Introduction to the Battle of Malaysia: The Japanese navy defeated the Russian navy to become a naval power.

At the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, the Tsar decided to deploy ships from the Baltic Fleet (later joined by the Black Sea Fleet) to form the "Pacific Second Fleet" and sail to the Far East for reinforcements. This mixed fleet has 38 main warships of various types, about 20 auxiliary warships, and has two brigades (later, 1 brigade was added), which are under the unified command of Rozid Stevun and vice admiral. This hastily pieced together fleet, some ships went out to sea before they were completely built, and were installed while sailing. The tactical skills of officers and men are low, and some even lack basic training. Communication depends on radio stations made in Germany. As soon as the German technicians left, the radio station was useless. The contradiction between officers and men is deep and morale is low, especially the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet are influenced by revolutionary ideas and have a rebellious spirit.

The 2nd Pacific Fleet was originally scheduled to leave in mid-July, 1904, but it was postponed to1mid-October, 10. The sailing route is scheduled to start from the Baltic Sea, pass through the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, and reach Vladivostok (later, the fleet was divided into two parts in Tangier: newer and larger ships led by Rozhjestwensky continued to sail along the Cape of Good Hope, and other ships led by Foxham entered the Indian Ocean through the Mediterranean Sea and Suez Canal, and then the two armies met on the coast of Madagascar), with a total length of 30,000 kilometers, without a base in the middle. According to international law, belligerent warships are not allowed to berth in neutral ports, which has caused great difficulties to the fleet.

When the fleet set out, due to a series of Japanese victories, there was a serious fear of Japan in the Russian army, which was simply a fear. There are even rumors that Japan's secret fleet has arrived in Nordic waters. In this atmosphere, the officers and men became nervous, and at the beginning of the fleet's voyage, many rare jokes were made in naval history. When they saw a foreign ship, they thought it was a Japanese fleet and immediately fired blindly. Even the Russian ships far apart misunderstood and opened fire on each other. 65438+1October 265438+1October 22, the incident that a British fishing boat sank and was injured in the North Sea triggered an international storm (the International Court of Justice was held in Paris), and Britain * * * used this to put pressure on neutral countries not to provide convenience to the Russian fleet. In order to solve the fuel problem, the Russian fleet had to add coal at sea, and put it as much as possible whenever possible, so that all the open spaces such as decks, engine rooms, bathrooms and officers' bedrooms were full of coal, which not only slowed down the speed (overweight), but also affected work and health. Especially after passing through the equatorial waters, the soldiers were in great pain, and the non-combat attrition was serious. At this time, Russian supply ships sent thousands of sets of winter clothes (only "idols" were sent to the troops)

1904, 1905 At the end of February, Rozhdestevin reached the coast of Madagascar and did not continue sailing to the Far East until he joined Foxham. At this time, the bottom of the boat was covered with seaweed and the speed slowed down. Rozhdestevin recovered from a serious illness (not allowed to resign), and his deputy Foxham was seriously ill. Morale is extremely low, soldiers commit suicide constantly, and even "mutiny" broke out many times.

On April 8, Rozhdestevin arrived in Singapore. The Admiralty ordered him to go to Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam, where he waited for the Pacific Third Fleet in Bogatov to meet, then went north, defeated the Japanese fleet and arrived in Vladivostok. Rozhdestevin's fleet entered Cam Ranh Bay, causing a strong Japanese attack. French naval authorities were forced to order Russian ships to leave the country. On May 9, the second and third Pacific fleets met at sea, with Rhodes Devin as commander and Fokker Sam as deputy commander.

In the process of Russian fleet moving eastward, Japan's Dongxiang fleet made full preparations for the battle. First of all, the ship was repaired and maintained, and the sailors were given a holiday to recharge their batteries. In February, all the staff returned to the team and conducted intense training drills. Dongxiang judged that the Russian fleet was most likely to cross the Korean Strait and take the shortest route to Vladivostok. Therefore, the main force of the Japanese fleet is assembled near Ma Haixia and on standby along the coast of Japan. At the same time, mines were laid in some sea passages that the Russian fleet may pass through, forming a huge forecasting network with a depth of more than 225 kilometers. On May 25th, the Russian fleet added coal for the last time, which was enough for Vladivostok, resulting in overload. During this period, the deputy commander Foxham died of illness, but Rhodes Devin kept it a secret, even from the successor of the deputy commander, NeiBogatov, and the flagship continued to hang the flag of Foxham. On May 27th, the fleet entered Ma Haixia, and the famous naval battle against Malaysia broke out. Both sides have 12 armored capital ships, but Japanese ships are fast (18 ~ 20 knots: 15.5 ~ 18 knots) and their firepower is also dominant (Japanese ships can fire 360 shells per minute, with a total weight of 2 1949 kg). In addition, the number of Japanese and Russian cruisers is 16: 8, and the number of torpedo boats is 69: 9, both of which are dominated by Japan.

To make matters worse, after 220 days of sailing, the Russian fleet was very tired; At the same time, he did not pay attention to reconnaissance and knew nothing about the enemy; Without a battle plan, the captains only knew how to concentrate fire on attacking the enemy flagship and escape in the direction of Vladivostok. Dongxiang personally led the main force of the fleet (4 capital ships and 8 heavy cruisers) to wait in hiding near Zhenhai, North Korea. In order to make his fleet have enough leeway, he is determined to let the Russian fleet pass through Ma Haixia before departure.

1 On the night of May 26th, 905, the Russian fleet passed the Japanese maritime cordon1. The Japanese reconnaissance ship tracked and monitored continuously from a long distance, and reported the situation to Dongxiang by radio in time. So Dongxiang knows the strength, course, speed and formation of the Russian fleet like the back of his hand. On the morning of 27th, Rhodes Stevun, who found the Japanese Sentinel Ship in action, was very nervous. At that time, the Russian fleet was in the form of an army: 1 and the 2nd armored brigade were on the right, the 3rd armored brigade and cruiser brigade were on the left, and the transport fleet was in the middle. After 1 1, Rozhdestevin ordered the fleet to form a battle formation: two right-wing brigades moved closer to the left and drove in front of the third left-wing brigade, and the whole fleet formed a single row (column). The speed of each ship is different, and the commander did not clearly stipulate slow acceleration and fast deceleration, which caused great confusion. /kloc-around 0/2, Rhodes Devin had a whim and judged that the Japanese fleet might attack him in line formation, so he ordered the Russian fleet to attack in line formation. So the fleet began to make complex maneuvers. At this time, Rozhdestevin was obviously worried that his battle formation would be discovered by the enemy too early, and suddenly ordered the whole fleet to resume its marching formation, causing great chaos again.

/kloc-around 0/3: 40, the main force of Dongxiang fleet appeared in the right front, single row, trying to cut off the route of Russian fleet. Before the war, Dongxiang sent a signal to the whole fleet: "The emperor is useless. In this battle, you must work hard. " Rozhdestevin once again ordered to enter the battle formation, but it was too late. Dongxiang cut off the route of the Russian fleet, turned left on the sea 35~38 chains away from the enemy, and drew a "U" shape (called "turning back before the enemy" in Japanese war history). When turning, the Japanese fleet was threatened by Russian ships, and quite a few ships could not fight back (the line of sight and shooting boundary were covered by their own ships). This action was unconventional in naval tactics at that time. But at this time, the Russian fleet is in the chaos of changing formation. Although Rozhdestevin ordered the fire, it led to blind shooting, wasting ammunition and losing soldiers. After the Japanese fleet completed its turn, it first concentrated on beating the flagship of the Russian fleet. Half an hour after the naval battle began, Rozhjestevinsky's flagship "suvorov" was forced to quit the battle, and Rozhjestevinsky was seriously injured (later captured and surrendered). Several other flagship ships have also been sunk and injured. The Russian fleet lost its command and fell into chaos.

The Russian fleet tried to get rid of the intercepted enemy ships, but it failed because of its slow speed. Japanese ships, on the other hand, gave full play to their fast speed and maneuvered quickly, occupying the favorable position of the Russian fleet in the direction of advancement and violently shelling. The two sides scuffled in the fog. Russian ships were sunk and many ships were injured. /kloc-at about 0/6, fog began to fog at sea, and Dongxiang armored convoy once lost contact with Russian armored convoy, and Dongxiang moved northward. But Japanese cruisers and Russian cruisers are fighting fiercely in the South China Sea. 18: 30, the Russian armored fleet sailed to the sea area to participate in the war. Until then, Bogatov took over the command and ordered the fleet to continue northward.

That night, Dongxiang dispatched 37 torpedo boats and 2 1 destroyers to torpedo the remaining Russian fleet. At 5 o'clock in the morning on the 28th, NeiBogatov led a few remaining ships to flee in the direction of Vladivostok. At about 9 o'clock, Inner Bogatov was besieged by the Japanese fleet, and then a white flag was hung, and then a Japanese flag was hung to surrender.

In this naval battle, except for the three ships that fled to Vladivostok, the 2nd and 3rd fleets of the Russian Pacific Fleet were completely annihilated (including sinking, being captured and being detained by neutral countries), with a total loss of 270,000 tons (greater than the sum of the losses of both sides in the famous Jutland naval battle in World War I later). 4830 people were killed and 59 17 people were captured (excluding those injured and detained in foreign ports). Japan only lost three torpedo boats, only 1 17 people died and 587 people were injured.