Teach me a few common dialects in Xiangxi, Hunan, Miao language

Xiangxi dialect (Ghaob Xongb; Xiangxi), also known as "Eastern dialect" or "Hongmiao"; "Central Dialect" or "Black Miao"; Northern Dialect [hea], Southern Dialect [hms], Eastern Dialect [hmq] In terms of phonetic characteristics of the language, Miao has more initial consonants and fewer finals. In addition to Qiandong dialect, there are stops and fricative initial consonants with nasal coronal sounds, such as mp, mph, n孭, n孭h, nt, nth, etc. There is only one nasal ending, which is pronounced -n when connected to the front vowel, and -嬜 when connected to the back vowel, and there is no stop consonant ending. Has the same tone system as Chinese. Ancient Miao language has four tones: level, up, go, and enter. Nowadays, except for the Luobo River dialect, the four tones are divided into Yin and Yang due to the clear and turbid ancient initial consonants. After the differentiation, there is a merger phenomenon. For example, in the western dialect of Xiangxi dialect, the Yin merges into the Yin and the Yang merges. Enter Yangshang. In terms of grammar, the subject comes before the predicate, and the object comes after the verb that serves as the predicate. Part-of-speech nouns go before the center word when used as collar attribute modifiers, and after the center word when used as restrictive modifiers; pronouns and quantitative phrases go before the center word when used as modifiers; demonstratives, adjectives, and verbs go before the center word when used as modifiers. After (in most areas, adjectives expressing "good", "bad", and "old" are used as modifiers before the central word); adverbials are very rich, and their function is to modify adjectives and verbs, expressing speed, sound, state, color, Taste, adverbial words are used as modifiers after the central word. In terms of vocabulary, there are many monosyllabic words and few polysyllabic simple words. There are extremely rich four-note structures, some of which are words and some of which are phrases. There are quite a few borrowed words from Chinese. The Miao people did not have their own written language in history. In 1905, the British missionary S. Bergley and the Miao nationality Yang Jacob created a pinyin script for the Northeast Yunnan sub-dialect, commonly known as the Bergley Miao script. In 1956, based on the large differences in Miao dialects, three dialect scripts were created in western Hunan, eastern Guizhou, and Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan, and the Bogeli Miao script in northeastern Yunnan was reformed. The four Miao scripts all use 26 Latin letters. Missionaries in Laos and Thailand also created a Latin alphabet-style Hmong script for the local Miao people. Edit this paragraph Feature classification: 1. Miao language is the collective name of the Miao language and belongs to the Miao branch of the Miao-Yao language family. The Miao language can be roughly divided into the following three main branches: 1. Xiangxi dialect, 2. Qiandong dialect, 3. Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan dialect.

Among them, the Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan dialects are the most complex and can be divided into 19 different dialects: The following are the three main branches of the Miao language: Xiangxi dialect (GhaobXongb; Xiangxi), also known as "Eastern dialect" or "Hongmiao"; Western dialect [ mmr]; Eastern dialect [muq]; Qiandong dialect (Hmub; Qiandong), also known as "Central dialect" or "Black Miao"; Northern dialect [hea]; Southern dialect [hms]; Eastern dialect [hmq]; Sichuan-Guizhou Yunnan dialect (Hmongb or Hmaob; Chuanqiandian), also known as "Western dialect"; Northeastern Yunnan sub-dialect (Hmong, Northeastern Dian) [hmd], also known as "Weining Miao"; Luobo River sub-dialect (Hmong, Luopohe) [hml ]; Chong'anjiang sub-dialect (Hmong, Chong'anjiang) [hmj]; Sichuan-Guizhou-Dian sub-dialect; First dialect (HmongNjua) [blu]; Second dialect (HmongDaw) [mww]; Guiyang sub-dialect; Northern dialect ( Hmong, Northern Guiyang) [huj]; Western dialect (Hmong, Southwestern Guiyang) [hmg]; Southern dialect (Hmong, Southern Guiyang) [hmy]; Huishui sub-dialect; Northern dialect (Hmong, Northern Huishui) [hmi]; Southwest dialect (Hmong) , Southwestern Huishui) [hmh]; Central dialect (Hmong, Central Huishui) [hmc]; Eastern dialect (Hmong, Eastern Huishui) [hme]; Mashan sub-dialect; Central dialect (Hmong, Central Mashan) [hmm]; Northern dialect (Hmong, Northern Mashan) )[hmp];Western dialect (Hmong, WesternMashan)[hmw];Southern dialect (Hmong, SouthernMashan)[hma] Edit this paragraph Huayuan Miao language belongs to the western sub-dialect of the eastern dialect of the Miao branch of the Miao-Yao family of the Sino-Tibetan language family , specifically divided into two types: Eastern dialect and Western dialect. The eastern dialects are mainly found in the Changle area, and the rest are western dialects. The two dialects are basically the same in terms of grammar and vocabulary, but their pronunciation is quite different. The Huayuan Miao language is roughly divided into four tunes, namely Jiwei tune (most of Huayuan tune), Yayou tune, Paibi tune and Changle tune. In 1956, the state approved the "Miao Language Plan", using Jiwei pronunciation as the standard Miao pronunciation. The pinyin method of Miao is roughly the same as that of Chinese pinyin, but the words and pronunciation are different. It directly uses two pinyin positions more than Chinese, with 49 initial consonants and 35 finals. There are 6 tones, represented by 6 letters, two more than Chinese characters. In addition, there are more than 100,000 Miao-speaking people in the United States, and they mainly speak a mixed Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan dialect. They have their own alphabet and spelling rules, which are similar to those commonly used in China, but are not compatible. The main description here is the spelling method used in China. Edit this paragraph Miao Phonology Miao Language The current research on the phonology of Miao language is largely based on the research of Golston and Yang 2001. Initial consonants Tone The tones of Miao language also have different changes in different dialects, and generally there are 6-8 different tones. The tone notation commonly used in China is different from that in the United States, and the two are not compatible. The following are the key signatures adopted in China. There are three basis for grammatical analysis of any language: first, form, second, function, and third, meaning. Although modern Miao language has more morphological changes than Chinese, as far as the Miao language itself is concerned, morphological changes account for a very small proportion in the entire grammatical system, so the grammar of the Miao language cannot be divided purely based on morphology. As for function and meaning, if only one of them is used as the criterion, difficulties will also be encountered in determining the qualifications of grammatical units and determining the relationship between syntactic components. If the three bases are placed on equal footing, these difficulties are still unavoidable. Based on the reality of the Miao language, this book uses function as the main basis for grammatical marking, and uses meaning and morphology as the secondary basis to determine the boundaries of various grammatical units (language, words, phrases, sentences) and determine various syntaxes. The relationship between the components establishes the Miao grammar system. When performing grammatical analysis, the first step is to determine the grammatical units.

According to the standard of "functional meaning form", the discourse material is divided into large and small fragments. The smallest and meaningful fragments are the smallest grammatical units, called morphemes. In summary, morphemes are the smallest, speakable, and meaningful fragments of discourse, and are the smallest combination of speech and semantics. Most of the Miao morphemes are monosyllabic. The Miao language has only more than a thousand syllables, and the number of morphemes is much greater than the number of syllables. This is because there are morphemes with homophones. Some languages ??are disyllabic, and some have more than two morpheme syllables. Especially for the multi-syllable chanting of Yinze, after it entered the Miao language, each syllable purely played the role of remembering sounds, resulting in a multi-syllable morpheme. For example, it counts as two morphemes in Chinese, but it can only be seen in Miao language. R is a morpheme, counted as three morphemes in Chinese, and R can also be regarded as one morpheme in Yi Miao language. All words are formed from Wu Lei. The key to a marsh is whether it can move independently. The following three situations are all considered independent activities. One situation is that it can be said individually. Each morpheme can be said individually, so they are all words. One situation is that it can be replaced. A word formed by one morpheme is called a simple word; a word formed by two or more morphemes is called a compound word. Simple words may be monosyllabic or polysyllabic. Synthetic weeks are all polyphonic of course. Some morphemes can form words alone or together with other patterns. Such morphemes are called free morphemes. Some morphemes cannot form words alone, but can only form words together with other morphemes. Such morphemes are called cat-attached morphemes. In Miao language, the positions of free morphemes in word applications are mostly not fixed, so they are called unpositioned morphemes. The position of the descriptive morpheme in the word is mostly fixed, so. This is called a positional morpheme.