In the history of this country's magnificent space struggle in the past 60 years,

China's space industry is a great scientific undertaking that began after the founding of New China. At that time, the country was still in a state of great waste, backward industry and lack of talents, which is often said to be "poor and white." The state has decisively organized and planned the development of atomic energy and space industry, which is a stroke of genius in the history of China's national defense development.

Since the successful test launch of "two bombs and one satellite", China's space industry is destined to leave its footprint on the international stage. With the continuous inheritance, development and innovation of a large number of astronauts from generation to generation, thanks to the strong guidance and promotion of various policies, the aerospace industry is thriving, which has changed the country's appearance and the mentality of Chinese people in one fell swoop. Today, every once in a while, major space launch centers can always bring us many exciting pictures.

The initial journey of the aerospace industry

Back in 1955, 15 10, at the suggestion of Li Siguang, Qian Sanqiang and other scientific and technological workers, the state decided to develop the atomic energy industry and develop the atomic bomb. At that time, Chairman Mao pointed out at the meeting: "We are stronger today than yesterday. We need not only more planes and cannons, but also atomic bombs. In today's world, you can't be bullied by others without this. From then on, the development of China's nuclear industry began.

1956 16 On March 4th, the National Aviation Industry Committee was established at the suggestion of a scientist who returned to China after difficulties and obstacles. One of them was named Rocket and Missile Bureau, which marked the beginning of a new era in China's space industry. This scientist is Qian Xuesen, a world-famous scientist and a winner of two bombs and one satellite meritorious medal. He was able to return to China through diplomatic negotiations in New China in exchange for the release of 1 1 American pilot prisoners of war.

1On April 25th, 956, Chairman Mao made a speech on "On Ten Major Relationships" at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau. He announced: "In the future, we will have more aircraft, artillery and atomic bombs. In today's world, if you are not bullied by others, you can't do without this thing. " Subsequently, 10 10 8, the fifth research institute of the Ministry of National Defense, the first rocket and missile research institution in China, was formally established, with Qian Xuesen as the first president. The prelude of China's missile development has been opened. Since then, the development of China's missile and space industry has also begun.

It can be seen that 1956 is a very important year in China's national defense development and the first year of China's missile dream and space dream.

In the following 1957 and 1958, several major events occurred in the world space industry. One is 10 At 7: 30pm on Friday, June 4th, the Soviet Union put the world's first artificial satellite into orbit at the Chulatan launch site in Kazakhstan, which was heavier than the first American satellite launched a few months later 10. The second thing is that the United States just mentioned also successfully launched the artificial satellite "Explorer 1". At that time, the world was still immersed in the cold war, ideological opposition, camp confrontation and arms race. The Soviets sent the satellite to the sky first, and the United States itself was certainly shocked. It took great efforts to catch up and return to orbit. For the workers struggling in the front line of China's national defense, their inner estimation is shocking, and they do their best to plan and organize the development of the space industry.

That's right. At the beginning of 1958, the Ministry of National Defense formulated a ten-year development plan for jet and rocket technology (1958 to 1967). Chinese scientists suggested to carry out satellite engineering research, and universities also started some academic activities. In April, with the approval of the Military Commission, some members of Chinese people's Volunteer Army's 20th Corps Command, Political Department and directly affiliated teams secretly returned from North Korea, and began to build Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, China's first launch site for launch vehicles, on the vast Gobi Desert. This has created countless first launch bases in China's space industry and will surely write an indelible and brilliant chapter in the history of space. On May 17 this year, Chairman Mao proposed at the second meeting of the Eighth National Congress: "We also want to build some satellites." In July of the same year, the Chinese Academy of Sciences initially put forward China's satellite planning and "three-step" thinking, and reported to Nie: the first step is to launch sounding rockets, the second step is to launch small satellites, and the third step is to launch large satellites. Subsequently, the central government set up a special research and design institution with the Academy of Sciences as the main body, allocated special funds to develop artificial earth satellites, code-named "58 1" task, and established Bayi Group. Scientists such as Qian Xuesen and Zhao Jiuzhang are responsible for drafting the draft plan for developing artificial satellites. In August of the same year, the First Design Institute (100 1 Design Institute) was established, with its president Guo Yonghuai. Subsequently, the first rocket research and test base was established in Huairou, Beijing, and was established by the Propellant and Test Bench Department of the First Design Institute. The launch vehicle general department and the engine department moved from Beijing to Shanghai in May 5438+065438+ 10, and established Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute (Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences) to undertake the overall design tasks of satellites and launch vehicles.

Missiles appeared in the sky.

1On February 9th, 960, the first liquid sounding rocket "T-7M" designed and manufactured by New China took off from Shanghai Laogang Town and soared into the sky. Although the flying height of this sounding rocket is only 8km, it is a solid first step of sounding rocket technology in China. Three months later, when Chairman Mao inspected the development of sounding rockets in Shanghai, he said meaningfully, "8 kilometers is also great." And encourage everyone: "It should be 8 km, 20 km, 200 km." . In March of the same year, China's first sounding rocket launch site-603 base was built in Guangde, Anhui Province, and put into use three months later. By September of 13, China's first T-7 sounding rocket was successfully launched, with a take-off weight of 700 kg and a flying altitude of 19.2 km, which set a precedent for launching sounding, meteorological and biological rocket tests in China. In June165438+1October of the same year, the first launch test of the Soviet-style "P-2" missile was also successful. I have to say that there were many difficulties in the imitation process, because Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated at that time, and Soviet experts withdrew and took away the information, resulting in incomplete information, lack of materials and processing equipment, and weak assembly strength. There are even jokes in the translation, such as translating "rd-10/rocket engine seal" into "like the ass of a 3-year-old calf". Under those difficult circumstances, national defense workers have successfully developed missiles, which shows that there is no difficulty to stop the country from concentrating on doing great things and striving for self-development.

After continuous improvement, by August of 1962, the height of sounding rocket developed and launched in China was increased from 8 km to 60 km. By the end of 1963, the launch height of sounding rockets in China reached 1 15km, and the payload reached 40kg.

1960165438+1On October 5th, Qian Xuesen and other scientists copied China's first short-range missile "Dongfeng-1" and successfully tested it at Jiuquan launch site in Gansu province. Subsequently, Qian Xuesen led the missile team to design the medium and short-range surface-to-surface missile "Dongfeng II" by itself. Two years later, on March 2 1, 65438, 0962, the first "Dongfeng II" made its first flight test in the Gobi Desert. Only 69 seconds after launch, the missile crashed. Qi Faren (the first designer in shenzhou spaceship, then director of the design room of the First Branch of the Fifth Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense) recalled: "When we saw the sky, the missile was unstable, and then it exploded and landed on us.

After the launch failed, Qian Xuesen, who was under great pressure, rushed to the launch position with his colleagues at the first time. In the frozen desert, he led everyone to spend three days collecting missile debris and fragments, never letting go of a small screw. Qian Xuesen encouraged everyone not to have too much pressure, but also to be afraid of taking responsibility for failure. Qian Xuesen also formulated a principle: all problems should be eliminated on the ground, and missiles should not go to heaven with any doubts.

After repeated summary and improvement, more than two years later,1June 29, 964, the new "Dongfeng II" arrived at Jiuquan Launch Center again, successfully ignited and launched, and accurately hit the target 1000 km away. The second and third launches in July were equally successful. There is an unknown story behind this. The launch of Dongfeng II is the first one designed and manufactured by China, which is of great significance. General Zhang Aiping is the director of the experimental committee and the field commander. When it was officially released, something went wrong. It turned out that the fuel fired by the rocket vaporized because of the hot weather! This matter is not sloppy at all. After the situation was reported, the chief designer refused to sign the launch. It is impossible to launch without signature now. When everyone found Zhang Aiping, the general thought for a while and immediately made a decision, saying, "Fight! It's yours if it hits, and mine if it breaks. " He also said, "If the launch is unsuccessful, I will review it with the Central Committee."

1In the spring of 963, the Fifth Academy organized 3000 people to discuss, worked out the development path of surface-to-surface missiles, and put forward the development plan of "four bombs in eight years", covering Dongfeng-2, No.3, No.4 and No.5 missiles from the middle section to the intercontinental.

Dongfeng II, medium and short range, range 1000 km.

Dongfeng III, medium range, with a range of 2,400 kilometers.

Dongfeng IV, medium and long range, with a range of 5,000 kilometers.

Dongfeng 5, intercontinental, with a range of 9000~ 10000 km.

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