About energy conservation and environmental protection in various countries

European buildings with high comfort and low energy consumption are unpretentious in appearance, but exquisite in internal structure, especially in wall structure, door and window glass, heating mode and so on. For example, the external wall, roof and underground are all wrapped with 1 to 15 cm thick insulation layer; Use high-performance glass with inert gas isolation layer in the middle and closed window frame to keep the window, the main heat inlet and heat dissipation source, as warm as possible; Install sunshade facilities outside the window to prevent heat energy from "invading" in summer; Natural fresh air supply system is adopted to minimize window opening opportunities and save indoor energy, so as to ensure bright, spacious and comfortable lighting, reduce energy consumption and reduce operating expenses. Sweden: The first thing for energy-saving houses is to keep warm. In recent years, Scanza, Sweden's largest construction company, is doing more and more business. Due to the growing awareness of energy conservation in the whole society and the preferential policies implemented by the Swedish government to encourage energy-saving houses, many families began to renovate their houses according to the standards of energy conservation and environmental protection. So what does an energy-efficient house look like? How to take measures to reduce residential energy consumption? For this reason, the reporter visited an energy-saving residential area that Scansa is proud of-Gashaige residential area in the suburbs of Stockholm. According to reports, "this community embodies our energy-saving concept, that is, by adopting energy-saving building structures, materials, machinery and products, the thermal insulation performance of buildings can be improved, and energy consumption such as heating, ventilation, refrigeration and lighting can be reduced." This residential area is built by the sea. Although each building has its own characteristics in appearance, they all embody the energy-saving and environmental protection concept of the engineering designer adapting to local conditions and integrating nature with man. Sweden is located in northern Europe, with long and cold winters and short and cool summers, so the main energy consumption of all buildings is heating. Building heating accounts for a quarter of the total energy consumption in Sweden; In the total energy consumption of buildings, heating accounts for 87%. Therefore, the first thing for energy-saving houses is to keep warm. From the appearance, the houses in the community mostly use dark paint and building materials. This can absorb as much solar energy as possible during the day. From the azimuth, these houses face south and north, and the doors and windows face south and west, so as to let more sunlight enter the room. Moreover, these doors and windows are mostly designed as floor-to-ceiling doors and windows in the building structure. In the wall building materials, the company mainly uses hollow brick wall and its composite wall technology, so that the solar energy absorbed by the building can be easily stored in the wall and will not be lost quickly. Sure enough, although it is the winter sun, the outer wall feels warm to the touch. In this way, houses are heated by the sun through windows during the day, and kept warm by heat insulation materials and brick walls at night. Holland: Energy-saving is also a way of life. People who have lived in Holland for some time, the metropolis are deeply touched by the Dutch frugality. For the Dutch people, who advocate frugality and are close to "stingy", neighbors in Europe often make up jokes to satirize them. However, with the increasingly serious global energy shortage, frugality has actually become a lifestyle that we have to choose. From the experience of some countries, if we want to build an energy-saving society, we must first make people establish a new outlook on life and let energy-saving penetrate into people's living habits and become a way of life. In Sweden, many communities now hold large-scale energy-saving education every year. In the Netherlands, at the beginning of winter every year, some societies will distribute information about energy conservation door to door. In recent years, even in the United States, where energy is relatively abundant, energy-saving education has become more and more popular, and many primary and secondary schools have offered related courses. Cadillac County, Michigan saved more than 16, US dollars in 15 months through energy-saving education, and the budget for energy-saving education in this county is 6, US dollars in four years. At present, building energy consumption accounts for 28% of the total energy consumption in China. At present, the housing area is about 4 billion square meters, but only a few percent of them can meet the energy-saving standards, and only 15% of the newly built buildings can meet the energy-saving standards, so there is huge room in this area in the future. A set of figures is quite telling: before the implementation of the new national energy-saving standards, the energy consumption per square meter in Beijing was about 31.7 watts, that in Harbin was 33.7 watts, and that in Sweden and Denmark was about 11 watts. After the implementation of the new standard, Beijing is 2.6 watts and Harbin is 21.9 watts. In other words, if the new standards are fully implemented, energy consumption can be reduced by at least 35%. If we can reach the energy-saving level of European countries like Denmark, the energy consumption can be reduced by more than 7%. The big problem we are facing is that the builders have no concept of interest in energy saving, that is to say, they have not been able to use the law of value as the carrier of energy saving. The direction we should strive for is to implement household heating, which is a universal welfare heating system in China. As long as the room is too hot, windows will be opened to dissipate heat, resulting in a great waste of heat energy, while materials and new technologies that can save energy, such as doors, windows and walls, are reluctant to be used. In Europe and the United States and other countries, energy-saving standards have long been standardized from the legal point of view. According to Finland's experience, energy can be saved by more than 3% only by changing the way of heat energy measurement, that is, changing to household measurement, without changing the current housing structure. If the energy-saving technology is implemented, the energy-saving effect will be more impressive. Choose energy-saving technology. In a normal house, 3% of the heat escapes from the window. If double-layer glass is selected and inert gas is filled in the middle, the heat emission can be blocked to some extent. 35% of the heat is emitted from the wall. If thermal insulation materials are used and thermal insulation layers are added, the energy-saving effect will be obvious. To advocate green intelligent building, intelligent building must first reach the standard of energy saving and good living comfort, and then the intelligence of furniture and security. In fact, intelligent building is not necessarily luxurious, but it must be low energy consumption. The cost of some intelligent buildings in the United States is 15% lower than that of ordinary buildings, because they pursue reasonable structure, pay attention to practical functions and simple appearance, and use recyclable materials instead of luxurious decoration. New energy and clean energy can make full use of geothermal heat pump technology. For example, in Iceland and other countries, when building a house, two holes are drilled in the ground first, and the groundwater is circulated by an electric pump to provide heat for the whole house. The only energy consumption is the electric pump. In Denmark and other countries, because they are located at the seaside, the utilization conditions of solar energy and wind energy are unique. When using heat pump technology, we can achieve "zero energy consumption" by combining wind energy and solar energy and driving electric pumps with wind energy and solar energy. Save water and materials, and then achieve energy saving. In fact, consuming more materials and water means consuming more energy. Clean water and materials are processed by energy. China's annual investment in real estate is about 1 trillion yuan (commercial housing), not including rural buildings and 5 billion yuan in urban infrastructure, which will consume a lot of materials. If we can save water and materials, the amount of energy saved will be astronomical. The urbanization mode determines the level of energy consumption. Compared with the western developed countries, there are several differences in the energy situation faced by China: First, the per capita energy resources are low. By the end of 21, China's proven coal reserves were 114.5 billion tons, oil 3.3 billion tons and natural gas 1.37 trillion cubic meters. However, the population base is huge, and the per capita resources are only 55% of coal, 11% of oil and 4% of natural gas compared with the world average. In 2, imported oil accounted for 33r％% of consumption, and it increased year by year. Second, we are at the climax of urbanization. About 18 million people in China are moving from rural areas to cities every year. Every year, the area of new buildings in cities is about 1 billion square meters, and rural buildings are also about 1 billion square meters; Third, the peak of urbanization and the climax of motorization merge. Our current stage is equivalent to the superposition of urbanization and motorization in the United States in the 195s. The road of sustainable development is the only choice for China's urbanization: First, adhere to the road of compact urbanization. In this regard, the Netherlands has many successful experiences, such as keeping the city at a certain density and avoiding the phenomenon of "suburbanization"; Second, big cities and megacities should have a reasonable spatial structure. Cities with a population of more than 2 million should adopt the development model of organic evacuation, instead of "spreading cakes"; Third, emphasize the proper mix of land use functions. The distance between the residence and the workplace should be as close as possible to avoid the obvious division of work and residence; Fourth, promote the new concept of energy saving. In the process of urban development, the concept of eco-city should be included to promote the road of circular economy, that is, to use the least energy consumption to achieve a win-win situation in society, economy and environment; Fifth, implement the strictest urban planning and the strictest farmland protection. Only when the two complement each other can the land use be reasonable and the energy consumption be reasonable. If we really want to save energy, we must start from the source of urbanization mode, which is equivalent to the leading part of energy saving. Developing public transportation, advocating building energy saving and using new energy sources are equivalent to the dragon body, the dragon claw and the dragon tail. Without the faucet, there is no way to talk about it later. We should realize that what kind of urbanization mode we choose determines whether we can cope with the energy crisis in the future. The efficiency of converting primary energy into useful energy in the world is about one third. In other words, two-thirds of the energy is lost in the conversion process. When available energy provides energy services, it will also produce significant energy losses. Therefore, there are many and diverse economic opportunities in the improvement of energy efficiency, especially in the process of transforming from useful energy to energy services. If energy efficiency can be improved, it means cheaper energy services and lower pollution and emissions.