Why hasn't the country moved the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang?

Whether it is the Qin Mausoleum or the Ganling Mausoleum, whether hundreds of imperial tombs in China have been excavated or not, they have long been locked in a "magic spell", that is, the 16-character policy of "protection first, rescue first, rational utilization and strengthening management" formulated by the state, which can be described as the dogma of cultural relics work. For the Qin Mausoleum, we can find many reasons that are difficult to explore:

First, can you build a greenhouse with a span of more than 500 meters?

The scale of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum determines the scale of archaeological facilities, and the protection of archaeological facilities is not in place. Digging the Qin Mausoleum is unthinkable.

When it comes to the scale of the Qin Mausoleum, we must first look at the scale of the land seal of the Qin Mausoleum.

Hanshu? In the Biography of King Chu Yuan, it said, "It is fifty feet high and walked more than five miles in a week." In the Qin dynasty, one foot was about 23 cm, and 50 feet was about 1 15 m. In the Qin Dynasty, one mile was 4 14 meters, and five miles was 2070 meters. This is probably the original scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. However, after more than 2000 years of natural erosion and man-made destruction, the existing sealing soil is much smaller than the original sealing soil. In order to understand the actual size of the original sealed soil accumulation, the archaeological team of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses found that the original sealed soil foundation was approximately square, and its circumference was close to the data of "more than five miles a week" in Hanshu, which was 2000 meters, 5 15 meters long from north to south and 485 meters wide from east to west.

In this case, we should first build a protective shed with a span of not less than 500 meters, and then dig, otherwise it is impossible to dig out the Qin Mausoleum.

The reason couldn't be simpler. The structure of the Qin Mausoleum consists of two parts, one is the underground palace, and the other is the earth seal above the surface. Of course, people are most concerned about the underground palace, hoping to see that the remains inside are really different as Sima Qian said, and even the remains and relics that Sima Qian did not record can be unearthed. To dig out the underground palace, we must first dig out the sealed soil with a length of 5 15 meters from north to south and a width of 485 meters from east to west. Don't say that this is an imperial mausoleum as a world cultural heritage, just a general mausoleum. According to the rules of archaeological excavation, neither explosive nor bulldozer can be used to push it, let alone excavator can be used to dig it. It takes a long time to dig bit by bit, going through spring, summer, autumn and winter, and facing wind, frost, rain and snow. In this way, it is necessary to build a greenhouse first, just like digging a pit of terracotta warriors and horses, which is beneficial to excavation and protection of unearthed cultural relics. Otherwise, even if people can work in the open air, they can fight against the sky and carry forward the fearless revolutionary spirit. What about the underground palace that can be dug up? Can't let it blow and rain?

Second, digging out the soil will make the ground landscape of Qin Mausoleum disappear.

There is a problem in building a greenhouse. Why not just dig out the Qin Mausoleum and seal the soil?

The most direct consequence of excavating the Qin tombs is that the ground landscape of the Qin tombs will disappear. How can people feel the grandeur of the panoramic view of the Qin tomb when there is only the landscape of the underground palace and the scene of the closed soil scale is lost? How can people appreciate the hardships and greatness of the ancients in building such a huge project? Obviously, I can't pass either.

Two years ago, China included archaeological work in the National "863 Plan" for the first time, and conducted underground archaeological exploration with the largest capital investment and the highest technical level, mainly using remote sensing and geophysical techniques. The results show that the large underground palace is located at the top of the mound and below its periphery, about 35 meters deep from the ground, about 170 meters long from east to west and about 145 meters wide from north to south. The main body and tomb of the underground palace are rectangular; The tomb in the center of the underground palace is about 80 meters long from east to west, 50 meters wide from north to south and 15 meters high, which is equivalent to a football field.

Regardless of whether this detection is the actual situation of the underground palace of the Qin tombs, even if it is, is the location of the underground palace located in the place where it has been detected? What if it is misplaced?

Third, the underground palace is deep, how to get up and down?

If the underground palace is 35 meters deep from the present surface, it is equivalent to a high-rise building with about 15 floors. If the vertical wall is made of stone or even earth and stone, it is still very strong. If it is only a slab wall and an earth wall like the Terracotta Warriors pit, will it lead to collapse? To say the least, if reinforced, wouldn't it change the original form of the vertical wall itself and become a modern man-made product? To take a step back, if it is not a vertical wall that goes straight up and down, but a stepped vertical wall-this may also be the actual situation-it may be possible to avoid landslides, or it may be easy to avoid landslides. How can we build a tunnel? The Terracotta Warriors pit is 3-5 meters deep from the surface, and there is a fence next to it, so you can see it clearly without going down. But the underground palace is more than 10 times deeper than the terracotta warriors and horses pit. If you put a fence on it, can't visitors see it through a telescope? If a walkable passage is built, wouldn't it destroy the structural landscape of the underground palace?

Fourth, how long will it take to finish the excavation of Qin Mausoleum?

If we use the most mechanical algorithm, which can be said to be almost a joke, and only calculate the excavated area without considering the time cost, the actual burial situation and the input of human, material and financial resources, we can roughly calculate that the No.1 tomb of Qin Jinggong in Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province is the largest pre-Qin tomb excavated in China at present, with a total area of 5,334 square meters and a depth of 24 meters. The Qin Mausoleum covers an area of 250,000 square meters, about 50 times larger than it. Qin cemetery was discovered on 1976 and cleared on 1986. Digging 10 years. According to this reasoning, isn't the Qin Mausoleum going to dig for 400-500 years?

Qin Jinggong, the owner of Qin Jinggong No.1 Tomb, is the grandson of Qin Mugong IV and the 14th ancestor of Qin Shihuang. The tomb of the Great Tomb is like an inverted pyramid embedded in the ground, with three steps up and down, surrounding the tomb wall and a width of 2-6 meters. The top of the tomb is 59.4 meters long and 38.8 meters wide, and the bottom is 40 meters long and 20 meters wide, covering an area as big as two international standard basketball courts. The pyramid-shaped mound leads to the tomb with a gentle slope, connecting the two ends of the tomb. The pyramid-shaped mound is connected with the tomb in a zigzag way, with a total length of 300 meters. The bottom of the tomb is 24 meters from the horizon, which is equivalent to 8 stories high. The total volume of this tomb is more than 10 times larger than that of the Shang Dynasty tomb in Houjiazhuang, Anyang, Henan Province, and it is the largest king's tomb seen in the pre-Qin period.

Let's calculate again: the total area of Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit of Qin Shihuang is about 20,000 square meters, and the area of Qin Mausoleum is 13 times and the depth is 6-7 times. After 30 years of excavation, the actual excavation area of terracotta warriors and horses pit is not large. The excavation area of No.1 pit is 4000 square meters, accounting for 28% of the total area of No.1 pit. More than 200 square meters have been excavated in No.2 pit, accounting for 3.4% of the total area of No.2 pit; The 520-square-meter site of No.3 pit has been completely excavated; The total excavated area accounts for about 1/5 of the total area of the whole site, that is, more than 4,500 square meters have been excavated in 30 years. By analogy, the area of the Qin Mausoleum is 50 times the total area of the excavated terracotta warriors and horses pit. How many years will it take to dig?

Another ridiculous algorithm, but it may be a bit reliable. If the soil is combined, regardless of the depth, the area of the Qin mausoleum underground palace is more than four times that of the Qin cemetery, and it will take 40 years to dig; It is more than five times the actual excavation area of Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, and will be excavated 150 years.

Fifth, how big is the investment?

Input includes the three most important elements of manpower, material resources and financial resources, and the others are temporarily excluded. Take Pit 1 and Pit 2 as examples. The plane of the No.2 pit is rectangular, with a length of1.24m from east to west and a width of 98m from north to south. Its protection hall is a steel grid structure, with a plane size of 134.2, a width of106.25m and a height of14.5m. The No.1 pit is larger, with a length of 230m from east to west and a width of 62m from north to south. Almost all the protection halls are built at the width of 10 meter from the outer edge of the pit. The roof of the hall is a floor-standing three-hinged steel arch structure with an arc length of 80 meters and a chord length of 67 meters, with a total weight of 306 tons and an investment of 2.45 million yuan. What makes archaeologists feel most sorry is that when the museum was built around 1975, it was at the end of the Cultural Revolution, when the country was in economic difficulties. In order to save one steel arch every 654.38+10,000 yuan, three arches were built less, and the ramps at both ends of the No.1 figurine pit were left outside the hall. Although it saved 300,000 yuan, it left irreparable regret.

The sixth is to explore technology, okay?

If the cultural relics in the underground palace are not stolen or destroyed, they must be extremely rich. However, the protection of paintings, silk paintings, murals, lacquerware, bamboo slips, pottery and wood products will become a headache, and the maintenance of the underground palace itself will soon become a huge problem. In addition, there is a problem that few people pay attention to in the excavation of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. The question is not whether it can be protected after excavation, nor whether there is not enough manpower, material resources and financial resources before excavation, but whether there will be major mistakes in excavation itself. Have we studied its capabilities?

The excavation of the underground palace involves a series of survey, drilling, excavation and restoration techniques. We have no precedent for scientifically exposing the tombs of civil buildings, and we lack the experience of direct excavation. Who can guarantee that the mistakes made by archaeologists will not happen? The reason why we can't dig it now is almost always that the protection technology is not too hard. It is always said that there may be induration of silk fabrics and discoloration of utensils, which gives people the impression that once these technical protection problems are overcome, we can work hard.

On the other hand, if a wide variety of cultural relics are really unearthed after excavation-not just pottery products such as terracotta warriors and horses, how much effort will it take to restore them? How complicated is it? How many technical difficulties need to be overcome? It is also a series of problems that we can't avoid. Look at the following example of carefully restoring terracotta warriors and horses, and you will know that mountains and rivers are difficult to keep. Even if it is easy to dig up, how difficult is it to protect it? Qin terracotta warriors and horses have been destroyed by man-made destruction and fire. After more than 2,000 years of covering, they are all broken, and each terracotta warrior and terracotta horse must be bonded with dozens or hundreds of broken pottery pieces.

It can be seen that every Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses can only be repaired after the strict operation of the above procedures. In addition, in 2006, China cultural relics reported that in order to control dozens of germs produced by Terracotta Warriors, scientific and technological personnel made great efforts to constantly overcome technical difficulties, so I won't say much here.

Seventh, do relevant international organizations agree to dig?

Will UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee interfere with the excavation of the Qin Mausoleum? How to intervene? Even if we are emotional and rational, people's final recognition is unknown. Will it be like when Egypt built the Aswan Dam, UNESCO launched the "International Action to Save Nubian Sites" and organized 22 countries to participate in it, starting from 1960 for 20 years? If it is international, will foreign excavations-we only talk about this one-conflict with our existing archaeological excavation standards? For example, they have to dig underground bit by bit, inch by inch, which is extremely slow and there are so many rules. How long will it take? When the cultural relics rescue work of the Three Gorges Project was carried out, it was not without foreigners wanting to invest. Fortunately, we China people did it quickly and economically, otherwise it is hard to say when the Three Gorges Dam will store water.

It can be seen that the reason for not robbing a tomb lies not only in how much technical support we have, but also in how much digging ability and cognitive ability we have. This is the key or essence of the matter. The former is technology, while the latter involves our cultural maturity. In other words, the technology has been achieved, can we still dig? If our archaeologists can't adapt to the process of human cognition, lag behind the general cognitive stage of archaeology now, and can't ask more and deeper questions to ancient times, then no matter how good our technology is, even if it is world-class, it is better not to dig.

Having said that, our understanding of * * * has almost reached: the excavation of the emperor's tomb requires not only technical conditions, but also the ability of archaeological research, and more importantly, Scientific Outlook on Development with human, history and culture. If the three are not up to standard, we have no choice but to leave the mausoleum to future generations. However, if you don't dig, you can't cut across the board. Just because archaeology emphasizes leaving cultural relics to our descendants to dig as much as possible, we can't think that such protection is scientific.

Looking forward to the future, our children and grandchildren will appreciate the spiritual heritage we passed on to them while thanking them for the material heritage we left them, which will make them more useful and moving. The cost and price we really want to calculate can actually be reflected in the inscription often engraved on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties: "Children and grandchildren will enjoy it forever." This is what western politicians or ordinary people often say when putting forward political opinions and public welfare suggestions: "For our future generations."