Interpretation of the creation of Chenlu Kiln, Kiln and Temple from the Zhou Dynasty to the New Dynasty

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? Editor's note: Duan Qirong, a cultural scholar from Chenlu, is a specially appointed literary administrator of the Chenlu Cultural Management Institute. For decades, he has devoted himself to exploring, exploring and promoting the humanistic history of the ancient town. He is knowledgeable and expresses his own opinions. He is the author of the anthology "Lufeng Summary".

? In recent years, he has published "The Origin of the Place Name of Chenlu", "A Brief Discussion on the Origin of Chenlu Xingshan Temple", "Introduction to Chenlu Kiln Temple", and other articles in the "Tongchuan Ceramics" expert forum and other columns. Academic papers such as "The Lines and Names of Chenlu Kiln", "A Brief Introduction to the Ceramic Industry of Chenlu Kiln", "A Brief Analysis of the Origin of Chenlu Kiln and Temple". He quoted from many sources, cited classics, and recorded the humanistic history of Chenlu with a large number of detailed historical materials, which played a positive role in promoting the understanding of Chenlu, publicizing Chenlu, and promoting the culture of the ancient ceramic town.

? The article "Interpretation of the Creation of Chenlu Kiln and Temple from the Zhou Dynasty to the New Dynasty" was published in the 4th issue of "Tongchuan Ceramics" in 2018. It is now edited and forwarded for the benefit of readers.

Interpretation of the creation of Chenlu Yaochang and Yao Temple from the Zhou Dynasty to the New Dynasty

Text/Duan Qirong

With the passage of time and the loss of documents, the current description The cultural history of Chenlu Kiln can only be inferred and verified based on the inscriptions and literature handed down from the Chenlu West She Kiln Temple and the surface remains. According to documentary records, the historical evolution of the Xishe Kiln Temple in Chenlu Kiln Chang is "unrecorded", but it has been handed down two different records: "Created in the fifth year of Zhou Zhi" and "Created in the fifth year of Zhou Zhi and Xin Dynasty". Very similar founding era.

The record that the Chenluxishe Kiln Temple was "created in the fifth year of the Zhou Dynasty" can be found in the inscriptions on the stone tablets when the people of Chenluxishe rebuilt the Chenluxishe Kiln Temple in the fourth year of Yongzheng reign in the Qing Dynasty. In the fourth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1726 AD), Cui Zhongyan (1684-1745), a resident of Chenlu West Society, recorded in the "Stele Notes on the Reconstruction of the Kiln Temple in the West Society of Chenlu Town": According to the Liangjian Tablets, it was created in the fifth year of the Zhizhi Period, and was rebuilt by the community in the second year of Zhengguan and the fourth year of Shaoxing.

Since the "Inscription of Yongzheng's Reconstruction of the Stele" was produced, the reconstruction documents of Chenlu Xishe's previous reconstruction of the Xishe Kiln Temple are all described as "created in the fifth year of Zhou Zhi". Regarding the "Zhou Zhi" era name, in 1987, two comrades, Li Yihua and Yang Jinrong, wrote in the article "A Comprehensive Study of Kiln God Stele Records": "After searching through all epochs, no 'Zhou Zhi' era name has been found so far." Therefore, when describing the founding era of the Chenlu Xishe Kiln Temple, the author can only use "the second year of Zhengguan" as the founding era of the Chenlu Xishe Kiln Temple. The "Zhenguan" reign title "is another name for the Zhenguan reign title of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. Zhenguan' or Zhengguan'. The second year of Zhengguan is regarded as 628 AD." (Li Yihua and Yang Jingrong's "Chenlu Xishe, the Fourth Year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty" by Li Yihua and Yang Jinrong) Inscriptions on the reconstruction of the kiln temple? Comprehensive examination of the inscriptions. See page 46 of "Research on Ancient Chinese Ceramics" published and distributed by the Forbidden City Press of the Palace Museum in November 1987).

The record that the Chenlu West She Kiln Temple was "founded in the fifth year from the Zhou Dynasty to the New Dynasty" can be found in the "Chenlu It is recorded in the inscription "The Record of the Reconstruction of the Kiln Temple and Stage Construction of the Xishe Kiln Temple": "There is no record of our kiln temple, but Liangbanmo was written in five years from the Zhou Dynasty to the New Dynasty. It was renovated in Shaoxing and handed over to Yongle in the Ming Dynasty. During the , Zhengtong, Zhengde, Wanli and Tianqi years, the front building was built in Chongzhen, but there is no record of the origin of its worship" (hereinafter referred to as "The Story of Building and Building the Stage").

? "The Story of Building and Repairing the Stage" is a fragmentary monument. Among them, the remaining text "Zhou Zhi Xin □□□" was compiled and filled in by the author based on relevant literature records and became "the fifth year of Zhou Zhi Xin Dynasty". "Renovated in Shaoxing" can also be replaced by "Renovated in Shaoxing" or other construction industry-specific terms related to renovated. The chronology of the "Apocalypse Period" is based on records in local chronicles.

Chenlu Kiln Farm has two kiln temples dedicated to the same gods: Chenlu West She Kiln Temple and Chenlu East She Kiln Temple. In ancient China, the earth god or earth temple was called "she". From this, it can be determined that the Chenlu West Sheyao Temple and the Chenludong Sheyao Temple are the "community temples" of the two residential communities of Chenlu West She and Chenlu East Society, that is, Chenlu West She and Chenludong The authentic land temple of the community.

According to the "Five Years of the New Dynasty", in the Chenlu West Shrine Temple and Chenlu West Society, there is no evidence of relics earlier than the second year of Zhenguan. In Chenlu Village On the basis of the history of the establishment of two communities in one village, and the fact that the kiln temples of the two communities have the same form of worshiping gods, the author presumes that the founding era of the "Fifth Year of the New Dynasty" is the "Jikou Land Temple", that is, the "Yongyong Temple". The historical evolution of "Shouli Society" is supported by the "national monument" in front of the temple gate of "Jikou Earth Temple". From this, it can also be inferred that the "Jikou Earth Temple" is the authentic Earth Temple in Chenlu Village and even Chenlu Town, that is, the "Chenlu Kiln Temple Temple".

When discussing the founding era of the Chenlu Yaochang Yao Temple, because "we have searched through all the epochs and have not found the 'Zhou Zhi' era name so far," the author wrote in "A Brief Introduction to the Origin and Origin of the Chenlu Yaochang Yao Temple". In the article "Analysis", the record of "the fifth year of the New Dynasty" in the inscription "Building and Repairing the Stage" was used as the founding era of Chenlu Kiln Chang Kiln Temple.

According to the saying that the Chenlu Yaochang Yao Temple was "founded from the Zhou Dynasty to the fifth year of the Xin Dynasty", the fifth year of the New Dynasty can only be inferred that the "Jikou Land Temple" was recognized as the "Eternal Temple" at the township level. "Shouli Society", but this was not the founding era of Chenlu Kiln Chang Kiln Temple. Judging from the founding era of the Chenlu Kiln Temple and the "Jikou Land Temple", the historical evolution of "Yongshouli Society" should be from the "Zhou Zhi to the New Dynasty".

? According to "Zhou Zhi Xin Dynasty", "Zhi" is a verb, which means "to". In this way, "Zhou Zhi Xin Dynasty" can be interpreted as extending from the Zhou Dynasty to the New Dynasty. In other words, the origin of Chenlu Kiln Temple and the "Jikou Earth Temple" was founded in the Zhou Dynasty and continued into the New Dynasty. It was recognized as a "National Society" by the New Dynasty government and a monument was erected. When the Chenlu Xishe Kiln Temple was built in the second year of Zhenguan of the Tang Dynasty, it was passed down through the "Liang Ban Mo Shu" record of the "Jikou Earth Temple" which was "created in the fifth year of the Zhou Dynasty to the Xin Dynasty".

The "Zhou Dynasty" in Chinese history is divided into the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Early Zhou Dynasty. Among them, the history of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is "faithful history" and there is no record of the origin of "Yongshouli Society"; the Kyoto of the Western Zhou Dynasty was established in "Haojing" and "Fengjing", so it is impossible to establish a "National Society" in Chenlu Village and a "National Society" National Monument". In this way, the founding of "Yongshouli Society" can only be inferred to the pre-Zhou period.

The Xianzhou people are an ancient tribe of Zhou people active in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province in ancient China. The pre-Zhou period refers to the historical period from the birth to growth of the Zhou people, and gradually developed into an emerging western power. This period can be roughly divided into "Hou Ji settled in Tai, Gong Liu Chu Bin, King Wen moved to Qi, and King Wen wrote "Feng" 4 historical stages. The Pre-Zhou period was approximately between 3,600 and 3,100 years ago (see "Hanshu" and other relevant records).

There are many legends about the history of the early Zhou Dynasty. Legend has it that the ancestor of the Zhou people was Qi, the son of Emperor Ku's Yuan concubine Jiang Yuan, and was given the surname Ji. During the reign of Emperor Shun, he was granted the title of "Tai", so it was called "Houji lives in Tai". Tai is located in the martial arts area of ??today's Shaanxi Province. Legend has it that Jiang Yan was a member of the Tai tribe. One day, she and her companions went to play in the wild and saw a huge footprint on the mountain. Out of curiosity, she stepped on it to compare its size. Unexpectedly, this step moved my heart. After returning home, I became pregnant and gave birth to a boy. Since the child had no father, she was afraid that people would laugh at her, so she abandoned the child in an alley. As a result, both pedestrians and animals took a detour. Jiang Yuan threw him onto the frozen river. As a result, flocks of birds flew around the child and used their feathers to keep him warm. So Jiang Yuan took the child back to raise him. Since he abandoned the child at the beginning, he named the child Abandoned. Qi has liked growing various plants since he was a child, and when he grew up, he became an expert at growing crops. Later, Emperor Yao appointed him as a peasant official, with the official name Houji and a fiefdom in Tai, which was called the Great Zhou. This gave rise to the Pre-Zhou period.

Fan Wenlan said in "Compendium of General History of China": "From Gong Liu to Gu Gong Danfu, all ten generations lived in Bindi." Since Gong Liu was called the first queen of the Zhou Dynasty, it has gone through nine generations of ancestors including Qingjie, Huangpu, Chaifu, Shuixun, Gongfei, Gaoyu, Yayu, Gongshuzulei, etc., and it was passed down to the time when Gu Gongdanfu was the first king of Zhou, " Gu Gong Danfu restored the business of Hou Ji and Gong Liu, and accumulated virtue and righteousness." ("Historical Records of Zhou Dynasty"). When Gu Gong Danfu was in power, he changed the nomadic customs of the Zhou people and created "Tao Fu Tao Cave" for the tribal people. That is, the ceramic cave dwellings developed the Zhou people's housing business, established officials, reformed the old customs of the Rongdi tribe, reclaimed wasteland, and developed agricultural production, making the Zhou tribe gradually rich and powerful.

The wealth and power of the Zhou tribe caused destruction and intrusion from the Rongdi tribe. Therefore, Gu Gong and his father appointed his youngest son Ji Li to conquer the Rong and Di. According to legend: Ji Li "successively defeated the Xiluo Guirong, Yanjing's Rong, Yu Wu's Rong, Shihu's Rong and Huetu's Rong", "from Rui, Ji to Qixia" (see Zhao Yi, Zhao Yifeng "Relevant records in "Ancient History of China"), thus acquiring a large area of ??land in the Qiju River Basin. Later, on the basis of Tongguancuan created by Gong Liu, Gu Gong Danfu created a vast area later named Tongguan County, Yao County and Yijun County, and founded the "Bin State" on this basis. Subsequently, Gu Gong and his father established the "Ancient Xianggong Temple" on the outskirts of the "Bin State Capital" to demonstrate the purpose of founding the Bin State. This fulfilled Gong Liu's dream of establishing the Bin State and laid the foundation for the ethics and culture of the Zhou people. and the foundation of destroying the Shang Dynasty, Gu Gong Danfu also received the nickname "Gu Gong". "Poetry Daya Mian" has the following poem: "Continuous melons and melons are the birthplace of the people. Since the earth was filled with paint, the ancient public and the father. The pottery was restored to the pottery cave, and there was no family." The poem praises the ancient public and the father for the Zhou Dynasty. It was only during the reign of King Renda that the Ju and Qi river basins came into being.

The wealth and power of the Zhou tribes caused the extortion and harassment of the Rongdi tribes, who "wanted to gain the land and the people", especially the derogatory and slanderous gossips of the city foxes and rats, who wanted to drive away the people. Go to the ancient public and your father. So Gu Gong and his father took more than 2,000 people in their family to leave Bindi and moved to the Qishan area. According to the "Bamboo Book Annals", in the sixth year of King Wuyi of Shang Dynasty, Gugong Danfu led the Zhou people to migrate to Qishan, which was known in history as "The Great King Migrated to Qishan".

Although Gu Gong Danfu and the Zhou people moved to Qishan, the "Ancient Xianggong Temple" founded by Gu Gong Danfu still stands facing south in Chenlu Village, which used to have the place name "Lushan" "Ji Kou Yuan Qiu" in the countryside.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the Qin Dynasty did not make any major achievements in religion and only continued the religious sacrifices of the pre-Qin Dynasty. In the early Han Dynasty, the traditional nature worship etiquette of the Qin Dynasty was still followed, and the general religious sacrifices of the Qin Dynasty were retained. Then, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty devoted himself to adjusting the collapse of rituals and music since the Spring and Autumn Period and rebuilding the culture of rituals and music. Among them, the coexistence of "ancestral temple" and "suburban society" was the core part of the royal religious ritual system of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, the "ancient Xianggong Temple" in "Jikou Yuanqiu" has been preserved.

The "New Dynasty" was a dynasty established by Wang Mang, a relative of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the twelfth lunar month of 8 AD, Wang Mang deposed Liu Ying, a Han child, as Duke Anding, changed the name of the country to Xin, and established the capital in Chang'an, which was known as "Xin Mang" in history.

After Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, he carried out retro-reformation, "the number of states is nine from "Yu Gong", and the number of titles is five from the Zhou family": imitating the royal system, conferring titles, building suburban palaces, Dingzu temples, etc. Send eight "custom envoys" to various places to inspect. Under the guidance of the idea that "the way of an emperor leads to the same thing; the promotion of holy virtues can be enjoyed for centuries", Wang Mang built nine temples at the cost of "hundreds of millions in effort and tens of thousands of deaths", especially in the Xia, Shang and Xia dynasties. In the four dynasties of Zhou, Zhou and Han dynasties, the temples of the ancient ancestors of the founding of the country were restored, "to seek for the successors, to worship Zuo Jue", and "to focus on remembering the ancient things". (See chapters in historical books such as "Hanshu"). Among them, the ancestors of the Zhou Xianwang who founded the "Bin Kingdom" must be found. In this way, the "ancient Xianggong Temple" located on the hillocks on the outskirts of the "Bin Kingdom Capital" must be inspected, because the "Altar", "Mi Palace", "Xiangong Temple" and "Ancient Xianggong Temple" located on the hillocks on the outskirts of the Bin Kingdom Capital "Xiangong Temple" is the relic of "Zhou Zui Temple". In this way, Wang Mang probably determined the location of Zhou Zui Temple after careful search, research and discussion.

At least the Zhangping Gongji Party and its family at that time probably had legends about the birthplace of their ancestor, King Zhou.

In the process of rebuilding the "Jikou Earth Temple", which is now known as Chenlu Village, that is, the "ancient Xianggong Temple", Wang Mang probably also made some changes to the images of gods worshiped in the "Jikou Earth Temple" Pass the test and fixate. Therefore, it was determined that the images of the gods worshiped in the "Jikou Earth Temple" were Emperor Shun, Laozi and Gu Gong Danfu, and the "Jikou Earth Temple" was named "Gu Gong Temple". Only the documentary record "Only Liang Banmo Shu, created from the Zhou Dynasty to the fifth year of the New Dynasty" has been handed down.

In the fifth year of the New Dynasty, the reconstruction of the "Gukong Temple in Jikou" was completed, and a monument was established to renovate the "Gugong Temple" and improve the form of worshiping gods. Only then did the Chenlu "Jikou Earth Temple" door come into being. The national stele of the Pan-headed Tortoise stele in front of it and the plaque of "Gu Gong Temple" probably also named the area in the capital where Bin State was founded by King Zhou Xian as "Yongshouli". In the second year of Zhenguan of the Tang Dynasty, the Chenlu West Sheyao Temple was established, and in the third year of Zhenguan, the Chenludong Sheyao Temple was established. Probably because of the recognition that the Sheyao Temple was the earth temple, the name "Jikou Ancient Gong Temple" was The name was changed to "Jikou Land Temple".

It is probably because the New Dynasty recognized and renovated the "Jikou Ancient Gong Temple" and erected a monument to record its origins that the people of Chenlu West Society came into being in the 12th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty. When the stage of the Kiln Temple was built, the date of the creation of the Xishe Kiln Temple was recorded as "Zhou Zhi Xin Dynasty". Therefore, "Zhou Zhi Xin Dynasty" should be the "Liang Ban Mo Shu" of "Jikou Land Temple".

The New Dynasty in history was the first in Chinese history to succeed in becoming emperor through abdication. Ancient Chinese historians almost always had negative evaluations of the New Dynasty, especially the "Book of Han" which regarded Wang Mang as a rebellious minister. Thief. Later generations also evaluated Wang Mang from the perspective of Han Shu. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the evaluation changed. Therefore, in the fourth year of Yongzheng reign in the Qing Dynasty, Cui Zhongyan, a member of the Guimao Judicial Committee, rewritten "the fifth year of Zhou Zhi and the New Dynasty" as the "fifth year of Zhou Zhi" with "unclear origin".

The "Jikou Gong Temple" in Chenlu Village collapsed in 1945 and was lost in 1968.