Excuse me, among Chinese emperors, which one likes asking immortals to practice medicine best and longs for immortality?

Qin Huang and Wu Han, the two great emperors, have spent most of their lives seeking immortality, but they have never seen what immortals are or tasted whether the elixir of life is bitter or sweet. Their absurd and stupid way of doing things has become the laughing stock of past dynasties, and has also been used as a mirror by some emperors in later generations. However, immortality is always the most beautiful dream in the hearts of emperors. Since we can't get the elixir from the immortals, we have to pin our hopes on the world, so refining the elixir of life and serving for immortality has become the persistent pursuit of some emperors. However, the result of all this is not only wasting people's money, but also greatly shortening people's life span.

1. crazy about taking Dan medicine

According to historical records, the earliest emperor who took Dan medicine to prolong life was Sima Pi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The young emperor is famous for his calligraphy, but his achievements seem beyond praise. "Eight Books of Jin Dynasty" records that Sima Pi liked the study of Huang Lao, listened to the nonsense of alchemists, and took the elixir of life when he was young. At the age of 20, he became emperor. When he was 24, he played a big game. Once, he didn't eat, but lived by taking elixirs. As a result, he was poisoned by overdose, so that he could not handle state affairs and died a year later. After five years in office, he died at the age of 25, becoming the shortest-lived emperor who died of taking Dan medicine.

Although Sima Pi died of taking Dan medicine, he didn't do anything to harm others and benefit himself, but the result of taking Dan medicine by Tuoba GUI, the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was terrible.

Tuoba GUI was the first emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty and made great contributions to the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty. But he lusted after women, and in his thirties, he was weak and old before he was old. He believes in Taoism and wants to live forever, so the courtier's secretary-general took a fancy to him and gave him a copy of the "Hook the Immortal Classic", saying that this book has the method of refining the elixir of life. Tuoba GUI immediately awarded him the title of Dr. Immortal, and set up a "Immortal Workshop" to boil immortal medicine. After eating the medicine, he tried it on the prisoner who committed the capital crime, and as a result, he died of poisoning.

But Tuoba GUI firmly believed that the elixir could be refined, and visited warlocks everywhere to refine it for him. Later, it was finally refined into a cool food powder. After trying it, no poisoning was found, so he took it for a long time. Cold food powder is a poison pill made of five minerals, such as cinnabar and Yingshi. At first, I took it under the guidance of the old doctor Yin Qiang, and there was no problem. Later, Yin Qiang died, lost his guidance, and took drugs indiscriminately, leading to poisoning and frequent outbreaks of medicinal properties. It has been a godsend for six years (409), and the symptoms of poisoning are more serious. Coupled with the frequent occurrence of natural disasters this year, news of disasters kept coming, which made him more anxious and finally insane. He either doesn't eat for days or stays up all night, and he is moody. He often blames his deputy, saying that none of the North Korean officials can be trusted, and he always suspects that someone is going to rebel. He recalled his past successes and failures, cried or laughed, and talked to himself all day and all night, as if arguing with ghosts. For those courtiers who came to play, he killed them as soon as he remembered their past mistakes. Even if the courtiers had abnormal expressions, uneven breathing, improper words and even uneven walking speed, he thought they hated themselves and beat them with their own hands. The people who were killed were placed in front of Tianan Temple, leaving their bodies to rot and stink. When he travels in a chariot, he often hits the driver on the head with his sword. If he is killed, he will change it. Sometimes killing dozens of people in one day really scares the government and the people. Everyone is afraid that he may accidentally die at the hands of this psychotic emperor.

Tuoba GUI suspected rebellion all day, killed too many people, and was afraid of being killed, so he often changed his residence. Where he spent the night is only known to all the girls he likes. Unexpectedly, ten thousand people had an affair with his second son, Tuoba Shao, and ten thousand people fell out of favor and were jailed. They told TaBaShao to find a way to save her. The cruel TaBaShao found his father's residence at night and killed him. The emperor who died at the hands of his son was 39 years old.

2. Don't ask for death, but ask for quick death.

Maybe Tuoba GUI is not as great as Ying Zheng and Liu Che, or his death is not directly related to taking Dan medicine. The tragedy that he went crazy after taking Dan medicine poisoning was not taken as a warning by the later emperor. In the Tang Dynasty, the emperor who dreamed of immortality began to take Dan medicine again.

What exactly is the elixir that these alchemists call immortality? In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Jiugai recorded in the book "Zhang Zhenren Jinshi Lingsha" that Dan medicine can be divided into yin and yang. "There are seven kinds of yang medicine, two kinds of gold and five kinds of stone medicine. Gold, silver, realgar, orpiment, Zeng Qing and stone sulfur are all yang medicines.

There are seven kinds of yin drugs, gold, three stones, four, mercury, black lead, saltpeter and simple elimination are all yin drugs. The medicine of yin and yang is taken according to its nature, so there is a period of universal life, and those who become immortals are also enlightened. "Zhang Jiuru said, of course, refers to the Dan medicine of the Tang Dynasty. Sun Simiao, a medical scientist, also recorded Dan medicine in his book "A List of Crystal Elements", but Sun Simiao said that this Dan medicine was mainly refined from mercury. It can be seen that taking this Dan medicine can only be harmful to the body, while eating more will endanger life.

Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, like Ying Zheng and Liu Che, was an outstanding figure among the emperors in China. Several trains can't finish reading this book, praising your wisdom and greatness. But in his later years, he also made the same low-level mistake as Ying Zheng and Liu Che, that is, he believed that people could live forever. Different from the situation under Yuan and Liu Erge, instead of inviting immortals, he invited an Indian alchemist to refine the elixir for him and then take it.

In the 22nd year of Zhenguan (648), Youwei led Wang Xuance, which has a long history, to win the crusade against Tianzhu, and captured an alchemist named Rona Erpo Mei, who claimed to be immortal. Wang Xuance was overjoyed and thought it was an opportunity to please the emperor. The emperor may not be interested in Tianzhu's treasure, but he doesn't want to live forever.

Wang Xuance returned to Chang 'an and presented the alchemist to Li Shimin. Rona Bomei said that she was over 200 years old, and some nonsense made Li Shimin deeply convinced and admired him. Immediately arranged for him to stay in the gold watch guest house, let him refine Dan medicine, and ordered Cui Dunli, a minister of the Ministry of War, to supervise the matter. Later, according to the list of medicines prescribed by Indian alchemists, he sent messengers to all parts of the country to collect exotic medicines and stones, as well as medicinal materials that could not be collected at home, and sent messengers to Brahmins and other countries to obtain them.

According to the Biography of Tianzhu in the New Tang Dynasty, the "Fang Cha Fa Shui" used by the alchemist in India was guarded by a stone statue in a stone mortar. Water has seven colors, whether it is hot or cold, it can melt the gold and iron of vegetation. When people reach into the water, the meat will rot and can only be scooped with skeletons. A medicinal material used in alchemy is a strange leaf. Its tree name is "Zuilailuo" and its leaves are like pears. It was born in a cliff cave in the deep mountain, and people are not allowed to enter the cave. In order to get this leaf, you need to shoot the branches with a square arrow. The leaves will be taken away by birds when they fall, and they need to be photographed again to get them. The materials of other alchemists are more difficult and bizarre, and so on. According to historical records, Indian alchemists mainly use mercury, sulfur, arsenic and other substances when refining this elixir.

A few months later, the refining of the longevity medicine was completed. Li Shimin suffered from wind disease a year ago, maybe it was just a nervous headache and so on. After taking this medicine, his condition did not improve, but worsened. Li Shimin took the advice of the alchemist and increased the dosage. Results He was severely poisoned and died suddenly in May of the following year at the age of 5 1.

Li Shimin died of taking the elixir of life, which did not arouse the vigilance of his descendants. After Li Shimin, there were still many emperors who tried to survive by taking elixirs.

Spring Calendar and Tang Xianzong, known as the masters of Zhongxing in the Tang Dynasty, still have a certain effect compared with those who are bad kings and mediocre masters. However, since he thought that his achievements had been achieved and the world was at peace, he gradually became arrogant and extravagant. He not only built large-scale buildings and palaces, but also believed in Buddhism and wanted to live forever. He once wrote a letter to alchemists all over the world to realize his grand wish of immortality.

As soon as the emperor wrote the imperial edict, some courtiers responded positively, and charlatans followed. Prime Minister Huang Futie and General Li recommended to Chun Li that alchemist Liu Bi and monk Datong could make elixir of life. Liu Bi claimed to be 400 years old and said nonsense: "Tiantai Mountain is a gathering place for immortals. Although I know it, I can't do it. If I can be the chief there, maybe I can get it. " Datong monk also boasted that he was 150 years old. Another alchemist, Tian Yuanzuo, claimed to have a secret recipe for turning broken stones into gold. Chun Li didn't love gold, but was only interested in immortality, so he named Liu Bi as the secretariat of Taizhou and gave him the gold. The admonisher said, "The first emperor also loved the alchemists, but he didn't let them be local officials." Chun-Li said: "If you are troubled by the power of a country, you can be the master and live forever. Why bother to seal his official position? " So ministers dare not protest.

When Liu Ying arrived in Taizhou, he rushed the local officials and people to the mountains to collect herbs. She was slightly neglected and flogged. For more than a year, she got nothing.

Liu Bi, fearing that he could not hide from the emperor, fled to the deep mountains with his family, was caught by observers in eastern Zhejiang and escorted to the capital. Chun-Li has always had illusions. Instead of being punished, he was named imperial academy, and let him live in two counties of Xing, carefully refining the elixir of life. Liu Bi knocked at random, claiming that the medicine had been refined. Chun-Li was overjoyed and took it immediately. But soon he became restless, thirsty and abnormal. Pei Huan, a resident, protested that the alchemist came for the benefit, and the stone medicine they refined could only cure diseases, and could not be eaten regularly, let alone make people live forever. It is also suggested that alchemists and recommended people take refined medicine for one year to test its authenticity. Pei Kun's words were for the emperor's master, but Li Chun was furious and was demoted to Jiangling order.

Chun-Li took Liu Bi's elixir of life, and his temper became more and more irritable. Eunuchs around us are often killed for no reason, which makes everyone feel insecure. In the first month of the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820), Chen Hongzhi, the chamberlain, conspired with Wang Shoucheng, the envoy of Guan Junrong to kill the 43-year-old Chun Li in Zhonghe Temple, claiming that the emperor died suddenly because of a drug attack.

After Chun Li was killed by eunuchs, his third son Hengli acceded to the throne for Mu Zong. Hengli is dissolute, indulgent, hunting, feasting and rewarding, and indifferent to state affairs. After he ascended the throne, although he executed the alchemist Liu Bi and others, he was later tempted by the alchemist to live forever and took the elixir. Chu Shi Zhang Hao suggested that the first emperor believed the alchemist's nonsense and took drugs to cause diseases. Your majesty doesn't know, how could you make the same mistake? Hengli praised Zhang Hao for speaking well, but he obeyed, which made him weaker. In November of the second year of Changqing (822), Hengli played a game with an eunuch, and an eunuch accidentally fell off his horse. Hengli was frightened and became ill in bed. But he still took Dan medicine as a lifeline, wolfed it down and barely supported it for more than a year. Finally, he died of taking too much Dan medicine at the age of 30.

Li Yan is the fifth son of Hengli. In the fifth year of Huichang (845), he denounced the disadvantages of Buddhism, resulting in the destruction of monasteries all over the country and the secularization of more than 260,000 monks and nuns. History calls it "Huichang destroys Buddha". But the emperor who didn't believe in Buddhism believed in Taoism. As early as two years before the promulgation of the imperial edict to destroy the Buddha, he ordered the construction of Wang Xianlou in the Forbidden City, dreaming of meeting the immortals upstairs. At the same time, 8/kloc-0 people, including Zhao Guizhen, a Taoist priest, were called to give lectures in the DPRK, and a golden record Dojo was set up in the palace to receive legal records in person. Later, Liu Xuanqing, a Taoist priest of Hengshan Mountain, was named Dr. Yin Lu and a bachelor of Chongwen Museum, and was named "Mr. Guang Cheng". He lived in the palace with Zhao Guizhen and wrote a record of the revision of the law. Prime Minister Li Deyu advised him not to be fooled by the alchemist, but he said, "I understand very well. He was nothing before. I summoned him just to talk to him about how to keep healthy. " He believes that Taoist priests like Zhao Guizhen can live forever by taking Dan medicine, which makes them step up refining elixir. He also ordered the construction of the Sendai Observatory in the southern suburbs, and ordered the Shence Army to rebuild 539 rooms in the palace, Wang Xianlou and Langshe, ready to take the elixir and welcome the immortals. Na Zhi Li Yan took pills refined by Zhao Guizhen, Liu Xuanqing and others, but like his grandfather Chun Li, he became irritable and moody. Later, he was so poisoned that his face was haggard and he could not speak. When he was 33, he reported to his grandfather and father.

Li Chen, Xuanzong, is the thirteenth son of Xianzong Li Chun, and Li Yan is half-brother. He inherited the way of governing the country from his ancestor Li Shimin and was called "Little Taizong". He opposed his brother Li Yan and wrote a letter to revive Buddhism, so that all the temples destroyed by Wu Zongchao could be rebuilt. But one thing is the same as my brother, that is, taking Dan medicine to prolong life. At first, he asked Taoist priests to prepare elixirs. Taoist priests know that the elixir of life is deceptive. It is well known that Xian Zong and Wu Zong took medicine or died. If they poison "Jin Shang" again, their lives will be hard to protect, so they prescribe a strange prescription: it takes 65,438 Jin of plum clothes, peach hair, turtle hair, rabbit horn and raw chicken slices to make the longevity medicine. Such materials, of course, are incomparable. Li Chen knew that scholars would make excuses to let people visit famous doctors all over the world. As a result, a man named Li won the favor, hired him into the palace with a high salary of 700 thousand, appointed him as a doctor too much, and ordered him to prepare elixir of life. Following the emperor's orders, Li worked hard with Taoist Yu Zizhi and Shan Lesan, and finally developed this fairy medicine. I didn't know that after taking the medicine, Li Chen had a poisonous sore on his back. In August of the 13th year of Dazhong (859), the poisonous sore on Li Chen's back became worse, so that he could not look at the DPRK. He died a few days later at the age of 50.

The emperor took medicine to make an alchemist, seeking longevity, and set an example for the Chinese people, and his subjects followed suit.

Although the emperors died one after another because of taking Dan medicine, many people are still stubborn. From the imperial court to the people, there are many people who seek immortality, whether they are civil servants and military commanders, businessmen and craftsmen, or literati and civilians. Li, who recommended alchemist Liu Bi to Xian Zongchunli, died of vomiting blood due to taking Dan medicine poisoning. Some people learn alchemy from their teachers, are poisoned by drugs, and are afraid of being laughed at before they die, so that their families secretly bury them at night. Zhang Ji once wrote a poem "Learning Immortals", satirizing this absurd move: "When I run out of medicine, I will take a phoenix. ..... Deficiency leads to rash and long life. Afraid of being seen, I was buried in the valley at night. It is better to be ordinary than to seek the Tao and worship the spirit. " Even Han Yu, who once wrote a letter to exhort Buddha's bones, resolutely opposed taking medicine for alchemy, and hit the nail on the head and pointed out that "enterprises will die quickly if they don't die", believed that Dan medicine could make people live forever in his later years and eventually died of taking medicine poisoning. Bai Juyi once wrote a poem, "If you take sulfur and come back, it will be difficult to recover", lamenting the death of a literary giant.

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