Yanting joke

(1287 ~ 1359), word stamp, Zhu Zhai, stone-boiling farmer, alias Meihua house owner, Qiaofeng, Zhuji, Yuan Dynasty. I studied hard since I was a child, herded cattle during the day, and studied by the ever-burning lamp in the Buddhist temple at night, and finally became a scholar. Poetry describes rural life, sympathizes with people's sufferings, condemns powerful people and despises fame and fortune. I love plum blossoms all my life. I grow plum blossoms and Yongmei paints them. Calligraphy and seal cutting have their own styles, which is enough for famous artists. There are Zhu Zhai Poems handed down from generation to generation. Famous painters and poets in the Yuan Dynasty, such as Shi, Fan Niuweng, Huiji Waishi, plum blossom master, etc. Zhuji (now Zhejiang) people. He was born in poverty, herded cattle during the day, painted plum blossoms whenever he had time, studied under the ever-burning lamps of Buddhist temples at night, then studied Korean sexology, worked hard as a scholar, and traveled around the metropolis (now Beijing). Tai Puhua recommended him to work in imperial academy, so he resigned. Retired to Jiulishan, sold paintings for a living, and died in the countryside. Painting ink plums, dense branches and leaves, full of business, vigorous and powerful, or taking rouge as boneless plums; He is also good at bamboo and stone. A flower-and-bird painter who created a new style of freehand brushwork of ink and plum in painting. Zi Zhang (one Su Yuan) was born in Shan Hao, Zhuji, Yuan Dynasty. I like studying since I was a child, herding cows during the day, sneaking into school to listen to students, returning at dusk, forgetting his cows and getting angry with Qin Lao. Mother is willing to listen to what she does, because she goes to a monk's temple every night and sits on the Buddha's leg, reading with the ever-burning lamp. Later, Han Xing, a scholar from Huiji, eventually became a Confucian scholar. But when I failed the exam again and again, I set the article on fire. Act differently from ordinary people, wearing a top hat, green hemp fiber, wooden teeth and a wood blade, singing loudly and going back and forth in the city. Or riding a scalper and reading with Chinese books, people regard it as madness. The writer Li Xiaoguang wants to be recommended as a government official. He declared: "I have fields to farm and books to read, so I can't stand in court every morning and evening for slavery!" " Then I went to Wu Dong, Huai and Chu, and visited famous mountains and rivers. I traveled to most places, and my old friend's secretary, Qing Taihua, recommended me to work in the library, so I resigned and went back to my hometown. He lived in seclusion in Jiuli Mountain, planted thousands of plums, and built three huts called "Plum Blossom House". He became the owner of the plum blossom house and made a living by selling paintings. He made a boat and named it "Duckweed Pavilion" and put it in Jianhu Lake. Also widely planted plum and bamboo, playing the piano and composing poems, drinking and whistling. Zhu Yuanzhang pacified five states, captured Yuezhou, stationed in Jiulishan, heard his name, searched for it, set up a shogunate, and granted him advice to join the army, but failed. In the 19th year of Hui Zong in Yuan Dynasty (1359), Zhu Yuanzhang sought the crown by official. Guan refused to become a monk and expanded his room into a Baiyun Temple. Melodic death metal Yu Lanting Zhang Tian Temple. ?

Wang Mian is famous for painting plums, especially mume plums. The plum blossoms he painted are simple, free and easy, and unique. His "Mo Mei Tu Juan" painted a horizontal branch of Mo Mei, with simple brushwork, beautiful branches and fresh and pleasing composition. With proper ink, flowers bloom, unfold and sprout clearly and freely, full of vitality. His pen is very strong, and crochet has created a unique frustration method. Although it is not colored, it can vividly depict the smiling branches of plum blossoms. It not only shows the natural charm of plum blossom, but also reflects the painter's thoughts and feelings of high standards and seeking defeat alone. Coupled with the author's well-known seven-character painting poem, poetry and painting complement each other, making this painting an immortal work. At first, while herding cattle, Wang Mian bought some pigments with the money he had saved and learned to draw lotus flowers. He thought: what can't be learned in the world? How about I draw some strokes myself? I learned to draw lotus flowers. The painting was not good at first, but it improved greatly after three months, which is no different from the shape of flowers. Later, people rushed to buy his paintings. He used the money he got to buy something in memory of his mother.

Many of Wang Mian's poems sympathize with the sufferings of the people, condemn the powerful, despise fame and fortune, and describe rural seclusion, such as hurting pavilion households, women in the south of the Yangtze River, facing the scenery, electrodeless music, Mo Mei and the rhyme of sword songs. Poems of Zhu Zhai consists of three volumes and two sequels. He loved plum blossoms all his life, planted plum blossoms and Yongmei, attacked and painted plum blossoms, and was good at painting bamboo. Those who ask for help will follow them. There is nothing wrong with painting plum blossoms like Yang. Flowers are blooming, vegetation is vigorous and business is booming. Especially good at rouge as boneless body, unique style. It has a great influence on the masters of plum blossom painting in Ming Dynasty, such as Liu, Li, Wang and so on. The surviving paintings are The Three Gentlemen's Map and The Meme Map. Can manage printing, make seals with flower milk stone, and the seal cutting technique is wonderful. There is a biography of Ming history.

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2. Textual research on Wang Mian

Wang Mian lives in seclusion in Shuinan Village, Jiulishan, Zhuji. There are three families in the village who live a hard life all the year round. A stream flows like a belt, and a beautiful mountain stands behind the house. The mountains are covered with bamboo and trees. The mountains and rivers set each other off, with beautiful scenery and quiet environment. As he said in his poem, "There is a river in the green hills, and the window near the river is quiet." He is here to "plant three acres of beans, millet times, half of plum trees, peaches and apricots, and hundreds of leeks in the taro area; Diversion is a pool, and more than a thousand kinds of fish are planted (Volume 10 of the Garden of Zhi Hou). Wang Mian spent most of his life in such a picturesque mountain village. The simple life and quiet landscape gave birth to his character of loving life and working people, and endowed his poetry and painting creation with a strong flavor of life.

Wang Mian's ancestral home is Jing Wang in Kansai (west of Hanguguan). His tenth ancestor was Wang, who served as an official of the Qingyuan Army in the Song Dynasty. Wang has two sons. One is Wang Qi, who used to be an observer in Langzhou. One is Wang Lin, who is a controller. It has been eight generations since Wang Lin moved to Zhuji and spread to Wang Mian.

Wang Mian's distant ancestor was undoubtedly a bureaucratic family, but his father who came to Wang Mian became a poor farmer. "Chen Biography" contains: "The father is a farmer and the crown is a family." Wang Mian said in Zhu Zhai's Poems: "Mr. Jiu Li's sideburns are poorer this year than last year. I'm not worried about my clothes. The broken house caused Laura to rain. A few acres of bean sprouts die in summer, and a reed grows in autumn. Knowing each other, there is nothing to say, laughing that Bai Niao is not dead. " (Nine Miles in the Mountain) "I study hard all day and night, and my neighbors despise me for being pedantic and stupid. There is no millet in the broken coffin, and my wife is annoyed. I use Yuzhu as a meal. " ("Crossing the Mountain") "The ancient guests in the south of the Yangtze River have no land, and half a foot breaks the inkstone and loses money. Good mountains and good waters are hard to meet, and the house is thin and desolate. " ("feeling")

Judging from these poems, he personally took part in all kinds of labor. Reading and painting are just his spare time activities, for his life. He makes a living by selling paintings and rice, and also pays rent and taxes. He writes poems and paintings, which is naturally different from ordinary literati. Because "there is no land, no wind and no grass", his life is getting worse every year. There is no cotton wool for winter, and the straw house is unable to be repaired. Crops can't resist drought, and there is no food at home. His wife was hungry and had to pick wild vegetables to satisfy her hunger. In this case, I had to take part in manual labor directly, walk barefoot, farm bamboo, tea, mulberry, hemp and miscellaneous grains to maintain my life. The description of this poor life can be seen everywhere in the relevant descriptions. For example, in Zhu Zhai's poems, there is a description of "poor sleeves and empty pockets". "Coral in the Iron Net" records that "this year is different from last year, with white hair and beard, no foot disease, no hurry, no flattery, no career, no hunger all day long". Despite this tragic experience, he would rather farm and sell paintings for a living than run around begging, which fully shows the indomitable character of an artist.

Wang Mian was born in the 24th year of Zhiyuan (1287) and died in the 19th year of Zheng Zhi (1359) at the age of 73. Wu Rongguang's Chronicle of Celebrities of Past Dynasties holds this view. Upp also recorded Wang Mian's birthday as July 22nd. Yi Shuo was born in the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1335) and died in the fifth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1407) at the age of 73.

The fallacy of these two statements lies in putting the date of birth and death of Wang Mian's son Zhou in his father's name. This was discovered by Jiang's friends, and his views were published in the second issue of Academic Forum 1957. Look at Wang's description written by Lu Sheng again: "Qiao Shan was born in Yuan Qiu on July 22nd, and died on the 13th day of the first month of Dinghai in the fifth year of Yongle, with a life of seventy-three."

Jiang said, "According to the above-mentioned evidence about Wang Mian's date of birth and death, Wang Mian died at the age of 73. In addition, Upp still adopted the date and month in this passage. As for the reason why he changed his age, because his death in Yongle was inconsistent with the general account, he changed his death year to 19, which was occupied by the Ming army, and then extrapolated to 73 years, inferring that he was born in the year of Zhiyuan 24. " What's more, "this groundless statement has been echoed by many people and even quoted by many people. Someone even wrote a commemorative paper on 1935 as the 600th anniversary of Wang Mian's birth.

According to Jiang's opinion, Wang Mian's real date of birth and death should be: "He was born in (13 10) yuan for three years and died in Jihai in the 19th year (1359), which is not bad. Take Wang Shengnian as 25 years, that is, in the third year, Wang Mian was born at the age of 26. " This is the conclusion of Jiang.

From Wang Mian's poem "Self-feeling", "This ambition is really gloomy, and the clothes are mixed with mud. It is right to be born in the third year (13 10).

According to the Chronology of Historical Events at Home and Abroad, since the imperial examination was suspended in the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1335), it was not resumed until the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty. There is a sentence in Wang Mian's poem "Make Friends, Send Arms", which means to restore the imperial examination system in the sixth year of Zhiyuan (1340). Plain green grass refers to spring, and trying to shoot deer refers to Jinshi. Six years to the Yuan Dynasty. The result of the exam is that if Wang Mian doesn't win, he will burn what he wrote, which means he will never get a better chance. "Thirty Autumn Treading" was written after I failed the exam. In the fifth year of Zhiyuan (1339), Wang Mian was thirty years old. Thirty years from 1339 is the third year (13 10), which is consistent with what Jiang said.

According to legend, his parents, only daughter Wang Mian, loved him like the apple of their eye. At the age of one, he can talk, and at the age of three, he can answer freely. By the age of five or six, his cognitive ability has been higher than that of ordinary children. He started school at the age of eight and got excellent grades, which surprised his clan. He is regarded as a child prodigy, and the guests also praise him as a "swift horse".

When Wang Mian was young, he was very curious. One day, his father told him to herd cattle. He put the cow on the grass and went to a private school to listen to the children in the village. When he came back in the evening, the cow disappeared and was severely beaten by his father. But he didn't stop there. A few days later, he went to the temple, sat on the bodhisattva's lap and read and read with the ever-burning lamp. The Scholars began to describe the story of Wang Mian herding cattle, which may also be based on this. However, according to his biographical data, Wang Mian never herded cattle for other families, nor did he lose his father in childhood. Wu wrote that Wang Mian lost his father when he was young and hired him to herd cattle at the age of ten. After such processing, the image of peasant artists in Wang Mian is more prominent and their personality is more distinct. Therefore, the story of Wang Mian is still widely circulated.

According to scholars, Wang Mian seems to have little knowledge and art, and he is a self-taught person. In fact, there are two well-documented teachers in Wang Mian: Wang Gen and Han Xing. A native of Zhuji County, Wang Liang, he has a good handwriting, respects integrity, is sensible in reading and applies what he has learned. "fasting" is the abbreviation of "fasting" built by Wang Gen after he returned to the forest. There are only two titles in Wang Mian's poems called "Sir", one of which is mourning for Mr. Wang. Among them, sentences such as "How can a husband see purple eyebrows" and "Looking back at the spring breeze, who should he talk to" are used. The last sentence is the story of "being good and being expensive" when Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty established a prince. The next sentence means that he is studying in Wang Gen.

Another teacher is Anyang Hanxing. The whole Biography of Mr. Wang Mian Joining the Army says: "Wang Mian ... a poor family secretly likes reading, but the Koreans in Anyang have different personalities, so they were recorded as disciples and became scholars. Sexual death, the master regards Mr. as sex. " ("Song and Yuan Learning Examples" Volume 64). There is a similar record in Wang Mian's Ming History. Bao Yun questioned this in Ta Kung Pao1Textual Research on Wang Mian's Deeds published in February 1935. He said, "Is Wang Mian a Korean student? If he is really a Korean student, and after Han Xing's death, his classmates regard him as sex, this is certainly a great event in Wang Mian's mini-novels. ..... so I think this matter still needs to be doubted. " In fact, it can be considered that Han Xing is Wang Mian's teacher. The Collection of Poems of Zhu Zhai does not describe the poems with Korean characteristics, but the story of Zhu Zhai is attached to the old draft. In addition, Volume 21 of Liu Jiangsun's Collection of Raising My Diet also records the Collection of Bamboo Studio written by Han Xing for Wang Mian, which says: "Wang Yuanzhang of Jiyang fasted in the name of bamboo, and please write it down in the rest. Yoga Yu went to Jiyang for hundreds of miles and didn't go anywhere, so I don't know why ... "Wang Mian then took out a photo of the hut hidden by several bamboos and showed it to Han Xing. He also pointed to the picture and said, "It's a reporter, the so-called bamboo house, who wants children. Do you remember? " Zi, an ancient name for men, can also be called a teacher. It can be confirmed from biographies such as Ming History, All Wang Zu and Zhu Zhai Ji that Han Xing was also Wang Mian's teacher.

Wang Mian didn't believe in ghosts and gods when he was young. Volume 12 of Lu Rong's Miscellanies of Ming Garden contains such a short story: Wang Mian's house was close to a temple, and there was a lack of firewood under the stove, so he cut down the idol and used it as firewood. However, a neighbor next door worships God sincerely. Wang Mian destroyed the idol, and immediately carved wood to repair it. This was repeated three or four times. However, the Wang Mian family is safe all the year round, but it never rains but it pours. One day, the sculptor called the wizard to God and asked, "Wang Mian has destroyed God many times. Why doesn't God blame him? Why doesn't God bless me every time I practice God? " Embarrassed, the wizard had nothing to answer for a moment, and said angrily, "How can he burn if you don't make an image?" Since then, the man has stopped making up statues, and the temple has been gradually destroyed, which was later passed down as a joke.

Wang Mian in his early years was not as leisurely and quiet as most people thought, but he was also keen on fame and fortune. He devoted himself to studying Sun Wu's art of war and fencing, and had the ambition to clarify the world. He often compares himself with Yi Yin, Lu Shang and Zhuge Liang, hoping to make an earth-shattering career. However, the cruel reality of Yuan and Mongolian aristocratic rule discriminating against Han intellectuals educated him, and his fantasy was quickly shattered. He took the Jinshi exam and failed. After I came back, I was filled with anger and frustration, so I burned all the articles, indicating that I never had the determination to have a career again. As he said in "Feeling About Yourself", "When you grow up, you will be strong-willed, and you will study and follow good plans. Stone painting must be done by yourself, and you can't show off your knowledge. I hope to be loyal, loyal and send you to see Tang Yu. If you want to be a man of the world, you should also wash away your pride. Music poetry is a stone that shows parents' reputation. This ambition is actually repressed, and the clothes are mixed with mud. After thirty years of trampling, I am as decadent as a squid. There is no inch of land for returning farmland and no feet for returning grazing. I struggled on the stem of Panping, looking at the clouds and sighing. "

Later, he saved some money and went to Hangzhou for the first time. After boating on the West Lake and wandering around places of interest for a few days, he enjoyed the spring scenery in Hangzhou.

One day, he saw the Hui people, holding the flower donkey around Hangzhou, saying that the flower donkey could understand people's words and the Hui people's language. At that time, there was a flood in the south of the Yangtze River, and the people were hungry and cold, but the flowers and donkeys were still the same, and corrupt officials threw money at them. When Wang Mian saw this strange thing, he was so angry that he "didn't eat for ten days after he went back and cried like rain". This is his strong protest against the dominance of the Semu people established by the Yuan Dynasty.

While traveling in Hangzhou, he visited the tomb of Lin Hejing, which he worshipped. At that time, Yang Lian, the president of Jiangnan Buddhism, really excavated the imperial tombs from the south, and Lin Hejing's tomb in Gushan was also affected. However, there is nothing in the tomb except a white jade hairpin. Wang Mian was deeply touched by this matter, so he wrote a poem "Without a gold belt, there was a white hairpin behind him" ("A Record of Seclusion").

Wang Mian has also been to Nanjing, Jiujiangkou and Qililong, crossing Xiaoxiang, Dongting, Taihu, Lushan, Tiandu, Taihang, Qian Yue and Menyun. Once, on a snowy day, I walked barefoot to Yue Feng, looked around and shouted: "White jade is synthesized all over the world, which makes people feel refreshed and wants to fly away as a fairy!" (The Back Garden of Cheese, Volume 10) He simply melted his whole body and mind into nature. He once said: "I used to wear Xie Qigong, and I used to look for Xie Qigong in my strategy." "I love bamboo and I have traveled all over Jiangnan Mountain for ten years." It can be seen that his wandering is great and his footprints are far away. During the tour, "Meet witches and chivalrous men, talk about ancient heroes, that is, drink together and make a generous elegy" (Jade Pot Ice). Through making friends, I got to know many monks, such as Master Ming, Taoist Priests, Wutai Elders, Taoist Priests, Omoh Elders, Hui Elders and Qin Elders. And chatted with them about Zen. I once said, "The law cannot be done, and the law cannot be done. When you pay your law now, how can the law be used? "

Wang Mian once traveled north. According to scholars, when he was twenty years old, he traveled to the north. Because he wanted to paint for Su Wei, he refused to socialize, so Su Wei became angry. However, judging from his poems and deeds in Yanjing, it seems that he didn't travel to the north at the age of twenty, and the reason for traveling to the north was not for danger, but for other great significance. According to Zhang Chen's Biography of Wang Mian, Wang Mian "returned to the south of Wu Zhi". This strong patrol began in the year before Wuzi, when Yuan Shundi settled in the sea for seven years (1347). Wang Mian was 39 years old. He took a canal boat from gutang, Hangzhou, went north, crossed Jiaxing, Songjiang and Zhenjiang, stopped in Nanjing, returned to Zhenjiang, crossed the river to Yangzhou, passed through Xuzhou, Yanzhou and Jeju, and went to Dadu (Beijing), and traveled between Juyongguan and Gubeikou. One day, he felt relaxed and happy in the southern metropolis, but when he remembered the beautiful rivers and mountains under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, he couldn't help but feel indignant and denounced the traitors who led the wolf into the room for betraying the national interests. One of his poems "Nostalgia for South City" wrote: "In the morning, tall buildings look at the wild, and the western hills are boundless in the East China Sea. Weeds are buried in the Khitan trail, and female fireworks are separated by short walls. Know the new system of rites and music. Who asked the old government? Scholars hate generosity and hate killing Shi Jingtang. "

These trips have broadened my horizons and broadened my mind. His poems, paintings and calligraphy are even more different from ordinary people, and his patriotic thoughts are stronger.

When Meng Tai, a great bureaucrat in Yuan Dynasty, was in Beijing, he didn't love Wang Mian's paintings very much. He often sends a few rough pages and shouts at each other easily, which makes Wang Mian fidgety. Later, he had to enter the Thailand Flower House and become a diner. Taihua wanted to use him as a counselor, but he sternly refused. He smiled and said, "Mr. Shangshu, don't take it amiss. You are too clever. In a few years, this place will become a haunt of solitary rabbits! Why should you be an official? " ("Ming history? Biography of Wen Yuan and Exposure Pavilion (Volume 64)

At this time, his reputation for painting became more and more famous, and landlords and bureaucrats flocked to the museum, begging him to paint plum blossoms and bamboo stones. Splash ink for a while, spend a thousand flowers for a while, and it will be finished in a blink of an eye. ("Chen Chuan")

Hanlin is in danger, but Wang Mian doesn't know. Su Wei lives in Chonglou Street, and Wang Mian knows it. One day, Su Wei rode through Wang Mian. Wang Mian saluted him and asked him to sit down, but he didn't ask his name. Suddenly, he asked, "Is that you who lives in Chonglou Street?" Su Wei said, "Exactly." Wang Mian stopped talking to him. After Su Wei left, someone asked him who he was. He smiled and said, "This man must be a dangerous servant. I have read his article, and it seems to be deceptive. Now look at his behavior, it really is! " (Zhu Yizun's Biography of Wang Mian)

Fearless and arrogant, he was banished to Hezhou by Ming Taizu, and died with great hatred. Legend has it that once Zhu Yuanzhang was in the East Wing, Su Wei went outside the curtain and giggled. Mao asked, "Who is it?" He replied: "The old minister is in danger." Mao said crossly, "I thought it was Wen Tianxiang! Still you! " So, the next day, a decree was sent to Su Wei to burn incense at the Jade Bird Temple, deliberately humiliating him. From this point of view, Wang Mian is prescient.

Su Wei is from Jinxi, Jiangxi. In The Scholars, Wu deliberately changed it to a fellow countryman in Wang Mian, and wrote how to return to his hometown and how the county magistrate and squire curry favor with him, but he wanted to see Wang Mian at the first sight. Taking Su Wei as a foil for Wang Mian, on the one hand, shows Wang Mian's noble personality, on the other hand, it also shows the author's contempt for those humble people.

In the north, when Wang Mian saw the overbearing ruler, his anger was even more uncontrollable, so he wrote a poem to express his melancholy: "Calling an eagle to make a strong lang sound like thunder, and a child riding a horse's eyes like electricity. Always ignorant and stupid, and arrogant. What did the old Confucianists have knowledge for? Empty refers to the contribution of Yunshan paper. You don't know. Since Zhao Gao became prime minister, my road has withered like a sock line. " ("feeling")

After he returned to the metropolis from Saibei, his thoughts and feelings of loving the nation and the motherland were more vividly displayed. One day, he painted a plum blossom and stuck it on the wall, and wrote a poem saying, "The ice flower is like jade, and the Qiang flute cannot be blown down." (Biography of Poetry in Past Dynasties) said that he did not want to paint for foreign rulers, satirized dignitaries mercilessly, and made the audience shrink their heads and dare not talk, thus hurting the rulers' scars. They wanted to arrest him. In the eighth year of Zheng Zheng (1348), he secretly fled back to the south (The History of Silent Poetry, Biography of Zhang Chen and Wang Mian).

On the way back to the south, the Yellow River burst its banks and the rural houses along the river were flooded. However, regardless of the government, people have to flee everywhere, which is very bleak. Wang Mian saw this situation, the in the mind naturally feel bitter. He said to his good friend Zhang Chen, "The Yellow River flows northward, and the world has been in chaos since then. I have to go back to the south to realize my ambition." (Zhu Yizun's Biography of Wang Mian and Zhuji County Records)

At this time, he heard that Hangzhou friend Lu lived in Luanyang (northwest of Qian 'an County, Hebei Province) and died, leaving two girls and a boy unattended. He went to Luanyang, buried Lu Sheng, brought back two women and a man, and stayed at home. Song Lian's Biography of Wang Mian said that there were servants to support him, but it was these people.

When I passed the Huaihe River, I expressed my feelings that my aloof and upright attitude was contrary to the cruel reality. He wrote in the poem "Returning to the South": "I left the South last year and returned to the North this year. After crossing the Huaihe River, the wine is cheap and the white fish is fat. Who to talk to aboveboard, aloof and aloof. The most pitiful country, down and out, said the military machine. "

This trip made him see through human snobbery more clearly. Knowing that fame has become a flower in the mirror, he changed course and learned from Zhuge Liang's seclusion in Nanyang. He lived in Shuinan Village, Jiulishan, renamed himself "Lao Long" and named the thatched cottage "Geng Du Xuan". I took part in manual labor during the day, planted rice, sorghum and Sang Ma, and painted at night, leading a semi-hungry life of "indifferent to Zhi Ming".

After Wang Mian became Shan Nong, life became increasingly difficult, and the villagers looked down on him, which made him feel sad and even more unbearable. He can't support his parents. He said in the poem "Self-feeling": "The world despises me, so it laughs at me. By the kindness of parents, by the door. My heart is bitter and sad, and my feelings are depressed. Snakes compete in the mountains, and the road is noisy? . The barren forest is setting in the sun, and shame feeds back Wu. Crows are like this. What is my life like? "

Unfortunately, his father died under the pressure of poverty and disease. In addition to grief, he also lived a life of "suffering himself, loving himself and being ashamed of his wife and children". He sent his mother to Shaoxing to recuperate. His friend wrote a book about Li Xiaoguang and wanted to recommend him as a government official. Wang Mian said, "I have land to farm and books to read. Will I send official documents to others? " (Zhuji County Records) Once again refused to serve the ruling class. He has developed a humorous character. His mother wants to go back to her hometown. When he saw Qu Yuan's clothes painted in Chu Ci, he made a tall hat and a wide dress, bought an ox cart, carried his mother, wore a hat and wide clothes, hung wood blade and sang folk songs, and walked through the village, making a group of children laugh with him. He smiled indifferently at them (Song Lian's.

His teacher and fellow countryman Wang Gen spoke highly of his character. Wang Gen personally went to visit his mother, and later Wang Gen made a calibration in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Wang Mian once visited Wang Gen in rags. When Wang Gen met him, he immediately greeted him, gave him shoes and advised him to be an official. Wang Mian just smiled, put down his shoes and left (Zhu Yizun's Biography of Wang Mian).

A few years later, his mother died, and he spent three years in mourning.

Song Lian said, "Returning from Chu Jun to Vietnam means that the world will be chaotic and there will be nothing in the sea, or it will be called madness. Guan said, "If the fool is not me, who should be stupid!" " My wife and children and I are hiding in Jiulishan. Plant three acres of beans, millet times, 1,000 plum blossoms, half peaches and apricots, one taro area, 100 leeks, and use water as a pool to plant more than 1,000 fish. There are three thatched cottages, which are named "Plum Blossom House". "

A few words can show Wang Mian's usual remarks and people's attitude towards him at that time. In Wang Mian's poems, he often criticized the political badness of the Yuan Dynasty, and publicly publicized that the world would be in chaos after his return from a trip to the North. In the eyes of the court, he will definitely think that he is a misleading person and cannot exist. So he wants to live in seclusion in Jiulishan after returning to China, which obviously has something to do with this.

"Hanging nine miles into the city, clip out of Shuangxi. I don't see visitors all the year round, and apes cry all day long. Although the black kite is jealous, the elk is blind. " It can also be seen from these poems that he fled into the mountains because the world was jealous.

In the 19th year of Zheng Zhi (1359), there was a commotion in the southeast. Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Fang Guozhen, Zhejiang, sent Hu Dahai to attack Shaoxing, stationed troops in Jiulishan, and villagers fled. Wang Mian was unmoved and was ill in bed. He said, "I'm Wang Yuanzhang." The soldiers took him to Hu Dahai in Zhang Tian Temple, and Hu Dahai invited Wang Mian to sit on the table and ask him for advice. Wang Mian said, "The general is wise and far-sighted, so the villagers don't have to say much. Who is convinced by righteousness, who is not convinced, who is convinced by strength? Shaoxing is a place of justice. If you want me to teach you to kill my father, brother and children, you can never do it. You can listen to me and hope to change it right away. If you don't listen, please kill me at once. " Hu Dahai was speechless by what he said, so he had to bow down again and ask Wang Mian not to talk. Wang Mian became ill the next day and died a few days later. Hu Dahai was buried at the side of Lanting with the title "The Tomb of Mr. Wang" (Zhang Chen's Biography of Wang Mian).

Zhang Chen, Song Lian, Zhu Yizun, Quan and modern scholars have always had different opinions about whether Wang Mian negotiated with Zhu Yuanzhang to join the army in his later years and plotted to capture Shaoxing for the Ming army. Song Lian's Biography of Wang Mian: "When the emperor takes five states, he will attack Yue, seek the crown, set up a shogunate and persuade him to join the army. One night, I died of illness. " ("Ming history? Biography) Zhu Yizun's Biography of Wang Mian, which participated in the compilation of Ming history, denied this statement, saying: "Since Song Lian came out, the whole world has taken' joining the army' as its goal, so it is not surprising to join the army one day! "Wang Mian's fellow countryman friend Zhang Chen's Biography of Wang Mian is the most concrete record of Wang Mian's deeds, but he didn't say anything about joining the army. When researching Wang Mian's deeds, Bao Lai, a close friend, thought: "(General Ming) Hu Dahai met Wang Mian when he attacked Zhuji in the first month of 19th year. At that time, the matter was reported to the Central Committee, which approved his proposal to join the army. It's a pity that the official document of the Central Committee hasn't arrived in Zhuji, and Wang Mian is already dead. Therefore, Song Lian asked him to join the army. "This is mostly speculation. Comparatively speaking, Zhang Chen's Biography of Wang Mian is the most credible. Therefore, Volume 27 of Zhuji County Records says: "Zhang Chen and Wang Mian are fellow villagers and friends at the same time. Of course, it is more accurate than what Song and Zhu saw and heard, so it still depends on Zhang Chen's biography. This crown was carried by Master and died within a few days from Jiulishan to Yinshan Tiantong Temple. Not only have I never been a soldier for a day, but I have never seen Ming Taizu, let alone painted Shaoxing! Crown lives in Jiuli, Zhuji, not Jiuli, Yin Shan, and its owner lives at the foot of the mountain. There are still traces of the camp. See Records of Mountains and Rivers, which is located in Yamanoe and as far away as Lanting. At that time, he was taken from Jiuli to Tiantong Temple for the sake of Master, and he died in a few days. I really haven't been outside Yinshan City, let alone to Wuzhou. Zhu Yu (Zhu Yizun) knows the mistakes made by Song Chuan and spreads them to the History Museum. Wu put forward in The Scholars: "Did Wang Mian work as an official for a day? "This is a fact.

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3. Allusions

Wang Mian night reading

original text

Wang Mian is from Zhuji. When he was seven or eight years old, his father ordered Niu to go to school and sneak into the school to listen to the students' endorsements; Listen to yourself and learn from your memory. At dusk, I forgot my cow, and my father angered me. As good as ever. Mother said, "My son is so stupid that he doesn't listen to anything?" Because the crown is gone, I live by the monk temple. At night, I dive out and sit on the Buddha's lap. I will read with an ever-burning lamp. Buddha statues are full of clay figures, which are hideous and outrageous; Guaner, if you don't know.

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Wang Mian is from Zhuji County. When he was seven or eight years old, his father told him to herd cattle on the ridge, and he sneaked into the school to listen to the students. After listening, I always remember it silently. When he came home at night, he forgot all the cows he was grazing. Wang Mian's father was furious and gave Wang Mian a good beating. After that, he was still like this. His mother said, "The child is so obsessed with reading, why not let him?" Wang Mian left home and stayed in a temple. At night, he sneaked out and sat on the Buddha's lap, holding a book in his hand. By the light of the ever-burning lamp in front of the Buddha, the sound of reading was read until dawn. Most of the Buddha statues are clay sculptures, all of which are ferocious and frightening. Child as Wang Mian is, he doesn't seem to see it.

Wang Mian painted lotus flowers.

There was a great painter named Wang Mian in the Ming Dynasty, who was best at drawing lotus flowers. Many people came from far away to get his lotus painting.

Although Wang Mian was famous, he was poor when he was a child. He has to herd cattle for others during the day and study by himself at night. One day, when Wang Mian was herding cattle by the lake, it suddenly began to rain. The rain stopped for a while, but the lotus and lotus leaves in the lake were washed clean by the rain. Wang Mian liked it so much that he wanted to draw it, so he quickly used his pocket money to buy paper and pens and began to draw. At first, of course, the painting was not very good, but Wang Mian didn't get angry, so he continued to paint. Finally, the painting became more and more similar, just like the real thing. Wang Mian sold the lotus and took the money home to honor his mother. Because Wang Mian painted lotus flowers very well, many people rushed to buy them, so his environment gradually improved and he stopped herding cattle for others. At the same time, his fame spread far and wide, and he eventually became a famous great painter in China.