forecasting ability, and must further improve its awareness mechanism in order to find problems in time and respond quickly.

Case 3: During the flood season in a certain year, a county in the south suffered from continuous rainstorm and flash floods. The storage capacity of reservoirs in the county has greatly exceeded the design capacity, and the water level is still rising. The county flood control headquarters held an emergency meeting. After discussion, most people think that blasting the dam is a relatively safe way of flood discharge. Finally, they made a resolution to flood discharge by blasting the dam and immediately telegraphed Comrade Zhang, who is in charge of reservoir rescue. After on-the-spot investigation and repeated weighing, Comrade Zhang thought that blasting the dam would cause greater losses, and proposed not only not blasting the dam, but also increasing the number of migrant workers who insisted on protecting the dam. Comrade Zhang, the commander in chief, did not fully carry out the orders of the county headquarters and led the migrant workers through intense emergency rescue. The dam was saved.

I want to ask: Do you think Comrade Zhang's method of implementing policies is correct? Why?

Reference answer (outline): This is a reasonable flexibility in policy implementation. To ensure the reasonable flexibility of the policy, we must pay attention to the following three points: (1) Grasp the basic spirit and essence of the policy; (2) fully understand the reality; (3) The combination of upper and lower emotions. Comrade Zhang's approach is consistent with the above three points. The spiritual essence of the county party Committee's decision to bomb the dam is to protect people's lives and property from loss. Comrade Zhang's practice of protecting the dam can achieve this goal better than blasting the dam. Comrade Zhang's decision to protect the dam was correct, because he had a better understanding of the actual situation at the flood fighting site, combined the basic spirit of this policy with the actual situation at that time, and made this decision according to the actual situation at that time.

Case 4: A county health bureau in the south issued a document in March 2000, stipulating that individual and private medical and health institutions must pay a medical and health deposit of 1 1,000 yuan to the county health bureau. After the document was issued, it caused strong dissatisfaction among individuals and private medical and health institutions. They took the 1998 Notice on Prohibiting Medical and Health Institutions from Indiscriminating and Collecting Arbitrary Charges issued by the Provincial Health Department in February, and asked the county government to stop the behavior of the county health bureau according to the provisions in the Notice on Prohibiting Collecting Medical and Health Security Deposit. The person in charge of the county government asked the director of the county health bureau to investigate and understand, and the director of the health bureau replied that the reason why the county health bureau charged a certain amount of medical and health deposit was to strictly control the examination and approval of individual and private medical and health institutions, not to collect fees at random.

Please use the relevant theory of policy implementation to analyze whether the county government should stop the behavior of the county health bureau and explain the reasons in detail.

Reference answer (outline): The county government should stop the behavior of the county health bureau. The principle of policy hierarchy tells us that policies have different hierarchical relationships. High-level policies play a leading role in low-level policies, and low-level policy subjects should implement policies formulated by high-level policy subjects in light of local conditions. In this case, the provincial health department's policy of prohibiting arbitrary apportionment and arbitrary charges is a high-level policy, and the county health bureau's policy of paying medical and health deposits is a low-level policy. The county health bureau's requirement to pay the medical and health deposit directly violates the provisions of the provincial health department prohibiting arbitrary apportionment and arbitrary charges, which is not in line with the local reality and is not conducive to the development of local health undertakings. Under the pretext of "strictly controlling examination and approval", it is actually a disguised policy to require individual and private medical and health institutions to pay medical and health deposits. Thus, the county government should stop the behavior of the county health bureau.

Case 5: The family planning work of a county in the south ranks the bottom of the province for many years. From 65438 to 0995, the new county government leaders took office. In order to accomplish the family planning task assigned by the higher government, they adopted new policies and measures, that is, fined unplanned births: the second child was fined 2,000 yuan, the third child was fined 5,000 yuan, and the fourth child was fined 1 10,000 yuan. The county government hopes to control the number of births through the implementation of this policy and measures. Considering the difficulty of family planning work, in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of grassroots cadres and solve the problem of insufficient funds for family planning at the grassroots level, the policy also stipulates that the fine income can be deducted by 30% at the village and township levels respectively. Two years after the implementation of the policy, the county government found that it did not achieve the expected results. Because traditional concepts such as son preference and family inheritance are still deeply rooted in local people, many people would rather pay a fine than have a second or third child, even if they need to borrow money to pay the fine. Some people even think that paying a fine is the right to buy family planning, and paying a fine in advance before giving birth. On the other hand, in order to "earn more income", some township cadres pay more fines regardless of having more children, and even secretly encourage unplanned births.

Please analyze the main factors that the policy has not been effectively implemented in this case from the aspects of policy quality, policy implementers, policy objectives and external environment for policy implementation.

Reference answer (outline): The main factors leading to the failure to effectively implement this policy include: (1) vague policy objectives. The goal conflicts with the implementation measures. The more effective the execution, the farther the result is from the target. (2) The policy quality is not high. Unreasonable policy design, especially the fact that towns and villages collect commission from the fine income, actually induces township cadres to encourage unplanned births. Unplanned childbirth has brought them benefits, so they will not take the initiative to stop this behavior. (3) The quality of policy implementers is not high. Policy executors lack professional quality and are driven by economic interests, and their behavior runs counter to the original policy objectives. (4) The concept of policy object is backward. Constrained by traditional ideas, they lack knowledge and understanding of policy objectives. (5) Poor policy environment. The external environment of policy implementation lacks effective supervision mechanism and measures, and there is no corresponding supporting policy.