Content related to wine knowledge

Foreign wine is customarily called foreign wine, and many countries in the world have their own wine-making history and culture. At present, there are many kinds of wines abroad, and the wine brands are even more varied. Famous wine producers are France, Britain, Germany, Italy, the United States, Russia, Switzerland, Spain and so on. One of the most famous is France. Brandy, champagne, red and white wine and various liqueurs produced in France are second to none. Followed by Britain, where gin and whisky are very popular. The unique smoky smell of scotch whisky makes it the best in the whisky family. German beer is famous for its long history. There are also vodka from the former Soviet Union and northern Europe, and Roman wine from Jamaica, which are famous far and near. Although the brewing industry in the United States started late, it also has famous bourbon. The production processes of various liquors are different, but they can generally be divided into two categories: distilled liquor and brewed liquor. Distilled liquor is a kind of liquor which concentrates alcohol by distillation and improves the alcohol content in the brewing process. Alcohol is often 40% (often recorded as 40? ) above, so it is also called ghosts and gods. Before introducing foreign wine, it is necessary to introduce some common expressions of alcohol content. At present, there are three ways to express alcohol content in the world: the first way: alcohol by volume percentage. The standard alcohol content was invented by the famous French chemist Guy Lusaka. Refers to how many milliliters of alcohol are contained in every 100 milliliter of liquor at 20℃. This representation is easy to understand, so it is widely used. The standard alcohol content, also known as Gay-Lussac alcohol content, is usually expressed by percentage or abbreviation GL; The second type; Proof degree of VK. British alcohol content is a method to calculate alcohol content, which was created by an Englishman Clark in the18th century. The third type: the degree of proof. The alcohol degree in the United States is expressed by alcohol purity, and an alcohol purity is equivalent to 0.5% alcohol content. The invention of British alcohol degree and American alcohol degree preceded the appearance of standard alcohol degree, both of which were expressed by "proof" of alcohol purity. However, you can switch between three alcohol degrees. Therefore, if you know the alcohol content in Britain and want to calculate its American alcohol content or standard alcohol content, you can vodka it as long as you have the following formula: standard alcohol content x 1.75 = American alcohol content standard alcohol content x 2 = American alcohol content British alcohol content x 8/7 = American alcohol content In restaurants, bars and sales departments, it is customary to divide spirits into gin and whiskey (whi). Attachment: The raw materials and origin materials of liquor are mainly produced in countries and regions, such as vintage grain, juniper, vanilla, England, Netherlands, whiskey grain, barley, corn, rye, Scotland, Ireland, America, vintage brandy grape, fruit, French cognac, vintage rum, sucrose, Jamaica, Cuba, vodka wheat for at least two years, potatoes, Russia, Poland, France. -Wine and Etiquette People who are good at drinking will not only drink, but also drink. To really make good use of drinks and conform to etiquette, we generally need to pay special attention to three major issues: side dishes, toasting and moderate drinking. 1, with vegetables. The main function of drinks is to stimulate appetite during meals. However, in order for drinks to play this role correctly, it is necessary to know the collocation of wine and vegetables. Only in this way can the two complement each other. Otherwise, it is likely to get twice the result with half the effort, or even have a bad appetite. Below, let's briefly introduce the correct collocation method of drinks and dishes when having dinner with Chinese food and western food. (1) If there is no special regulation on the collocation of wine and dishes in Chinese food, then at a formal Chinese banquet, white wine and wine are usually served. Because of eating habits, most of the wine at Chinese banquets is red wine, and it is generally sweet red wine. First of all, red wine is used because red is full of joy, while sweet red wine is chosen because many people don't agree that dry red is not sweet and slightly sour. Usually, in front of the dining table, there are three cups of different sizes, from left to right, which are white wine glasses, grape wine glasses and water glasses. Specifically, in terms of side dishes, Chinese food is not particular about the selected drinks. You can drink whatever you want, and you can help yourself when you want. At formal China banquets, beer is generally not served. It is more common in simple meals and food stalls. Objectively speaking, with cold dishes, the effect is better. (2) The collocation of wine and dishes in western food In a formal western banquet, wine is the protagonist. Not only is it the most expensive, but its collocation with dishes is also very strict. Generally speaking, when eating western food, every different dish should be accompanied by different drinks, and when eating a dish, it is necessary to change into a new drink. There are three kinds of drinks served at western-style banquets: pre-dinner wine, table wine and after-dinner wine. They each have many specific types. Aperitif, alias aperitif. Obviously, it is drunk before the formal meal, or it is accompanied with appetizers. Generally speaking, people like to drink cocktails, absinthe and champagne before meals. Table wine is also called table wine. There is no doubt that it is a drink for a formal meal. The table wine in western food is wine, mostly dry wine or semi-dry wine. When choosing wine for dinner or banquet, it is very important to pay attention to, that is, "white wine with white meat, red wine with red meat." White meat here refers to fish, seafood and chicken. Be sure to eat it with white wine. Red meat here refers to beef, mutton and pork. Eat this meat with red wine. In view of the fact that most of the white meat in western dishes is fish, this statement sometimes has a new expression: "Eat fish and drink white wine, eat meat and drink red wine." In fact, the original intention of the two is exactly the same, but the white wine and red wine mentioned here are both wine. After-dinner wine refers to drinks used to help digestion after meals. The most common after-dinner wine is liqueur, also called liqueur. The most famous after-dinner wine is brandy, which has the reputation of "the king of foreign wine". & ltbr & gt& ltbr & gt In general, different glasses are used to drink different drinks. There are three or four metropolitan wine glasses on the table above the knife on the right in front of everyone. You can take it from the outside to the inside in turn, or you can "listen" to the hostess's choice. Among them, champagne glass, red wine glass, white wine glass and water glass are often essential. 2. Toast Cheers On more formal occasions, drinking is quite particular about specific procedures. Among the common drinking degrees, pouring wine, toasting and toasting are the most widely used. Below, we will explain their cooperation respectively. (1) pour the wine. Usually, drinks should be poured into a glass before drinking. Sometimes, in order to show respect and friendliness to the guests, the host will personally pour wine for them. When the waiter pours the wine, don't forget to thank you, but you don't have to pick up the glass. However, when the host comes to pour the wine himself, he must raise his glass to express his gratitude, and if necessary, he must stand up or lower his head as a gift. Sometimes, you can give them a "finger tapping ceremony" in return. That is, the thumb, index finger and middle finger of the right hand are pinched together, and the fingertips tap the desktop a few times. This method is suitable for Chinese banquets, which means to greet each other. The wine poured by the host for the guests should be the best wine at this banquet and should be unsealed on the spot. Pay attention to three points when pouring wine. First, we should cover all aspects, treat them equally, and not be selective, only pour wine for individuals. Second, pay attention to the order. You can start clockwise from where you are sitting, or you can pour wine for your elders and guests first. Third, pour the wine in moderation. Liquor and beer can be drunk, but other foreign wines are not so particular. If they are loaded too much, it is obviously inappropriate and a waste. Except the host and waiter, other guests are not allowed to pour wine for others by themselves. (2) Toast. Toast is also called toast. It specifically refers to the fact that at a formal banquet, the host proposes drinking to the guests for some reason. When toasting, we usually say some words of blessing. At the formal banquet, the host and guests will also make a special toast in a serious way. Therefore, toasting is often a feast and an essential procedure. & gt You can toast at any time when drinking. Often toasting will make the atmosphere warm and cheerful. However, if a formal toast is made, it should be made in a specific room. The first consideration is not to affect the guests' dining. Usually, toasting is best started after the host and guest are seated and before the meal. Sometimes, it can be done after the main course and before dessert. Whether making a formal toast or a toast under ordinary circumstances, the shorter the content, the better. Don't keep others waiting for a long time. When others make a toast or make a speech, all the people present should stop eating and drinking. You should sit in your seat and listen to each other carefully. Don't whisper sarcasm to each other's behavior, and don't publicly express your dislike for each other's verbosity. (3) cheers. Cheering usually refers to persuading others to drink in some way when drinking, especially when toasting or toasting, or suggesting that the other person drink with himself at the same time. When drinking a toast, you often drink the wine in the toast, so it is called a toast. Sometimes, toasts have to clink glasses with each other, so they are also called clinking glasses. Cheers, someone needs to take the lead in proposing. The person who proposes a toast can be the host or guest of honor, or anyone who drinks at the scene. When toasting, you should stand up, hold the cup in your right hand, or hold the bottom of the cup in your left hand, smile and look at others, especially the object of your blessing and praise. Such as wishing each other good health, happy life, happy holidays, smooth work, successful career, successful cooperation between the two sides and so on. After the host or others toast, you should stand up with a glass in your hand. Even if you don't touch alcohol, you should pick up your glass and pretend. When you propose a toast, you should raise your glass to eye level. After saying "cheers", you should drink it all at once, or drink half of it, or just the right amount. Then, you must hold the glass and look at the toaster, and the process is over. In the past, Chinese liquor was drunk in one gulp, and there was no residual liquor in the cup. It doesn't have to be like this now. In western food, champagne is the only choice for blessing and toasting, and beer or other wine is absolutely not allowed to make up for it. When drinking champagne, it is advisable to drink half of the wine in the glass, but you should also do what you can. In Chinese food, there is another stress. That is, after the host personally toasts himself, he should pay back to the host and then toast with him. In return, hold the cup in your right hand, hold the bottom in your left hand, and drink with each other. Sometimes, when drinking a toast, you can symbolically touch the glass with each other. When clinking glasses, don't push too hard, be sure to hear the noise. Out of respect, you can put your cup lower than others'. When they are far away from each other, you can use the method of "crossing the bridge" as an alternative, that is, gently touch the desktop with the bottom of the glass. Doing so is equivalent to clinking glasses with each other. However, this method is only available in China. At western-style banquets, people only propose a toast, but don't persuade them to drink. They just toasted, not really clinked glasses. When using glass glasses, especially don't touch each other. At western-style banquets, it is not allowed to cross the people around and propose a toast to people far away, especially a cross toast. 3. Moderate drinking. No matter where you drink, you should be self-aware, be cautious, try to keep your manners, and you are a gentleman until you get drunk. (1) Limit drinking at any time and don't be competitive. Pretend to be chic, and you will be "drunk" when drinking. Drinking too much is not only easy to hurt your health, but also easy to make a fool of yourself. Make trouble. There is an old saying in our country that "wine hurts people" and "wine is a matchmaker", so don't forget to warn yourself when drinking. This is necessary not only when you are happy, but also when you are in a bad mood. Never drown your sorrows in wine. As for intentional drinking, self-harm is even more inappropriate. Before drinking, you should know your drinking capacity according to your past experience. No matter what happens, you must play to your level. At a formal banquet, you should especially take the initiative to limit your drinking capacity to less than half of your daily drinking capacity, so as not to get drunk and spoil the broth. (2) Refuse to drink according to etiquette If you can't drink because of living habits or health reasons, you can refuse other people's suggestions in one of the following ways. One way is to state the objective reasons for not drinking. The second method is to actively replace wine with other soft drinks. The third method is to entrust relatives, friends, subordinates or younger generations to drink on their behalf. The fourth method is to insist on not drinking the wine in the cup. When others pour their own wine, don't hide, push the bottle around, knock on the glass mouth, turn the glass upside down and secretly pour it out. It is also wrong to pour your own wine into other people's cups, especially if you drink a little wine. (3) When changing customs and drinking, don't forget the rules of self-discipline and respect for others. In particular, we should abandon the following bad habits that are harmful to people and ourselves. First, don't get drunk. Very few people, when drinking, often "make people drunk", take the opportunity to make trouble, pretend to be crazy and talk nonsense. This practice is really boring. Second, don't drink too much. Some people are addicted to alcohol. This is not only harmful to health, but also harmful to personal image. Third, don't drink. Toast, toast, need mutual consent, don't force to persuade wine, say "deep feelings, a stuffy. Shallow feelings, a little. " You have to get people down and watch them laugh. Fourth, don't punch. When drinking, some people like to guess, make a scene and grandstanding. Its practice is also very rude.