What are the formation and achievements of Zhiren's novels?

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, mystery novels developed rapidly and made some achievements. In this period, only mystery novels can keep pace with mystery novels. Stories about people, also known as "anecdote novels" and "storytelling novels", mainly describe the words and deeds of characters and record anecdotes of historical figures.

The essential difference between mystery novels and mystery novels is that mystery novels are based on human stories and secular life. With the help of myths and legends, fables, and fragments of characters' words and deeds recorded in historical biographies, I have continuously developed and achieved myself. Although these stories are short, they are also vivid and touching.

Like mystery novels, the prosperity of local novels has its own stylistic reasons and is also the result of the influence of external environment. First of all, Zhiren's novels are the result of the influence of fables and historical biography in the pre-Qin period. The descriptions of characters' words and deeds and trivial behaviors in these fables and historical essays are deeply rooted in the hearts of many literati in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the superb artistic techniques described in this paper have also been used for reference by literati in Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties.

Secondly, the social situation in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is also conducive to the development of local novels. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, literati advocated talking openly and liked to judge characters, which was actually influenced by the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were many "items" among scholars. The so-called category is to evaluate and measure the pros and cons of the characters, and the evaluation criteria are the words and behaviors of the characters.

At that time, the court attached importance to people's evaluation, through discussion and selection of people. Anyone who is praised can get the name of "filial piety" and "virtue" and be requisitioned by the court to enter the official career, so one sentence can determine a person's success or failure. And those who can't get the name of "filial piety" and "virtue" will find it difficult to enter the official career and even be cast aside. At the same time, the prevalence of this ethos also made the anecdotes of literati spread for a while, which provided very important materials for the novels of Zhiren.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, scholars and celebrities used Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts to explain Confucian classics. They gave up everything and only talked about Hyunri. This is the wind of "speaking clearly". Literati and celebrities collect and sort out these characters and words, and compile them into books, which is the novel of knowing people and discussing the world.

The main content of the novels of Zhiren is to describe the words and deeds and anecdotes of the characters, which can be roughly divided into three categories: jokes, trivial words and anecdotes. Because many local chronicles novels in this period are trivial and anecdotes, they are often combined into one point, which is called "trivial anecdotes".

Joke novels often tell humorous and ironic stories. There are many jokes in the fables of the pre-Qin Dynasty and the historical biography of the Han Dynasty.

Jokes, as a literary genre, use absurd things in life to prompt contradictions, enlighten people's hearts and make people get education from them. Is the so-called entertaining.

A good joke should be close to reality, with proper praise and criticism. China's jokes come from the people. The collection, arrangement and compilation of the first folk joke was completed by Han Danchun, a calligrapher of Wei State in the Three Kingdoms period. His book "Laughing in the Woods" is China's first joke novel, and it is also the first novel for people to read. The folk jokes collected in Laughing Forest reflect some human feelings, which are vivid and interesting and have a great influence on later generations.

Stories and anecdotes about local chronicles are the main body of local chronicles novels, and their contents are much richer than jokes and local chronicles. Some describe the words and deeds of upper-class women at that time, satirize their jealous behavior and advocate the virtue of not being jealous. This kind of novels mainly include Yu Lin and Guo Zi.

In addition, there are folk stories with novel meanings; There are also short stories describing the nature of unofficial history; It also recorded the mysterious talks, hobbies and anecdotes of celebrities and gentry at that time, thus showing their attitude towards life and cultural interests. The representative work of this kind of novel is Ge Hong's Miscellanies of Xijing.

Miscellanies of Xijing mainly narrates the anecdotes of characters in the Western Han Dynasty, and also involves the court system, customs and habits, with a strange color. Some of these stories have become very popular, such as Wang Zhaojun, Mao Yanshou and Zhuo Wenjun.

In addition, from the artistic point of view, anecdote novels are more interesting than joke novels, rich in content, delicate in language and vivid in words, and have always been talked about.

Liu Yiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty compiled a novel describing the local people, which was called Shi Shuo Xin Yu. It is the earliest collection of classical Chinese local novels in China, with the greatest achievement and influence, representing the peak of local novels in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Shi Shuo Xin Yu * * This book contains more than 1000 stories, which are concise, usually only a few lines, and the short ones are only a few words. It mainly records the anecdotes of words and deeds of some literati from the late Han Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and also involves the political affairs and daily life of the ruling class.

Through these descriptions, the social outlook at that time was vividly reflected, especially the living conditions of the literati class and even the spiritual world. There are many accounts that criticize the dark reality, satirize extravagance and extravagance, and praise wisdom and kindness.

The language of Shi Shuo Xin Yu is simple and refined, and some of it is folk spoken language, which is concise and intriguing. The recorded characters are often fragmentary fragments, but they vividly express the personality of the characters. Wonderful metaphors and descriptions, exaggerations and descriptions can be seen everywhere in the book.

Compared with Chinese novels, the novels of people with anecdotes lack rich imagination and fantasy, as well as vivid characters and relatively complete plots. Therefore, people's novels with anecdotes as the theme have more novel factors, and it is easier to develop into more advanced novel forms.

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