Help me write a description of a Japanese large courtyard mansion. I am not familiar with Japanese architecture. I only know that the door has two wooden curtains, opening on the left and right. The s

Help me write a description of a Japanese large courtyard mansion. I am not familiar with Japanese architecture. I only know that the door has two wooden curtains, opening on the left and right. The specific details

Large courtyard ~ mansion ~, which era is it from? Yayoi? Safety? Warring States Period? Or Edo? The characteristics of each era are different~

Kunimori, Yunshangren, the Imperial family, the Shogun family, and the Abe Seimei family are all very different~~

But practicality and sophistication are ** *passable.

Almost all residential buildings are elevated below, which helps avoid moisture.

Sliding doors should be familiar to you. All sliding doors and partitions can be disassembled, and the entire room can be fully connected for ventilation.

Due to kneeling and height reasons, the roofs are generally shorter, especially in the castle towers of the Warring States Period. In the Edo period, the squatting style became popular and the roofs began to become higher~

绛子Paper is very special, strong and absorbent. It is used to paste doors and windows, and is also used to make royal coins~~

There is a corridor surrounding the house. It is not as complicated as in the Dream of Red Mansions, just forming a circle.

The windows are small partitions held open with sticks. The light in the room is not very good, so women in the Heian period would whiten their faces and blacken their teeth to make their appearance more distinctive (it looked quite scary~)

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The left and right sides are not completely symmetrical. Compared with the left-right symmetrical buildings in China, the Japanese are not so strict~~

The room layout is simple and lively, which may give people a sense of emptiness~ But in an island country with a small territory, emptiness is valuable~

For specific content, it is recommended to check "Pillow", "Stories of the Past and Past", the color version of "Japanese Ancient Architecture", and "Japanese People and Japanese Culture" written by Higuchi Old Man "Architecture" section.

Here are some architectural styles of the Heian period:

The architectural style of the residences of the upper-class nobles was developed under the guidance of turning Heian Kyo into a planned city suitable for living - —This is Japan’s first urban house.

The formation time of the shinden-zukuri should be around the middle of Heian period (10th to early 11th century AD). However, due to the scarcity of historical materials and the large number of monuments that have not yet been excavated, it is difficult to judge the specific development of architectural styles at that time. In addition, "Shinden-zukuri" is a general term for the architectural style of the residences of superior nobles during the Heian period; but in fact, as time goes by, the "Shinden-zukuri" in the middle Heian period (that is, the period when the shinden was built) and the late Heian-early Kamakura period differed in architectural style and The layout of the courtyards is very different.

Next, let’s take a look at the architectural features of “shinden-zukuri”:

①The shinden, the opposite room, and the central porch wrap the south courtyard in a U-shape. Overall, it is a kind of Dual structure;

②The main palace buildings such as the sleeping hall and the opposite room are connected by corridors and crossing halls;

③With the sleeping hall as the center, a symmetrical architectural pattern is adopted on the left and right - from Here we can see the influence of ancient Chinese palace architecture on Japan;

④ There are portals on the east and west sides of the central porch and the courtyard;

⑤ Two corridors connect the sleeping hall Hedian (usually refers to the corridor or the corridor of the platform);

⑥ There are rockeries and miniature landscapes of natural attractions built in the south courtyard.

The above six points are regulations about building layout. In addition, according to different uses, a large palace can be divided into several small rooms; there are also various regulations regarding daily utensils. There is even a special "room ceremony (しつらい)".

Changes in the shinden-zukuri:

The upper-class nobles in the early Heian period usually divided their residences into inner and outer parts.

First of all, earth walls were built around the courtyard - this did not change until later generations. The main gate on the south is called the "Hachimon Gate", which is also a representative architectural pattern of the early shinden-zukuri period.

Secondly, a fence should be erected on the north side of the inner courtyard, and a gate should be set up on the south side.

After that, the main palace can be built in the inner courtyard. After passing through the main gate, there is the "Main Hall" in the center, followed by the "Apse Hall" and "Back Hall". Between the main hall and the back hall, an east-west "wake hall" was built.

It should be noted here that the main hall, apse hall and side hall are all independent palaces, with no connected side corridors in between.

By the mid-9th century AD, the fence dividing the inner and outer courtyards gradually integrated with the side hall; in addition, side corridors began to appear between the main hall and the side hall - therefore, there was also the saying "this period was still in It is said that it was in the preparation stage for the construction of the shrine.

After entering the middle period of Heian, aristocratic residences with this architectural model began to appear, such as sleeping halls, east-west facing halls, and side corridors connecting the sleeping halls and facing halls. This is the common sleeping hall style we see today.

During this period, the design of the south gate was cancelled, and entrances and exits were opened on the east or west side. However, in fact, there is no strict prohibition on opening the south gate; but except for Miyagi, this has become a kind of social consciousness. The abolition of the south gate is closely related to the opening of a large area of ????gardens in the south courtyard and the form of marriage at that time (bridal marriage? marriage with a son-in-law). The more famous aristocratic residences in the mid-Heian period include Minamoto's Ryūjo Kawara-in, Fujiwara no Michichiro's Tsuchimikado Kyogoku-den, his son Yoromichi's Koyo-in, and Fujiwara Sanito's Onomiya residence, etc.

In the late Heian period and the early Kamakura period, the construction of the shrine became more "realistic".

First of all, Duidai and Duidai corridors appeared and replaced the Duiden; there were also cases where the Duiden was built using the "missing" construction method (that is, only one of the East and West Duidens was built). A typical representative of this architectural model is the Higashi-sanjoden building of the Fujiwara Kita family.

In addition, the reduction in the scale of the mansion and the simplicity of the architectural form also reflect the emphasis on practical usability. The reduction and simplification of the main hall was accompanied by the emergence of the "small dormitory hall", and the left-right asymmetrical architectural pattern also quickly became popular.

"Small dormitory halls" appeared mainly in the late Heian period (late 11th to early 12th century). In order to reflect the personality of the owner, the dormitory halls were gradually separated from the main hall group and rebuilt elsewhere. Since the small dormitory fully provided a private space, later the "small imperial palace" also appeared in the imperial palace.

Furthermore, with the disappearance of the opposite hall, the two corridors (corridors) running east-west on the north side of the dormitory that replaced its functions have become important. In addition, the corridor was originally the residence of the ladies, but later it gradually became the imperial residence of the ministers and a place for holding various ceremonies. Originally, in order to accommodate their newly born descendants, nobles often expanded the area of ??the crossing corridor; later, the second corridor and the middle corridor gradually became places for holding various ceremonial and sacrificial activities.

Fourth, the waiting gallery is the entrance and rest room for servants and those with lower status. It is also the central office location of the housekeeping agency.

Finally, the Toudu Hall, which originally connected the dormitory hall and the opposite hall, was gradually simplified.

In this way, this kind of dormitory building continued until the Muromachi period.

The structure of the shinden-zukuri:

1 Area:

During the Heian period, the area of ??the official field received varied according to different official positions. According to the official system at that time, if there were more than three officials, 1 town (approximately 14,400 square meters) of land would be granted; if four or five officials were granted, 1/2 of the town (approximately 7,200 square meters) would be granted; if there were less than six officials, 1/4 of the town (approximately 7,200 square meters) would be granted. About 3600㎡). [A town is approximately a square with a length of 40 feet and a width of 40 feet; if we calculate that 1 foot = 3 feet, one side is about 120m]

However, in fact, buildings such as Higashi-Sanjo-den, Kan-in, Horikawa-in, and Do Large-scale palace complexes such as Gomon Kyogoku-den are about 2 towns in size; Koyo-in and Ryujo Kawara-in are even larger, covering 4 towns.

2 The composition of the palace building:

First of all, the sleeping hall is located in the center of the south. On both sides of it are built the east-west facing hall and the west facing hall - which are also the main halls on the east and west sides.

According to the size of the palace, some mansions also have a north-facing hall, a northeast-facing hall, and a northwest-facing hall on the north side of the dormitory hall.

Secondly, the sleeping hall and the opposite hall are connected with the crossing hall and the corridor.

Among them, there is a passage on the south and north sides that connects the shrine and the opposite hall. The passage on the south side is built in the style of a cloister, so it is also called "Tododen" or "Torudo". The width (calculated according to the length of the beam) is about One room [according to the current conversion method, 1 room = 6 feet (1.8m); in the Heian period, 1 room was approximately 10 feet (3m)]. If there is a pool in the courtyard, a reverse bridge must be built - these are important factors that constitute the early shinden design.

The width of the two corridors on the north side is about two rooms, and that on the south side is one room. In addition, the two corridors on the north side are separated in the middle, and the space one room wide is used as the women's room.

Again, the central porch extends from the east-west hall to the south courtyard. The sleeping hall, the east-west facing hall and the central porch wrap up the south courtyard.

The middle porch is in the form of a single corridor. There is no wall on the side facing the south courtyard and is replaced by continuous windows. In addition, there are also small palace buildings such as Diao Hall and Quan Hall on both sides of the middle door from the middle porch to the south court.

In addition, the middle gate is also divided into the north corridor of the middle gate and the south corridor of the middle gate. Among them, the north corridor of the middle gate is used by superior nobles such as ministers and princes to enter and exit the residence. On the south side outside the central gate, there is also a carriage house for ox carts and a rest room for personal attendants. In the main entrance direction (east or west direction), there is a corridor for the household stewards and other attendants to enter and exit the opposite hall.

Finally, on the north side of the mansion outside the main palace rooms, there are also residences for servants and warehouses, bathrooms, barns and other houses for daily necessities, collectively called miscellaneous houses or lower houses.

Description of each palace building:

Doors:

According to the architectural pattern of shinden-zukuri, doors generally open in the north, west, and east directions. Among them, one of the east and west gates is used as the main gate (also called the "main gate", now the main gate); in addition, there are several general gates called the "middle gate".

As for why there is no gate on the south side - there is actually no clear rule. In the article "On January 15th of the first year of Sadawa (1345), Sono Taireki", it is recorded that Ashikaga Naoyoshi, who entered the capital, answered the question "Is it appropriate to set up a gate on the south side when building a mansion?":

"There is indeed an old practice of opening the door on the south side of the Imperial Palace's Seimeimon gate; but other than that, there are no similar examples. Since there are no written regulations, I don't know the reason." (Chengming Gate is located directly south of the palace city and is the main entrance of Zichen Hall - equivalent to the middle gate in the dormitory building.)

From this point of view, although the south gate is only built in the palace city, there is no prohibition Provisions for setting up gates to the south. Nijo Takakura-den, the imperial residence of Emperor Go-Uta, is one example of a gate to the south.

The mansions of superior nobles are surrounded by high walls, so people can only peek into the courtyard from the door - this is also a status symbol.

Of course, according to different social status and grades, the door styles of various mansions are also different. From high to low, its styles can be divided into: four-legged gate - Dongmen - Tangmen - Shangtumen. In addition, there is also the earthen gate without eaves (also known as the "earth gate"). However, with the passage of time, the Tang Sect and the Tu Sect gradually became the same level of sect styles; later they were merged into one, giving rise to a new sect style called "Four-Legged Tang Sect".

Only ministers and ministers can build this most advanced main entrance. Books such as "Da Jing" and "Fu Jia Yu Tan" all record anecdotes that a court official who was building a Dongmen or Tang Gate suddenly became a minister, so he demolished the new gate and replaced it with a four-legged gate. In addition, the styles of this gate are only the four-legged gate and the Tang gate; the upper gate and the upper gate are the universal gate styles.

Since the door system symbolizes the identity and rank of the head of the household, in the Edo period, each daimyo distinguished the door style based on the height of the domain stone, and formulated express laws.

Garden wall:

In shinden-zukuri, the wall surrounding the courtyard is called "tsuki" or "tsukiji".

This kind of courtyard wall usually uses wooden pillars as the central fulcrum inside, and wooden boards are used to reinforce the pillars, and then the outside is coated with mud. The courtyard walls of palaces and temples use wooden frames as supports and are reinforced with mud from bottom to top. The "slab-building" method - this construction method was also used to build earthen ramparts until castles made of stone walls became popular.

Today, when we mention "Tsukiji?", many people will think of white gray walls and tile roofs. However, in fact, the noble houses of the Heian period had wooden roofs - the wooden roofs were also coated with a layer of soil called "soil"; and white ash was only painted on both sides of the main gate, which was about 2 feet wide (6m). ) of the "wall" part.

Compared with the wooden roofs of ministerial residences, tile roofs can be used in palaces and temples. It was not until the Azuchi Momoyama period that tiles became a popular building material.

Similar to the gate system, the courtyard walls also differ according to status. The entry on April 23 of the third year of the Chang Yuan Dynasty (1030) in "Japan Chronicle" contains:

When six or fewer officials are building courtyard walls, they are not allowed to cover the top with cypress bark. "

The content.

In addition, in "Pillow" and "The Tale of Genji", it is mentioned that simple courtyard walls are easy to be damaged. Such anecdotes often make people laugh - -However, due to economic reasons and other factors, even if the courtyard walls of some lower-level noble residences are damaged, they cannot be repaired and can only be left to be exposed to wind and rain. The famous Miss Unplucked Flowers may live in such an environment In addition to protecting the residence, courtyard walls sometimes also play a role in ornamental and aesthetic purposes. According to the records in "The Great Mirror", some gardens were planted on the courtyard walls. In response to the various flowers and plants in the four seasons, the owner can enjoy the elegance of the flowers in the corridor hanging with Tang brocade.

Sometimes, there is a ditch outside the courtyard wall. Below, there should be an open space about 5 feet (1.5m) wide between the wall and the ditch, which is called the "dog track". Finally, let us end this introduction with Nobuhiro Fujiwara's waka:

"On the dog path under the dilapidated courtyard wall is my lonely figure"

——"Ancient and Modern" "New Six Posts"

Bedroom:

1 Origin and Use

In ancient my country, "Bedroom" means sleeping, and the sleeping place is Center room. Therefore, Japan uses the "dorm hall" as the main hall. Of course, the dormitory here does not refer to a sleeping room; it refers to a "palace house". There is a saying in "Historical Records":

"Every bedroom is called a bedroom."

As the central palace in the mansion, the bedroom is a place where various major ceremonies and banquets are held. However, as the times changed, it gradually evolved into the owner's living quarters.

2 Indoor structure:

In the dormitory, the part that occupies the main space is called the "mother house". It is the living room of the owner, and there is a "day throne" in the center. For owner's day use. In addition, at the west or east end of the mother house, there is also a two-room × two-room "Tu Cong" - its main function is to store family heirlooms and ancestors' spiritual tablets, so it can be said to be the most important in the entire mansion. Altar. Of course, sometimes the painted cage was also used as the owner's residence - from this design, we can see the respect that people at that time had for the souls of their ancestors.

Out of respect for ancestors, Tulong can also be used as: a place for holding the "quilt covering ceremony" in weddings; a delivery room and a place to place the body of the deceased.

In addition to the Tulong, there is also a side room (also known as "Guangyuan" and "Big Bed") in the center of the mother house that is one room long and has a floor height slightly lower than that of the mother house. Normally, this is the residence of the ladies' room; but when banquets are held, it is used as a seat for honored guests. A qizi refers to a space with an area of ??about one room around a wing, in which the floor height is slightly lower than that of the wing. It is surrounded by hook rails (also called high rails). The Qizi first served as a passage, and later became a viewing seat for banquets and ceremonies in the South Courtyard, as well as a storage place for officials and tents in the wing room.

The above is the basic structure of the dormitory, but some mansions also have another wing outside the wing - this wing is called the "grand chamber".

Between the main house, the wing rooms and the lofts, the spaces are generally separated by walls, walls, barriers, tents, screens, etc.

3 Structure:

Eaves:

As mentioned above, more than five nobles used cypress roofs to build the mother-shaped roof, and those below six officials used boards. .

Ceiling:

Basic shinden-zukuri buildings have no ceiling. Its function is to cover up the building materials on the top of the temple, so wooden boards are often used for decoration. In the mother house, the ceiling is made of thin wooden strips that were put together. Starting from this simple material, the ceiling gradually develops towards the gorgeous "lattice patio".

Pillars:

In ancient Japan, noble residences generally used round white wood columns. Today, pillars are only built at the four corners of the temple (called "corner pillars"); during the Heian period, pillars (called "pillars") were also built between the grand chamber and the rafter and on the extension of the roof. In addition, the pillars in the shrine are not painted with Zhudan.

Floor:

It is usually paved with wooden boards, but if necessary, it will also be lined with straw mats and other materials. In order to prevent the gaps between the boards from being exposed, straw mats are often spread under the boards. Of course, the floor heights in the mother house, wing rooms and huts are different. The difference between thalliums is called "Xia Jang'an" and "Qiemu Jing'an".

Wall:

The wall is located between the columns. The bamboo and wooden lattice (called "Xiao Wu") is coated with clay and mortar and fixed. However, except for the painted cage, there are almost no walls in the dormitory building.

Stairs:

There is a wooden staircase called a "step" in the center of the dormitory, usually five steps high. In addition, there are high railings on both sides of the staircase, and there are hidden steps behind it.

Dividing props:

In shinden-zukuri architecture, the objects used to divide the indoor and outdoor areas include: grids, awnings, tsumuke and sukehu; objects used to separate indoor spaces The tools are barriers.

The lattice and lattice are arranged between the pillars of the wing and lattice; except for the one-layer lattice on the south side, the second-layer lattice - that is, the half-lattice - is used in other places. The specific usage method is: fix the lower end of the grid with metal, and lift the upper end outward. If there is only one grid, its upper end is lifted inward.

The Tsumado is a wooden two-part door, with two doors on the east and west sides of the dormitory and two on the north and south ends of the wing. It is the main entrance to the dormitory. In addition, there is also a wife's household in the center of the north chamber.

The door is a wooden sliding door, which is the entrance and exit to the north hall and miscellaneous rooms; sometimes it is also used as an indoor partition prop.

The shoji of the Heian period is the general term for screens and coat shoji, generally referring to coat shoji. Screens are used to separate the main room and the side room. The "standing shoji" at that time was movable, but the current "clear shoji" is fixed.

The opposite hall:

1 Origin and purpose

The opposite hall is the main hall besides the sleeping hall in the mansion, also called the "opposite house". Generally speaking, with the shinden as the center, there are symmetrical "West facing hall" and "East facing hall" on the left and right sides; in addition, there is also "North facing hall" built on the north side of the sleeping hall. (In large mansions, there may also be "northeast facing hall" and "northwest facing hall".) Among them, the east and west facing halls can also be called "side halls"; if there is a north facing hall, the mansion There should also be an apse and an apse built in the middle.

Looking at the etymology of "pair", it can be seen as meaning "corresponding to the dormitory to form a palace"; in addition, it also has the meaning of "matching the palace".

Early shinden-zukuri buildings generally had east and west facing halls; but later, as the frequency of use declined, the setting of the facing halls was gradually eliminated. In the early Heian period, the opposite hall was generally used for the daily life of the owner's family; later, it gradually transformed into a venue for ceremonies and banquets.

2 The spatial composition and structure of the interior:

The spatial composition of the east and west facing halls is basically the same as that of the dormitory, but there are some differences in its structure: The south is facing directly, the east facing hall faces the west, and the west facing hall faces the east; the floor of the facing hall is lower than that of the dormitory; the roof of the facing hall adopts the "Kiritsuma" and "绹波风" types (however, some have opposite The main hall also uses a mother-house-type roof); The stairs to the opposite hall are generally three-level, oriented toward the south court, and are exclusively for distinguished guests to enter and exit.

However, the architectural structure of the north facing hall is divided into two types: the same as the dormitory and the longhouse form.

Todo Hall:

1 Purpose

Todo Hall is the corridor that connects the dormitory hall and the opposite hall, as well as some other main halls. It is roughly divided into Todo Hall and Bido Hall. Two types. There is a Todo Hall connecting the dormitory hall and the opposite hall, one on the north and one on the south side. The one on the north side is Bito Hall, and the one on the south side is Todo Hall. In addition, if a canal passes through Todu-dono, a reverse bridge will be built, so it is also called Anti-doden.

2 Structure

Torutoden is a semi-open-air corridor composed of a floor and a roof. It is about 1 room (3m) wide and has a high railing surrounding the side facing the outside of the dormitory. However, with the changes of the times, Towatōden, which connects the dormitory hall and the opposite hall, gradually fell out of use.

The Bidu Hall is a closed corridor. It is twice as wide as Tododen (two rooms), one of which is used as a passage, and the other is usually the residence of the female room. In terms of the choice of building materials, the roof of Bidu Hall is made of two pillars of wood, so it is also called the "two pillars corridor". With the changes of the times, the Bidu Hall gradually changed from a residence for women to a bedroom for the master and a room for guests. Later, it became a place dedicated to the living of guests above the master (called the "Gongqing Seat").

Middle porch:

1 Purpose

The middle porch is a corridor extending from the east and west opposite halls to the south courtyard.

To enter the South Courtyard from the dormitory hall, you need to pass through the middle gate. To the north of this gate is the north corridor of the middle gate, and to the south is the south corridor of the middle gate. In shinden-zukuri architecture, the central porch is also the entrance and exit to the shinden and the opposite hall, equivalent to today's entrance hall (therefore, there is a special place for people to take off their shoes at the southern end of the north corridor of the central gate). However, the middle porch is a portal exclusively used by nobles such as ministers and nobles; other servants enter and exit the mansion through the servants' corridor.

2 Structure

The middle porch adopts a single-corridor structure. On the side facing the south courtyard, there are connected windows for shielding and door leaves; while the inner side is open. of. The roof of the corridor is repaired with cypress bark and tiles; the roof of the corridor at the middle door is higher than the corridor - so it is also called "upper middle door". As for the style of the middle door, a four-legged door was first used, and later it was changed to a pillar door. In addition, since the north corridor is the corridor for the ministers and the royal family to enter and exit, its floor height is the same as that of the opposite hall; while the south corridor has no floor and is only paved with earth and stones.

Pavilion:

1 Purpose

The slender palace building built on the north side of the courtyard from the main gate (i.e. the main gate) to the middle gate is called "Pavilion". It is:

①The place where the house stewards and servants work;

②The entrance and reception room for low-level officials (those below the officials).

In Higashi Sanjo-den, there is also a corridor called "Taipansho Corridor" in the northeast of the dormitory, which is used to manage the women's room. In addition, generally speaking, low-level officials are not allowed to enter the inner palace buildings in the middle porch, so the owner of the mansion needs to receive these visitors in the attendant gallery. If a second gallery is built in the small atrium on the north side of the court gallery, the owner can issue instructions to stewards and lower-level officials.

2 Structure

The structure of the pavilion is recorded as follows in the "Goobashikoji Neifusho" completed in the early fourteenth century (late Kamakura period and early Muromachi period):

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"The waiter's room is five rooms wide. There are screens between them. The upper two rooms are for the officials [four or five, officials who cannot enter Qingliang Hall], and the lower three rooms are for the green-robed waiters [six]. . The waiter's table is placed on a table (red lacquer, four feet per foot, eight feet per foot); the tatami is wrapped with purple cloth, and the shoji is also decorated with purple edges. This is the courtesy of the doctor.

”

In addition, an earthen wall must be built in front of the gallery.