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(1840.12 ~1841.8)184012, Qishan and Yifa started negotiations in Guangdong. Due to the harsh conditions put forward by Britain and the signing of Qishan without authorization, Daoguang Emperor was greatly dissatisfied, so Daoguang Emperor lifted Qishan's property and sent Yishan, Long Wen and Yang Fang to Guangdong to direct operations. 184 1 year 65438+1October 7, the British army was also dissatisfied with the progress of the negotiations, and the righteousness and law were strong first, and the navy and army were dispatched to capture the first gateway of Humen-Shajiao and Dajiaobao, and launched the battle of Humen.

Hearing this, Emperor Daoguang ordered to declare war on Britain, appointed Yi Shan, the minister in charge of the guards, as the general to quell the rebellion, and dispatched more than 10,000 soldiers from all over the country to Guangdong. On February 23, Humen Fort was attacked. Although the troops bravely resisted, they still lost to the British, and Humen Fort finally fell [13]. On February 26th, the British army dispatched naval and army troops to attack along Humen crosspiece and Dahushan Fort, forcing Guangzhou to return to the Pearl River. Guan Tianpei, the prefect of Guangdong Navy, fought bravely and died heroically [13]. On may 2 1 day, Yishan ordered the navy and army 1700 people to set out at night by clipper, flogging rockets and injection pipes, attacking British ships at night and setting them on fire. On the morning of May 22nd, 2400 British troops counterattacked. The Qing army retreated. On May 24th, the British army attacked Guangzhou, occupied the kiosks in the southwest of the city, landed in the northwest of the city, outflanked the highlands in the north of the city, captured the fortress in the northeast of the city and shelled the city of Guangzhou. All the important places near Guangzhou were lost, and more than 8,000 people of the Qing army/KLOC-0 withdrew from the city, which led to chaos. In this situation, Yishan and others erected a white flag of peace [14], accepted the British conditions and signed the Guangzhou Peace Treaty. Britain not only led troops out of Guangzhou, but also blackmailed Guangzhou businessmen to pay the British 6 million silver dollars for city redemption. During this period, the civil anti-British atmosphere in Guangzhou was hot, and the atrocities of the British invaders aroused the people in Sanyuanli, a suburb north of the city, to spontaneously arm themselves against Britain. In order not to be punished by the emperor, Yishan lied about his exploits and even described the fiasco of the campaign as a total victory. (1841.8 ~1842.8) The British government has too little aggressive rights and interests in Guangzhou, so it sent a plenipotentiary to China to expand its aggression. 1841August 2 1 day, Pu Dingcha led 37 ships and 2,500 people to sail north, attacked Xiamen, Fujian and occupied Gulangyu Island. (that is, the third battle of Xiamen) turned north to Zhejiang, captured Dinghai in June 65438+10/day (1 841February, the British army gave up dinghai because of the epidemic), and 10 fell into Zhenhai in June (now Ningbo) When the British troops were insufficient, they stopped attacking and waited for reinforcements [3][5].

After the defeat of Xiazhang and East Zhejiang, Daoguang sent senior officials of the official department, I Ching, to Zhejiang to replace General Yang Wei, and mobilized soldiers to prepare for the counterattack. 1in March of 842, Yijing decided to fight back at the same time by land and water in an attempt to recover Ningbo, Zhenhai and Dinghai in one fell swoop. On the night of March 10, the Qing army launched counterattacks against Ningbo and Zhenhai, which were not conducive to the war, and withdrew to their original places. The attack on Dinghai was postponed because of the unfavorable trend. On March 15, British troops stationed in Ningbo seized the opportunity to counterattack Cixi (now Cizhen) and Dabaoshan in the west of the city. The Qing army was defeated and retreated to the west of Cao 'e River. Seeing that the well-prepared counterattack in eastern Zhejiang failed again, Daoguang Emperor sent Shengjing General Jianying to Jiangnan to make peace with the British army (see the Battle of Eastern Zhejiang) [3]. 1841On May 29th, British troops entrenched in Sifangbao in the northern suburb of Guangzhou broke into Sanyuanli to harass and rob. The local people rose up and killed several British soldiers. Later, the whole village, men, women and children, gathered in Sanyuan Ancient Temple, taking the Samsung flag as the flag, and "the flag goes in and the flag goes out." At the same time, they also contacted thousands of farmers and craftsmen nearby, armed with broadswords and spears, to meet the enemy in the rain. At this time, there was only one marine company in the British army. The British army was trapped in Niulangang, it rained heavily, and the gunpowder was wet, so it could not exert its power and launched hand-to-hand combat. A British soldier died. The British army fought hand-to-hand all the way and defeated the volunteers in the case of disparity in strength between the two sides. Finally, the brave British soldiers in red finally fought their way back to the fortress. The next morning, more than 20,000 people held high the Samsung flag and surrounded the square battery. The commander-in-chief of the British army sent a message to the local governor Yu Baochun that if the siege of the volunteers was not lifted, the main force of the British army would attack and slaughter Guangzhou. Knowing the strength of both sides, Yu Baochun knew that British guns would never get wet, so he advised him to be brave and avoid being slaughtered in Guangzhou, and was labeled as a traitor from then on. But in fact, from the perspective of the strength comparison between the two sides, this is very wise. After the Sanyuanli Anti-British War, the people of Guangdong organized armed forces in the form of "social studies" to fight against aggression. The British government thought that the rights and interests of "Chuanbi Cao Yue" were too small, so instead of the Italian law, it sent Pu Dingcha to Huawei as its plenipotentiary to expand its aggression. 184 1 On August 27th, 2008, the British army went north again and captured Gulangyu, Xiamen, Dinghai, Zhenhai (now Ningbo) and Zhapu (Zhejiang Pinghu). Among them, Dinghai was breached for the second time. Even Changge Yun Fei and 4,000 soldiers were killed, and the British suffered heavy losses. The British army later attacked Wusong, the gateway to the Yangtze River. Chen Huacheng, the prefect of the south of the Yangtze River, led an army to stick to Xibao. Niu Jian, governor of Liangjiang River, wanted peace, and his order to retreat was rejected. Niu Jian escaped, Dongbao was occupied, and Chen Huacheng and his men fought alone until they died. The defeat of Wusong made British warships sail into the Yangtze River. Hailing, deputy commander-in-chief of Zhenjiang garrison, heard that Zhapu and Wusong were disobedient and thought that the Han people collaborated with the enemy and killed them. On July 2 1 day, more than 6,600 British troops defeated the defenders of green camp outside Zhenjiang, crossed the city and fought with 1500 Mongolian Eight Banners. 37 British soldiers were killed, 129 was injured, and about 600 flag soldiers were killed. Hailing committed suicide. The whole city was burned and robbed, and it was in ruins. On the other side of Zhenjiang, the gentry and businessmen in Yangzhou were frightened and paid 502,000 yuan to the British army to redeem the city to avoid military occupation. On August 4, the British army pushed Nanjing and the Qing court was at a disadvantage [3]. 1842 July 2 1 British troops attack Zhenjiang city [3]

184 1 year from September 30th to March 30th 1 1 year, the British fleet also invaded Taiwan Province province for many times. Because the defenders were well prepared and skillful in tactics, they won a rare victory in the whole war, and only captured the British 182 people (see Taiwan Province Province's struggle against Britain) [3].

1In May of 842, the British army abandoned Ningbo and concentrated its forces on the north. 18, Zhapu Town, Pinghu, Zhejiang Province was captured. /kloc-in June of 0/6, the battle of Wusong started, and Chen Huacheng, the prefect of Jiangnan, died. After that, British reinforcements arrived outside the Yangtze River estuary, and Pu Dingcha ignored the begging and notes of Jianying and others. He returned to the Yangtze River with 73 ships and 65,438+2,000 troops, ready to cut off the China inland traffic artery canal. On July 2 1 day, more than 6,900 British troops launched the Zhenjiang campaign and met with stubborn resistance. Zhenjiang was killed and wounded by 169 and captured. On August 4, British ships advanced on Xiaguan River in Nanjing, and then the British landed from Yanziji to inspect the terrain and threatened to attack Nanjing City. Under the deterrence of the British army, the imperial envoys of the Qing Dynasty, Jian Ying and Bu, and the governors of Liangjiang compromised and were forced to make peace with the British army at Jinghai Temple and Shangjiang Kaobang. [16] During the negotiation, due to the evil deeds of the British army, the local Jingjiang Defence War was triggered, and the invading army was defeated after killing 13 people (judging from the battle between Taiwan Province Province and Jingjiang, there is no doubt about the number of British casualties recorded today) [5].

1842 On August 29th, the old citizen and Pudingcha signed the unequal Sino-British treaty of nanking [3].

The Opium War was the first war in which China's soldiers and civilians resisted the invasion of western capitalist powers. The vast number of officers and men fought bravely and showed lofty patriotism. However, due to the uncertainty of peace and war in the Qing court, the decision-making was changeable, the generals were ineffective in command, the tactics were dull, and the weapons and equipment were backward, which was finally defeated by the British army. The practice of the Opium War showed that the backward feudal army could no longer defeat the initially modernized capitalist army. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.