200 points Penguin English four books are introduced, and it is best to have comments.

Alexander the Great (356- 323 BC), king of ancient Macedonia, was a famous strategist and politician in the ancient history of the world. He was resourceful and famous for his talent during his short 13 years as king of Macedonia. The conquest of the East and the West first established a dominant position in Greece and then destroyed the Persian Empire. On the vast land across Europe and Asia, a huge empire with Babylon as its capital was established, starting from Greece and Macedonia in the west, east to the Indus Valley, south to the first waterfall of the Nile, and north to Shashui. It has created unprecedented brilliant achievements, promoted cultural exchanges and economic development between the East and the West, and exerted great influence on the progress of human society.

In the summer of 336 BC, Alexander's father, King Philip II of ancient Macedonia, was suddenly assassinated at his daughter's wedding, and Alexander, who had just turned 20, succeeded to the throne. The Greek city-states conquered by Philip II and some tribes in Thrace and Illyria took the opportunity to rebel or declare independence. Alexander, the young commander-in-chief, first led his army into the northern Balkans, conquered the Illyrian tribe that betrayed him, and repelled the Thracians to the banks of the Danube. At this time, the Thebes who fought Macedonia in those years rumored that Alexander was killed, and took the opportunity to set off an uproar against Macedonia. Alexander knew that Thebes was a famous big city-state in Greek cities. If the riot is not quelled, the consequences will be unimaginable. So he decided to make an example, made a decisive decision, rushed south, and unexpectedly appeared at the gates of Thebes in lightning speed. Thebes couldn't believe their eyes. They all panicked. Thebes was captured and turned into a pile of rubble. Except for a few people who were friendly with Philip II or Alexander or sponsored Macedonia in the past, all the residents were sold into slaves.

Alexander achieved the expected goal, and the destruction of Thebes really set an example for others. Greek city-states bowed to the wind in succession, expressing their obedience. Then Athens surrendered and begged for forgiveness. Soon after, all countries were unified under the leadership of Alexander and recognized Alexander as the supreme commander. Thus, Alexander can make great achievements and organize expeditions to the East without any worries.

The excuse of Alexander's expedition to eastern Persia was that the Persians ravaged the Greek holy land and participated in the murder of Philip II. It is said that Alexander gave all his real estate income, slaves and cattle to others before going out to war. At that time, a general was puzzled and asked, "Your Majesty, what did you keep for yourself?" "Hope!" Alexander simply replied, "I keep my hope for myself!" It will bring me endless wealth! " In this way, Alexander left his hometown and embarked on a long journey with a desire for infinite wealth.

In the spring of 334 BC, Alexander crossed the Helegu Strait (that is, the Daniil Strait) and began the Crusade of 10. The army he used to start his expedition to the Persian Empire consisted of 30,000 infantry, 5,000 cavalry and 160 warships. The Persian Empire had hundreds of thousands of troops and 400 warships. Moreover, the area of the Persian empire is about 50 times larger than that of the kingdom of Magiton, not to mention Egypt, Babylon, Phoenicia and other ancient and rich countries in the Far East, all of which were conquered by Persia and incorporated into the Persian territory. Despite the disparity in strength, Alexander is good at seeing things from the essence. He knew that although the Persian Empire had a vast territory, a huge army and prestige, it was in decline and divided internally. Emperor Darius was a mediocre and unwise monarch with weak will. The kingdom of Macedonia is unstoppable. With the help of crossing the Hellers Strait in one fell swoop, Alexander broke through the enemy's defense lines with high morale, won the first battle, completely destroyed the Persian morale and determination to resist, and opened up the road of expansion to Asia. Many city-states surrendered without fighting, and even regarded Alexander as their savior from Persian rule.

In the summer of 333 BC, Alexander defeated Darius Iii with his famous Macedonian phalanx near Isas.

In the spring of 33 1 BC, Alexander marched into Mesopotamia with 40,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry, and launched the last large-scale decisive battle with Persia in Goga Milla near Nineveh. After careful preparation, Darius Iii has 40,000 cavalry, infantry 1 10,000, 200 chariots with knives and wheels, and 5 Indian war elephants 15. Compared with Alexander's army, it has absolute advantages. But Alexander and Darius Iii miraculously defeated the Persian emperor with their wisdom. What's particularly interesting is that while Alexander, with less than 50,000 troops, ordered his soldiers to prepare for the upcoming battle, Darius Iii, with a million-strong army, kept the soldiers awake all night for fear of a night attack. Persian soldiers were armed to the teeth and were on tenterhooks all night, all listless and without fighting spirit. The next day, in the early morning of 33 BC 1 year1October1day, Alexander led an energetic and high-spirited army into the battlefield and skillfully used his flexible "Macedonian phalanx" to finally defeat his powerful opponent. Alexander took advantage of the victory to advance eastward, occupied Babylon, the largest city in the East and the center of ancient oriental culture, and added a title for himself-"King of Babylon, the Four Seas of the World". Since then, Alexander led troops from Babylon and occupied the three capitals of the Persian Empire, such as Susa, Persepolis and Iqbal Batana. Darius Iii fled to the north, was killed by one of his princes, and abandoned his body by the roadside. In the end, Alexander found his body on the way after him, and sent it back to Persia and buried it in the tomb of the Persian emperor.

Dinah

An overview of novels

Emma of Jane Austen (1816) (1775-1817).

Emma is an influential novel by Jane Austen, written in 18 15, and it is the most mature one among Austen's works. Emma, the hero of the novel, is a beautiful and clever landlord who likes to match people. Bored, she put Harriet, the orphan daughter in the neighborhood, under her protection and arranged her love subjectively. Harriet easily fell in love with the suitors Emma chose for her again and again. Finally, with Emma's irresponsible encouragement, she thought she was "in love" with Mr. Knightley, the largest local landlord and local official. At this time, Emma suddenly found herself in love with Mr. Knightley, and finally both of them found their match. In his novels, the author associates love and marriage with property and social status. The book is also interspersed with a beautiful and elegant love story between Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill, the stepson of Emma's tutor Miss Taylor. The realistic elements of the novel increase, the dramatic elements decrease, the structure is exquisite and ingenious, and the comic atmosphere permeates the book, which is full of interest.

Perhaps in terms of comedy effect, no novel can dwarf Emma in Austin. This is a unique work of genius. The style of the work is unpretentious, but at the same time it doesn't scratch the reader's heart properly. With her meticulous and sensitive wisdom, uncompromising attitude, self-confident moral consciousness and reckless courage, the author praised the truth, goodness and beauty in her works in a romantic way, and lashed the falsehood and evil, which undoubtedly touched her contemporaries, who are not without similarities with the characters in her works.

[Edit this paragraph] Writing evaluation

Two important heroes and heroines in Emma are Emma and Mr Knightley. Both of them help others in their own way on many occasions. The way Emma matches women is ridiculous, even ridiculous. She tries her best to find a spouse with a higher social status for a woman with a lower status, often in the dark. The result was just the opposite of her wish, and many unexpected jokes were made. We may think that the author's treatment in this way is precisely to guide readers to laugh at the bad habits prevalent in British society at that time. Mr Knightley helps others in another way. For example, at a ball, he saw that haret, whose social status was low, was despised. He stood up to defend her self-esteem, helped her through the embarrassing situation, and cracked down on the bad behavior of bullying and being afraid of bullying. He attached importance to the true love between haret and Martin commensurate with his status, and gave them appropriate help, giving them the opportunity to get married according to their own wishes. The author has always placed the role of Mr. Knightley in a position admired by readers, undoubtedly hoping to embody his social ideal through this character.

[Edit this paragraph] Writing characteristics

Emma has no thrilling plot or sensational description, but from his eloquent and intoxicating narrative, his enigmatic plot and his meticulous portrayal of characters' personalities and psychology, it seems that a beautiful and slightly exaggerated vivid picture is unfolded in front of readers. It seems that we can see the images and behaviors of the characters in the story, hear their conversations in various backgrounds, and feel the joys and sorrows of the characters. At that time, the variety of British society seemed to be experienced by readers themselves.

[Edit this paragraph] Author's style

Austin (1775- 18 17), 19 century British woman writer who was the first to publish realistic novels. Born into a pastor's family in Steventon, a small English town, he received little formal education, but became a famous writer because of the influence of family literature. Her works mainly describe the family life of the middle class, the love and marriage of young men and women and their mentality, which are familiar to her in a narrow life circle. She has the artistic characteristics of meticulous observation, vivid characterization and sharp comments. He started writing at the age of 20 and has published six novels, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Garden, Emma, northanger abbey and Persuasion. Austin originally wrote against popular novels. Later, it reflected the daily life scene of the British rural middle class that was not impacted by the wave of capitalist industrial revolution at the end of 18 and the beginning of 2009, which swept away the vulgar atmosphere of novel creation at that time and played a connecting role in the history of British novel development. At the same time, Austin is recognized as an outstanding writer who describes female consciousness. Her novels Pride and Prejudice and Emma are the most popular among readers.

Austin, the author of this book, was born in Stevenson, Hampshire, England on 1775. His father was a rural teacher. She has not received much formal education, but she has dabbled in many books on her father's family studies and benefited a lot. /kloc-When she was 0/5 years old, she began to write short plays and essays to entertain her family. The novels written by 2 1 year-old have been among the best in English literature.

Austen's novels are all love stories, but she never married. She died in 18 17, when she was less than 42.

Austin wrote all about his familiar life, mostly the life of the middle class in rural Scotland and its neighboring areas. The life circle she describes is very small, but her observation is meticulous, her thinking is wise and reasonable, and her task is vivid. Her writing is unpretentious; The plot is ingenious and intriguing. For more than a hundred years, readers all over the world have loved her works.

[Edit this paragraph] Excerpt

She stared thoughtfully at the crossword puzzle, grasped its meaning, reread it, read it back and forth, and understood it more deeply. Then she handed the paper to Harriet and sat down with a smile. Harriet looked at the paper in a daze and thought hard. Emma sat there thinking, "Good idea, Mr. Elton, good idea. I've read worse crossword puzzles. This is a good "proposal" hint. I give you high marks. This is exactly how you feel. This is equivalent to saying directly,' Miss Smith, please allow me to propose to you. Guess my mystery and intention at a glance. May those gentle eyes shine with approval. Harriet, yes. Soft, the word used to describe her eyes is really appropriate, and it is the most appropriate word among all attributives. Your quick mind will soon guess the word. Hum! Harriet has a quick mind! It's better this way. A man who describes her like this must be deeply in love with her. Ah! Mr. Knightley, I really hope you have the honor to know this; I think this will convince you. You have never admitted your mistake in your life, so you have to admit that you are wrong. This is really a great crossword puzzle! Hit the target. Now things have reached a climax. "

She had hoped to think deeply, but Harriet asked some puzzling questions, which should have interrupted her happy thinking.

"Miss Woodhouse, what is this word? What word is it? I can't think of anything. I have no idea. What could it be? Miss Woodhouse, guess. Help me. I have never met a riddle more difficult to guess. Is it a' kingdom'? I don't know which friend wrote this-who is that young woman! Do you think this is a good riddle? The answer is' woman'? Women, lovely young women rule alone. Is it Neptune? Look at him, that's the king of the sea. Or trident? Or a mermaid? Or a shark? Ah, no! The word shark has only one syllable. The answer must be hidden deep, otherwise he won't send it. Ah! Miss Woodhouse, do you think we can guess? "

"Mermaids and sharks! Bullshit! My dear Harriet. What are you thinking about? What's the use if he sends a crossword puzzle written by a friend and there are only mermaids and sharks in it? Give me the note. Listen carefully. (Part I, Chapter 9)

Lorna Duane

All the residents of Exmoor hate and fear the Duanes. When the Dunn family rode out of Dunn Valley and looted the homes of local farms, no one could stop them. They are savage and strong, and anyone who tries to resist them will be killed soon. For example, john reid's father was killed by them on his way home from the market. In those days when there was no legal system, only the king's soldiers could punish the Duane family. But the king is far away in London, and he has his own troubles.

John is growing up. He worked hard on the farm and dreamed of revenge for his father. But one day, he met Lorna Duane. She is the girl of his dreams-gentle, beautiful and lovely-and John can't help falling in love with her.

But how can he marry Duane's girl? More importantly, there is a Carver Duane-the most evil and dangerous figure in Duane's family-who also intends to marry Lorna. ...

[Name] Sherlock Holmes (a novel character created by British detective novelist Arthur Conan Doyle)

brief introduction

Sherlock? Sherlock Holmes (also translated as Sherlock Holmes) is a detective created by British novelist Arthur Conan Doyle, and now he has become the best synonym for famous detectives all over the world!

Sherlock Holmes is not only cool-headed, observant, but also extremely capable of reasoning (but slightly inferior to his brother mycroft holmes). In addition, his fencing, boxing and violin playing are also quite superb.

Usually, he is leisurely in Room B, No.221Baker Street, smoking a pipe and waiting for the commission. Once he receives the case, he will immediately become a hound chasing prey, start to lock the target, and filter the whole incident layer by layer until the truth comes out! Although his good friend Dr. Watson is a little "slow-witted", it is precisely because of this that Holmes' resourcefulness is particularly set off. His appearance and appearance are enough to attract attention at first sight. He is more than six feet tall (contract 180 cm), and his body is extremely thin, so he is particularly tall; The slender aquiline nose makes his appearance particularly alert and decisive; The square and prominent chin shows that he is a man of great perseverance. He often holds a pipe and crutches, likes to dramatize the plot, and often wears a black hat when he goes out. The only bad thing is injecting cocaine.

[Edit this paragraph] file

Identity:/kloc-a famous British detective in the 9th century.

Address: 22 1B, Baker Street, London, UK Occupation: private detective, and the only private consulting detective (many detectives often consult him, the highest ruling body of detectives).

Fame: a famous British detective in Europe, but the famous Royal Chemical Society awarded him the title of honorary researcher on June 16, making him the first fictional character to win this honor.

Family: younger brother mycroft holmes; Grandmother Gilnei (Vernet, Claude-Joseph [1714 ~1789], a French landscape painter, is famous for her genre painting "French Harbor"), and Holmes thinks that her artistic cells are inherited from this (see "Greek translator".

Hobbies: thinking, violin, boxing, western swords, chemical experiments, and publishing some papers in newspapers. For him, I am restless. I hate plain life very much. I pursue spiritual stimulation.

Habits: slippers with tobacco, injecting cocaine (drugs were as common and easy to see as cigarettes at that time), and practicing shooting at home.

Personality: cold and withdrawn (unwilling to reveal his great achievements), persistent in what he saw and heard, a little proud and conceited (although his personality changes with age).

Talent: the ability of observation, memory and reasoning, belonging to rational thinking, as well as beyond ordinary people's fingers and wrists and genius makeup talent.

The way to relieve stress: listen to a concert ~

Favorite member of the opposite sex: Ms. Irene Edlow. She gave Holmes a new understanding of women's cleverness. However, the China students in the novel have explained that this does not mean that Holmes has feelings similar to love for her. )