Who can give historical support to the five ministers of the New Deal to inspect politics ~ Thank you ~

1July 905 16, Emperor Guangxu sent an imperial edict to the cabinet:

The present situation is rather difficult, and everything needs to be dealt with. The imperial court issued imperial edicts of the Ming Dynasty many times in an attempt to reform and revitalize it. In recent years, although the scale has been achieved, the actual effect is not obvious. It's always because of the contractor, who doesn't pay attention to anything and can't understand the whole story. It seems that this is perfunctory, why should we be weak and save the day? We sent Zaize, Dai Hongci, Xu Shichang, Duan Fang and other entourage to the eastern Atlantic countries to inspect all politics, so as to choose the good and follow. ...

The next day, the major newspapers in China published in the first edition the imperial edict issued by Emperor Guangxu to send ministers to study politics abroad. Since the third grade, some major newspapers have published editorials, comments and monographs around the imperial edict of political investigation. The Times also compared this visit with previous overseas visits and thought that this visit was different from the past. In the past, those who were sent abroad either focused on solving diplomatic practices, or the emissaries spoke lightly, which had little influence on China politicians.

At this time, the reaction of foreign public opinion was also very enthusiastic. On August 3rd165438,0905, Scott Simon published an article "On China's Sending Ministers to Investigate Foreign Politics". On September 3rd and 4th, the British Sunda Times published a series of comments on the future of China, and The Morning Post and Newgarth.com also published articles commenting on China. On February 25th, 1906, Frank, the famous German originator of sinology, published an article in Cologne Daily with a particularly eye-catching title: "China delegation learns foreign state management". He not only introduced the inspection minister's situation, but also translated the imperial edict that Emperor Guangxu sent ministers to the Eastern Ocean to inspect politics, with special emphasis on:

They went abroad this time to study the constitutions, political systems and economic systems of Japan, the United States and important European countries. Especially considering the situation in China, it is possible to transplant the western constitution, political system and economic system to China.

On the day when the political imperial edict for overseas inspection was issued, Zhen Zaize, assistant minister Dai Hongci of the Ministry of Finance, assistant minister Xu Shichang of the Ministry of War and the governor of Hunan received the imperial edict one after another. Then the court appointed Zuo Cheng Ying Shao of the Ministry of Commerce as its special envoy. At that time, the two palaces worried that Jae-taek was young, so they sent Ying Shao to accompany them. I planned to visit Russia, the United States, Italy, Austria, Xu Shichang, Dai Hongci, Britain, Germany, France and Belgium. Xu and Duan brought many followers who knew western languages all the way, which was intended to be superficial; Zaize pays attention to constitutionalism all the way.

At that time, public opinion commented on several procurators, and Zaize was "imperial clan, paying attention to current affairs and opening up the number"; Dai Hongci "stayed in the temple for a long time, talked about the New Deal" and "knew how to save the country by constitutionalism and did everything in Beijing"; As for Duan Fang, it is said that he is "diligent and promising, especially in internal affairs and diplomacy."

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Duan actively participated in the Reform and Reform, which was appreciated by Guangxu. During the Reform Movement of 1898, he was ordered to supervise the Agriculture and Industry Bureau. After the failure of the political reform, he was almost convicted of bribing Rong Lu and Li, and published an article praising Empress Dowager Cixi in the National newspaper, thus avoiding a disaster. When Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing and Cixi fled to the west, Duan Fang, who served as the wet nurse of Shaanxi Governor, was highly valued by the two palaces because of her active escort. 190 1 was promoted to governor of Hubei province and education. He has run more than 60 schools in and out of the provincial capital, normal schools in various prefectures and counties, and sent a large number of international students. His son also went to the United States to study, which was regarded as China's early "children of cadres" studying abroad. 1903, he also founded the first kindergarten in China and the first provincial library in China-Hubei Library. 1904, Duan Fang was transferred to the governor of Jiangsu. After he took office, counties and cities gave red envelopes to the new governor as usual. Seeing this, Duan Fang decided to get rid of bad habits and ordered the red envelopes to be returned in full. Each state and county sends two students to study abroad with red envelopes. This move was temporarily passed down as a beautiful talk. During his tenure in Jiangsu (including Shanghai), he also actively promoted various reforms, especially the construction of educational and cultural undertakings. Jiangsu Normal School, Jiangsu Colleges and Universities, Industrial Schools and other schools have been established in Suzhou, and a large number of international students have been sent. The voice of constitutionalism in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is very high, which has something to do with him. Later, Duan Fang was transferred to the governor of Hunan and continued to actively promote the new education in Hunan. More than 80 primary schools were built in half a year, and more than 20 girls were sent to Japan to study normal education. Hunan Library, the earliest provincial library in China, was also built under his active support and leadership.

Assassination desk trouble.

After the inspection minister is determined, the next step is to convene a delegation from the central ministries and commissions and the entourage from all over the country. The first difficult thing at that time was to raise funds to go abroad. Boxer indemnity almost exhausted the financial resources of the Qing court. In addition, the Qing court did not have a budget, and some things were also issued by local governments. But has China ever sent such a huge delegation to visit so many countries? Therefore, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent urgent telegrams to the ministers of South and Beiyang and the governor of Huguang, asking for help. The provinces responded in succession, and Zhili, Hubei and Jiangsu each recognized 100,000 taels as missionary funds for the next few years. Even a remote province like Xinjiang has subscribed for 12,000 yuan of bank silver. Two months later, the provinces have subscribed for more than 800,000 yuan of silver.

However, many things happened. As soon as the delegation left Beijing, wuyue, who was actively packing at Tianjin Railway Station, threw a bomb. At that time, wuyue was pregnant with a bomb with a detonating device, disguised as a jujube pit, and boarded the inspection minister's train. However, before he could throw the bomb, the baggage car was hooked by the carriage, and the carriage suddenly shook and the bomb was detonated. The explosion killed three people on the spot. He was slightly injured in Ze and Xu Shichang, while Ying Shao was seriously injured. Wuyue also died on the spot.

At that time, the press and public opinion condemned this assassination terrorist activity one after another, believing that the five ministers' overseas inspection was a preparation for constitutional government and related to the future of China. Anyone with a little patriotism should seriously wish them a pleasant journey. I hope the government will not be afraid of difficulties and go forward bravely. Many officials have also called the government, stressing that "it is more appropriate and unstoppable to examine the politics of various countries and implement constitutional reforms." Telegrams of condolences have also been sent from all over the country. 32 schools, including Fudan University in Shanghai and Nanyang University, jointly sent messages of condolence.

After the bombing of the five ministers, there were rumors that there would be chaos in the capital. The royal residence near Wanshou Mountain has stepped up its vigilance.

At this time, China is eager to start at once, because all countries have calls, welcome the delegation of China and make proper arrangements. If it is postponed because of a bomb, it will be a joke to outsiders. However, the Qing court advocated slowing down. Zaize received a phone call from Japan, saying that there would be riots in Japan and asked him to go slow. Among these ministers, Ying Shao was seriously injured and is still recovering. Some people laughed at Ying Shao, saying that he was not going on the pretext of recovery. Ying Shao heard it.

These words said angrily: if I die and the constitution is established, I will die and live happily; I don't care if I die. Every country is a constitution, and there will be bloodshed before there will be peace.

Later, the court reassigned Li Shengduo, a new Belgian minister who called for constitutionalism earlier, and Shang Jiheng, a Shandong envoy, as supervisory ministers.

The wind in Russia is about to catch up.

1905 10 10 In October, the Russian Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Declaration, which recognized the people's rights of speech, publication, association, assembly, belief, personal freedom and political participation. The czar government also began to implement political system reform, including the convening of the State Duma (Parliament), which marked the end of the last autocratic regime among western powers. Hu Wei Dett, the envoy to Russia, informed the Qing court of this situation: "Russia has now declared constitutionalism ... It is urgent to formulate a constitution, unite as one, stress self-reliance, and prevent countries from infringing."

Guangxu and Empress Dowager got the news and immediately summoned Zaize to ask about the date of going abroad. Zaize said that the date will be agreed with the end of the year soon. A few days later, news came that Jae-taek had recovered from his injury and asked Guangxu to terminate his vacation and go to offer his condolences. 10 year10.27, the two palaces summoned the minister of military affairs again and told them that there was an emergency inspection of politics today, and they must urge the ministers to go as soon as possible without delay.

165438+1On October 2nd, the Russian emperor declared constitutionalism. 165438+1October 4th, Duan Fang and other overseas ministers, such as Yuan Shikai, Zhang Zhidong and Zhou Fu, proposed to jointly ask the two palaces to declare the implementation of constitutionalism. Yuan Shikai immediately telegraphed his consent. 165438+1October 6, the Russian czar issued another decree to release all political prisoners.

1 18 June 65438+ 10, Guangxu ordered the administrative office to draw up the outline of the constitution first, which was quite determined to catch up, and also reflected that the Qing court was afraid of falling behind others at this critical moment and eventually becoming alone.

165438+1On October 25th, the Qing court set up a visiting government office, which was the central institution leading the constitutional reform, specializing in studying the constitutions of various countries and providing suggestions for constitutional reform to the court. On the same day, Duan Fang, Dai Hongci, Yuan Shikai and Zhao Erxun jointly called for the implementation of constitutional government in five years.

At that time, in this era of great change, there was another special phenomenon in China's political arena: foreign ministers expressed their opinions directly, dared to make comments, and dared to call on domestic major policies through electricity. This has played a certain role in promoting political reform.

The integrated units visited ten countries.

In order to prevent the recurrence of accidents, the delegation reorganized its troops, secretly deployed them, divided the troops into two ways and set out in stages. Yuan Shikai carefully arranged along the way. 1905 12.7, the first members of the China delegation got up early in the morning to pay homage at the ancestral tablet at home. At noon, they came to Beijing Zhengyangmen Station one after another. On this day, the inspection is particularly strict, and no idle people are allowed to enter.

The first delegation, led by Assistant Minister Dai Hongci and Governor Duan Fang of Hunan Province, consists of 33 official members, 4 provincial inspectors, students studying in the United States 1 1 person, 2 page attendants, 4 handymen and hairdressers 1 person. They boarded the warship "Haiqi" on a small ship from Qinhuangdao. A few days later, the ship reached the sea in Shanghai and stopped at Wusongkou.

65438+February 19 At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the giant cruise ship "Siberia" of Pacific Post Company of the United States anchored and set sail for Japan. The political investigation group sent by China government to the west has officially set off.

Then, the investigation team led by Zaize, Shang Qiheng and Li Shengduo also set sail on 1906 14 on the "Cliff Company" of the French steamship company. In this delegation, there are 6 members of the delegation selected by each province, with international students 1 person. Seven others went to Japan, eight to Britain and two students, 1, went to Belgium in advance. Three people stayed in Shanghai.

The delegation's itinerary includes Japan, the United States, Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Now the tourist routes in the United States are recorded as follows, showing dusty: Honolulu-San Francisco-Chicago-Washington-new york-Philadelphia-Emilia-Boston-Loulan-Seattle-Rocky Mountain-New Slope (Sao Paulo)-Anyaba-Niagara.

The author has seen a book titled "Politicians of Various Countries" edited by Dai and Duan in the library of the Palace Museum, in which the government agencies, constitutions, laws, economy, education and other situations where they went were introduced and compared in detail.

According to relevant records, the task given to Xiong Xiling by Dai Hongci, Minister of Investigation, and Duan Fang was to edit books on political investigation and draft the memorial. Xiong Xiling asked Yang Du in Japan to help write the constitutional article, and Yang Du asked Liang Qichao who fled to Japan to write part of it. Xiong Xiling returned to Shanghai after visiting Germany with the delegation, and went to Japan from Shanghai to complete the task of compiling books. There are also works saying that part of the delegation's memorial was written by Liang Qichao. What is the truth? We need to investigate further.

Duan Fang's descendants once dedicated his documents and archives to the Palace Museum. Daiduan Group brought back several books, reports and charts from abroad, including School Education Bibliography, Industry Bibliography, American Politics Bibliography, Political Bibliography and Educational Books Bibliography.

As for what I saw and heard along the way, at least Dai Hongci left a Diary of the Nine Missions to future generations, which was published in the autumn of 1906. In addition, Zaize's Diary of Political Investigation was published in the summer of 1908.