Newton's introduction

Newton can refer to:

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isaac newton, a famous British scientist.

(see isaac newton for details)

Sir isaac newton, FRS(Sir Isaac Newton, January 4, 1643-March 31, 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist. In his paper "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" published in 1687, he described gravity and three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's law of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the motion of ground objects and celestial bodies all follow the same natural law; Thus, the last doubt about the sun center was eliminated and the scientific revolution was promoted.

john newton, English priest.

John Newton (July 24, 1725–December 21, 187) was an English priest. I used to be engaged in the slave trade in the Atlantic Ocean, and after I converted to Christianity and gave up my business, I wrote the famous hymn "Amazing Grace".

On July 24th, 1725, john newton was born in London, England, the son of a captain engaged in Mediterranean trade. Newton went to sea with his father six times until his father died in 1742. In 1743, he was drafted into the navy and served as a second lieutenant on the Royal Navy "Havic".

physics and mathematics

Newton (international unit), an international unit to measure the force.

Newton (symbol n) is the metric unit of force in physics. It was named after Sir Isaac Newton who discovered classical mechanics.

Newton is a unit derived from the international system of units, which is composed of kg·m·s? The basic unit of the international system of units of 2 is derived.

Newton's law of motion

Newton's law of motion is the general name of three laws of motion in physics put forward by Isaac Newton, and is regarded as the foundation of classical physics.

Newton's method

Newton's method, also known as Newton-Raphson method, is an approximate method to solve equations in real number field and complex number field. Methods The first few terms of Taylor series of function f(x) are used to find the root of equation f(x) = .

Others

newton, the first handheld computer in the world, was manufactured by Apple Computer Company in 1993, but stopped developing because Newton could not find its position in the market and the demand was low, and stopped production in 1997.

isaac newton's life

I don't know what kind of person I am in the eyes of others; But in my own opinion, I am just like a child playing on the seashore, complacent about finding a pebble smoother than usual or a shell more beautiful than usual from time to time, but I have not found the vast ocean of truth before me at all.

-Newton

Newton's diligent study

When it comes to Newton, the pioneer of modern science, people may think that he must have been a "prodigy", "genius" and had extraordinary intelligence when he was a child. Actually, Newton's childhood was thin and his mind was not smart. When I was studying in my hometown, I didn't study hard, and my academic performance in my class was inferior. But his interests are extensive, and his game skills are higher than those of ordinary children.

Newton likes to make mechanical models, such as windmills, waterwheels and sundials. A water clock that he carefully made is accurate in timing and has won people's praise. Sometimes, the way he plays is also very strange. One day, he made a lantern and hung it on the tail of a kite. When night falls, the lighted lanterns rise into the air by the rising power of kites. Luminous lanterns flow in the air, and people are frightened and think that there is a comet. Nevertheless, he is often discriminated against because of his poor academic performance.

At that time, the British hierarchy in feudal society was very serious. Students who studied well in primary and secondary schools could discriminate against students who studied poorly. There was a game during recess, when everyone was in high spirits, a well-studied student kicked Newton and called him an idiot. Newton's mind was so stimulated that he was extremely angry. He thought, we are both students. Why should I be bullied by him? I must pass him! From then on, Newton made up his mind to study hard. He gets up early and goes to bed late, making every minute count, studying hard and thinking hard. After studying hard, Newton's academic performance improved continuously, and soon surpassed the classmate who bullied him and ranked among the best in his class.

Time treats people equally, giving them the same amount, but people use time differently and gain different knowledge.

When Newton was sixteen years old, his knowledge of mathematics was still superficial, and he even didn't understand advanced mathematics. "Knowledge lies in accumulation, and cleverness comes from learning". Newton made up his mind to climb the peak of mathematics by his own efforts. Under the unfavorable conditions of poor foundation, Newton can correctly understand himself and make progress despite difficulties. He relearned the basic knowledge and basic formulas, and made solid progress step by step. After studying Euclidean geometry, he studied Cartesian geometry. In contrast, he felt that Euclidean geometry was superficial, so he carefully studied Descartes geometry until he mastered the essentials and achieved mastery. So he invented the algebraic binomial theorem. The legendary story of Newton's "calculating the wind in a big storm" can prove Newton's body mechanics. One day, there was a big storm. The wind is howling wildly, the dust is flying, and the mystery is long, making it difficult to open your eyes. Newton thought it was a good opportunity to study and calculate the wind accurately. So, he took the appliance and ran back and forth in the storm alone. He stumbled and labored to measure. Several times the dust lost his eyes, several times the wind blew away the paper, and several times the wind forced him to suspend his work, but none of them shook his desire for knowledge. He finally got the correct data over and over again. He was so happy that he hurried home to continue his research.

where there is a will, there is a way. After diligent study, Newton laid a solid foundation for his scientific tower. Soon, Newton's mathematical tower was built. At the age of 22, he invented differential calculus, and at the age of 23, he invented integral calculus, which made great contributions to the cause of human science.

Newton was a very modest man, and he was never conceited. Someone once asked Newton, "What is the secret of your success?" Newton replied: "if I have a little success, there is no other secret, only diligence."

Young Newton

On January 4th, 1643, Newton was born in a farmer's family in Walsop, Lincolnshire, England. Newton was a premature baby, weighing only three pounds at birth. The midwife and his relatives were worried about whether he would survive. No one expected that this seemingly insignificant little thing would become a giant of science, and live to the age of 85.

Newton's father died three months before he was born. When he was two years old, his mother remarried to a priest and left Newton to be raised by his grandmother. At the age of 11, my mother's stephusband died, and my mother returned to Newton with a son and two daughters born with her stephusband. Newton was taciturn and stubborn since childhood, which may come from his family situation.

From about the age of five, Newton was sent to public schools. Newton was not a child prodigy when he was a teenager. His qualifications were average and his grades were average, but he liked reading books, reading books that introduced various simple mechanical model making methods, and was inspired by them to make some strange gadgets by himself, such as windmills, wooden clocks, folding lanterns and so on.

It is said that Newton made a model of a mill by himself after understanding the mechanical principle of a windmill. He tied the mouse to a treadmill with wheels, and then put a corn in front of the wheel, which happened to be out of reach of the mouse. The mouse wants to eat corn, so it keeps running, so the wheel keeps turning; Once again, when he flew a kite, he hung a small lamp on the rope. At night, the villagers looked surprised that a comet appeared. He also made a small water clock. Every morning, the small water clock will automatically drop water on his face to urge him to get up. He also likes painting and carving, especially carving sundials. His sundials are placed everywhere in the corner and windowsill of his house to see the movement of the sun shadow.

Newton entered Grantham Middle School not far from home when he was 12 years old. Newton's mother had hoped that he would become a farmer, but Newton himself had no intention of doing so and loved reading. With the increase of age, Newton became more and more fond of reading, meditating and doing small scientific experiments. When he was studying in Grantham Middle School, he stayed at a pharmacist's house, which made him influenced by chemical experiments.

Newton's academic performance in middle school was not outstanding, but he just loved reading, and he was curious about natural phenomena, such as colors and the movement of the sun and shadows, especially geometry, Copernicus's Heliocentrism and so on. He also takes reading notes in different categories, and likes to make ingenious gadgets, tricks, inventions and experiments.

At that time, British society was permeated with new Christian ideas, and Newton's family had two relatives who were both priests, which may affect Newton's religious life in his later years. From these ordinary environments and activities, we can't see that Newton was a child with outstanding talents.

Later, forced by life, his mother asked Newton to stop school and farm at home to support his family. But Newton buried a book whenever he had the chance, so that he often forgot to work. Every time, when his mother told him to go to the market with the servant and get familiar with the business of trading, he begged the servant to go shopping alone, while he hid behind the trees and read a book. Once, Newton's uncle became suspicious and followed Newton to the listed town. He found his nephew sprawled on the grass, absorbed in a math problem. Newton's studious spirit touched his uncle, so he persuaded his mother to let Newton go back to school and encouraged him to go to college. Newton went back to school, devouring the nutrition from books.

years of study

In 1661, Newton, aged 19, entered Trinity College of Cambridge University as a fee-reducing student, and paid his tuition by doing chores for the college. In 1664, he became a scholarship winner and obtained a bachelor's degree in 1665.

In the middle of 17th century, the education system of Cambridge University was still permeated with a strong smell of medieval scholasticism. When Newton entered Cambridge, there were still some scholasticism courses, such as logic, ancient prose, grammar, ancient history, theology and so on. Two years later, a new atmosphere appeared in Trinity College. Lucas created a unique lecture, which stipulated that natural science knowledge should be taught, such as geography, physics, astronomy and mathematics.

isaac barrow, the first professor of the lecture, is a learned scientist. The scholar had a unique eye and saw that Newton had profound observation and keen understanding. So he taught Newton all his mathematical knowledge, including the method of calculating the area of curve graphics, and led Newton to the research field of modern natural science.

During this period of study, Newton mastered arithmetic and trigonometry, read Kepler's Optics, Descartes' Geometry and Philosophical Principles, Galileo's Dialogue between the Two World Systems, Hooke's Microscopic Atlas, and the history and early philosophical journals of the Royal Society.

Newton's time under Barrow's door was a crucial period for his study. Barrow is 12 years older than Newton, and he is good at mathematics and optics. He greatly appreciates Newton's talent and thinks that Newton's mathematics is better than himself. Later, Newton recalled: "Dr. Barrow taught courses on kinematics at that time, and perhaps it was these courses that prompted me to study this issue."

At that time, Newton relied largely on self-study in mathematics. He studied Euclid's Elements of Geometry, Descartes' Geometry, Wallis' arithmetica infinitorum, Barrow's Lecture Notes on Mathematics and the works of many mathematicians. Among them, Descartes' Geometry and Wallis' arithmetica infinitorum had a decisive influence on Newton, which quickly led Newton to the forefront of mathematics at that time-analytic geometry and calculus. In 1664, Newton was elected as Barrow's assistant, and the following year, the Cambridge University Council passed the decision to grant Newton a bachelor's degree.

In 1665 ~ 1666, the severe plague swept through London, and Cambridge was not far from London. Because of the fear of contagion, the school was closed, and Newton left school and returned home in June 1665.

Because Newton was influenced and cultivated by mathematics and natural science in Cambridge, he had a strong interest in exploring natural phenomena, and the quiet environment in his hometown made his thoughts spread their wings. The short period from 1665 to 1666 became the golden age of Newton's scientific career. He was full of thoughts in the field of natural science, and he was talented in generate. He thought about problems that his predecessors had never thought about, stepped into fields that his predecessors had not involved, and created unprecedented amazing achievements.

At the beginning of 1665, Newton founded the approximation method of series and the rule of transforming binomial with arbitrary power into a series. In November of the same year, the positive flow number method (differential) was established; In January of the following year, the color theory was studied with a prism; In May, I began to study the reverse flow number method (integral). During this year, Newton began to think of studying gravity and wanted to extend the theory of gravity to the orbit of the moon. He also deduced from Kepler's law that the force that keeps the planets in their orbits must be inversely proportional to the square of their distance from the center of rotation. Newton realized the legend of gravity when he saw the apple fall to the ground, and it was also an anecdote that happened at this time.

In short, during his two years in his hometown, Newton engaged in scientific creation with more vigorous energy than ever after, and cared about natural philosophy. His three great achievements: calculus, gravitation and optical analysis were all conceived and formed at this time. It can be said that Newton at this time has begun to paint the blueprint of most scientific creations in his life.

Shortly after Easter in 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge University. On October 1st, he was elected as a junior college partner (junior college committee) of Trinity College. On March 16th of the following year, he obtained his master's degree and became a senior college partner (senior college committee). On October 27th, 1669, Barrow resigned as a professor in order to help Newton. At the age of 26, Newton was promoted to professor of mathematics and became a professor of Lucas Lecture. Barrow paved the way for Newton's scientific career. Without the help of Newton's uncle and Barrow, Newton, a swift horse, might not have galloped on the road of science. Barrow gave way, which has been in the history of science