What is friction like?

Metaphor: Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetorical methods. Using analogy in expository writing can make things that people don't understand or abstract concrete, vivid and vivid. For example, in "China Stone Arch Bridge", the bridge hole of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow, so that readers can understand the characteristics of the stone arch bridge more vividly and clearly.

Imitation: it reveals the characteristics of things through specific descriptions, which helps to make the explained objects more concrete and vivid. For example, "China Stone Arch Bridge" "Some stone lions are hugging their mother and son, some are whispering, and some are like listening to the sound of water, which is very realistic". This explanation is very lively.

Analogy is essentially rhetoric, emphasizing similarity, noumenon and vehicle. Imitation is not rhetoric, although it also emphasizes similarity, but it is more about trends, what are the characteristics of the state, and there is no ontology and carrier.

Explanatory style knowledge

Explanatory reading

When reading an explanatory text, we should first grasp the object of explanation, that is, clearly explain what it is. At the same time, we should accurately grasp what the characteristics of the object are.

Secondly, it is necessary to clarify the order and level of interpretation. When reading, we should closely focus on the characteristics of things and summarize them layer by layer, so that it is easier to understand the level of interpretation. If the object of explanation is a building, we should grasp the orientation words and pay attention to the displacement of the observation point.

Third, we must learn to distinguish between explanations.

Fourth, we should accurately understand the meaning of keywords. Only by accurately grasping the meaning of keywords can we have a clear understanding of the things and events explained.

[examination points]

1. Define the object of the explanatory article and the center of the explanation. (that is, the characteristics of things to be explained or things to be explained. )

2. Make the order clear, including chronological order, spatial order and logical order.

Logical order 1 phenomenon-essence 2 major-minor 3 summary-concrete 4 cause-result 5 from feature-use

3. Understand and analyze common interpretation methods, including classification, definition, examples, comparison, graphics, metaphor, etc.

4. Understand the characteristics of descriptive languages such as accuracy and conciseness, and understand the different characteristics of plain description and vivid description.

5. Master the structure of expository writing, including total score, juxtaposition and progression.

6. The language features of explanatory writing: accurate, concise, plain, vivid and rigorous.

The center of interpretation

The center of interpretation is the characteristics of what the article explains or what is explained. There are many ways to get to the heart of the description:

1, pay attention to the analysis of topics, because some topics themselves point out the object of explanation, even its characteristics, such as the majestic Great Hall of the People.

2, grasp the central sentence, some articles or paragraphs are a little unclear about the central sentence, we should grasp it to observe the article.

3, through analysis and synthesis to grasp, first clear the object, then distinguish between primary and secondary, and finally similar induction.

(1) Common description sequences are:

1) spatial order, or from front to back, or from top to bottom, or from outside to inside, or from point to surface, pay attention to the position and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. For example, Chinese stone arch bridge.

2) Time sequence, because different stages of development have different characteristics. For example, dinosaurs are everywhere.

3) Logical order: first major, then minor, first phenomenon, then essence, from total to division, or divide the explanation into several aspects, one by one. For example, marching into the desert, the Dead Sea will not die.

(2) What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects elaborated by the author. It is easy to explain the development and changes of things and express them clearly in chronological order. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order.

[knowledge classification]

To explain the characteristics of things well, we must pay attention to methods, which is the method of explanation. When reading an explanatory article, we must understand the interpretation methods used in the article in order to understand the characteristics of the explanation more thoroughly. Common explanation methods are:

1. Classification: It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. Things can be divided into several categories according to the similarities and differences in shape, nature, causes and functions, and then explained one by one according to the categories. For example, March to the Desert divides the attack modes of sandstorms into guerrilla warfare and positional warfare, and then explains them separately. Another example is the stone arch bridge in China, which divides the characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao into four points and explains them bit by bit.

2. Definition: Sometimes, in order to highlight the main contents or problems of things, we often give the object a statement in concise words, so that readers can have a clear concept of the explained object. For example, what is the method of overall planning? First, give it a statement: it is a mathematical method to arrange workflow.

3. Example: Give a representative and appropriate example, which can reflect the general situation and truly explain the characteristics of things. For example, Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge are taken as examples in China Stone Arch Bridge to illustrate the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges.

4. Comparison: Comparing things with external or internal relations can often enhance the effect of explaining things. For example, "From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Miniature Books" makes a comparison when it shows that miniature books are easy to save and use.

5. Enumerating numbers: Some things are often illustrated by some numbers in order to quantitatively illustrate their characteristics. For example, the magnificent Great Hall of the People illustrates its width, depth, height and volume.

6. Metaphor: Proper use of metaphor can enhance the vividness and vividness of interpretation. For example, the stone arch bridge is beautiful in form, so "the bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow." The metaphor is both appropriate and beautiful, which not only illustrates the characteristics of the bridge, but also attracts readers.

7. Interpretation: It is a general understanding of things. Compared with the following definition, the explanation is more detailed and specific, and the following definition is more concise. So some people say that explanation is a partial definition, that is, an explanation of a certain meaning of the definition.

Summary: analysis and interpretation methods

1. If the title asks: What are the main interpretation methods used in the paragraph (what are the main interpretation methods)?

Start with the big picture (from the whole article, from each paragraph), and then see what explanation methods are used in the big picture. The above is the main explanation method of the question.

If these main interpretation methods include other interpretation methods, there is no need to answer them, because they are not the main interpretation methods in this paragraph. For example, the main explanation methods of China Stone Arch Bridge are: for example, (column number is not the main explanation method)

2. If the title asks: What methods of interpretation are used in this paragraph (what methods of interpretation are there)?

When answering questions, all the explanations in the paragraph are written out, regardless of priority.

Summary:

1. The classification and linguistic features of explanatory texts;

Scientific Description 1 Description of Things 2 Description of Things

Language features: accurate, plain, concise, pertinent, scientific and rigorous.

Literature (scientific sketch) explanatory text

Language features: vivid and popular, using personification and other visualization techniques (science and literature)

2. Structure of explanatory text:

(1) article structure (1 total score 2 points, total score 3 progressive 4 coherent (sequence of things))

(2) Logical order (1 Phenomenon-Essence 2 Primary and Secondary 3 Summary-Specific 4 Causes-Result 5 From Characteristics to Use)

(3) the role of paragraphs or sentences in the text:

1 starts with the full text, and the following 2 summarizes the full text, 3 transitions (connecting the preceding with the following), and 4 prompts the center to respond.

3. Explain the meaning of words and sentences or the order of words, sentences and paragraphs:

1) Combine the meaning or content of your own words, sentences and paragraphs.

2) Contact the content of the previous sentence (the previous paragraph) to answer.

3) Contact the content of the previous sentence (the next paragraph) to answer.

Explanatory text refers to some non-literary and popular science discourses, which take the introduction of science and technology as the content, only scientifically analyze and accurately explain things in language expression, and the language is concise and plain when explaining the characteristics of things. This kind of expository writing is characterized by its strong scientificity and knowledge. For example, March into the desert

Scientific sketch, also known as literary interpretation, has vivid language and often depicts the characteristics of things with the help of some visual methods, so that readers can gain scientific understanding easily and happily. The characteristics of this kind of exposition are both scientific and literary.

1. Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, which is called explanatory writing; Or make things clear, it is called explaining things.

2. The instructions should be orderly, which is a necessary condition to make the instructions organized. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order.

The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration.

Special attention should be paid to the location of space and the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, east and west, north and south.

Logical order is often manifested in the process of reasoning, which generally includes several types: from cause to result, from main to secondary, from whole to part, from general theory to sub-theory, from phenomenon to essence, from characteristics to use.

3. The accuracy of expository language is the premise of expository language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. On the premise of accuracy, the language of expository writing is famous for its simplicity and vividness.

4. Interpretation method

In order to make things clear, or explain things clearly, there must be corresponding interpretation methods. Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, making metaphors, imitating appearances and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing.

Explanatory writing is an article genre that takes explanation as the main expression and gives people knowledge by explaining things and clarifying things. It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts. Descriptive words are very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, comments, scientific sketches and so on.

Generally, explanatory text includes three specific styles:

A, with a certain literary, refers to scientific sketches, such as "Zhou Nan litchi Dan in June".

The second is popular science, such as March to the Desert and What's in the Universe.

Third, practicality, such as instructions and commentaries.

Explanatory text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, significance, characteristics and evolution of things. Shang Yu Shu Gong is China's earliest expository essay.

Explanatory essays are widely used, generally divided into two categories: plain expository essays and literary expository essays. According to the different objects and purposes of explanations, they can also be divided into two categories: things expository essays and things expository essays.

Literary discourses are discourses that introduce scientific knowledge through literary forms.

The characteristic of expository writing is "saying", which has certain knowledge. This kind of knowledge, whether it comes from relevant scientific research materials or from personal practice, investigation and investigation, is strictly scientific. If we want to make things clear, we must grasp the characteristics of things and then reveal the essential attributes of things, that is, we must explain not only "what" but also "why". Generally speaking, the application of explanatory text only needs to explain the characteristics of things, and explanatory text must reveal the origin and essence of the problem.

Explanatory articles must be organized, and the order of explanations should be arranged according to the organization of things themselves and the laws people know. For example, the introduction of scenery and buildings is mostly arranged according to the geographical environment and orientation layout; Introduce the origin and evolution of things, mostly in chronological order; Explaining things is often arranged in a logical order. In a word, it is expounded step by step in a certain order, from the outside to the inside, from the real to the virtual, from the distance to the close, from the shallow to the deep. Sometimes in order to let others know things more accurately, under certain circumstances, as long as it does not violate the characteristics and laws of things, some adjustments can be made in the order.

Description is an expression method to explain and analyze things. Different objects have different interpretation emphases and levels. When explaining physical things, we should generally pay attention to the position of space; When explaining abstract things, we should focus on explaining concepts, characteristics, sources, structures, types, similarities and differences, comparisons, connections and functions.

Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.

In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, making metaphors, imitating appearances and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt a certain interpretation method or a variety of interpretation methods, whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method, can be flexible, not fixed.

Instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions organized. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, we should pay special attention to the location of space, pay attention to the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, usually expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order, so as to reflect the internal relations of things.

The accuracy of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. The explanation is very practical, and a slight mistake is a drop in the bucket. For example, an explanatory article said, "A dragonfly can eat 2400 mosquitoes a day and night." It is obviously impossible for 2400 mosquitoes to get together, which is many times larger than a dragonfly's body. How did this mistake come about? According to statistics, dragonflies can eat 50 to 100 mosquitoes an hour. Eat/kloc-0.00 animals an hour, 24 hours a day, of course, 2400 animals. The author's multiplication calculation is correct, but he ignores that dragonflies can't keep eating mosquitoes 24 hours a day. This is a joke.

On the premise of accuracy, the explanation language is famous for its simplicity and vividness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic.

Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked. The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality.

A: Breeze and green willows.

grasp

At 20:58 on April 18, we should pay attention to the following aspects when analyzing the explanatory text:

Structure of expository text

1. The structure of the explanatory text includes: total score, juxtaposition, progression and contrast (the structure includes paragraphs). A complete exposition is often a comprehensive application of several structures.

2. Grasp the meaning of the structure.

Description order

1. The order of interpretation is: spatial order, chronological order (including development order), logical order, etc.

2. Find out the meaning of order.

means of interpretation

1. Interpretation methods include: example, list, analogy, comparison, classification, definition (including interpretation), quoted materials, list, etc.

2. Understand the role of various methods.

3. Explanatory texts sometimes borrow other rhetorical devices to help explain, and the functional analysis of these devices should closely focus on the object of explanation and follow the requirements of explanatory texts.

Language of expository writing

1. The basic requirements of explanatory language are scientific, accurate, concise and clear; Literary discourse also requires vividness and vividness.

2. Analyze the basic requirements of descriptive language: first, the function of explaining the characteristics and essence of things; second, the rigor and scientificity of explanation; third, the vividness and image.

Problem solving thinking and skills

(1) clearly explain the object: when reading an article explaining things, whether it is the whole article or the whole paragraph, we must first grasp what the article explains, that is, what the object is; When reading an explanatory article, you should find out what it explains.

How to find a suitable explanation object?

1, look at the topic, many topics are the objects of explanation. Such as (Chinese stone arch bridge).

2. Grasp the first enclosed sentence and the central sentence. A good expository often uses this sentence to highlight the things and characteristics to be explained.

(2) Grasp the characteristics of things: the characteristics of things are mainly manifested in the aspects of structure (inside and outside), shape (size, length, etc. ), properties (hard, soft, cold, hot, etc. ), changes (dynamic, static, fast and slow), causes (simple and complex), functions (wide, narrow, positive and negative) and so on. Generally speaking, the main points to be explained in explanatory texts are often the characteristics of things. In addition to the key points, it is also necessary to find out from which aspects and angles the author introduced the characteristics of things. For example, the article Immortality of the Dead Sea illustrates the characteristics of the Dead Sea from three angles: first, the "death" of the Dead Sea (phenomenal characteristics), then the "immortality" of the Dead Sea (essential characteristics), and finally the "immortality" and "death" of the Dead Sea (current situation and future development characteristics). In this way, the comprehensive characteristics of the Dead Sea are revealed layer by layer. Another example is the article Suzhou Garden, which focuses on the general feature of "No matter where you stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of you" and expounds it from five aspects: the layout of pavilions; The cooperation between rockery and pond; Against the flowers and trees; Close-up level; And the carving and color of doors and windows. In this way, through inductive analysis from different aspects, we can fully grasp the characteristics of Suzhou gardens.

(3) Inductive interpretation methods: When reading the explanatory text, mark the interpretation methods used in the article at the same time, then summarize the main methods used, and then analyze the role of these interpretation methods in accurately explaining the characteristics of things.

(4) Summarize the main points paragraph by paragraph, and clarify the order of explanation: When summarizing the main points, pay attention to the function of the first closed sentence, the last concluding sentence or interrogative sentence, and the function of the statement that defines or explains the concept. You can sketch out these sentences when reading. It is best to use complete sentences when summarizing the main points, and the meaning should be concise. On the basis of summarizing the main points paragraph by paragraph, the full text is divided into relatively independent parts by the method of "similarity merging", and the general idea of each part is summarized, and then the general idea of each part is connected in turn, so that the interpretation order of the full text can be clearly displayed. What order of interpretation is used depends on the object of interpretation. Generally speaking, time sequence is used to explain the evolution and development of things; Spatial order is used to describe architecture; Introduce high-tech products or explain the relationship between things in logical order.

(5) overall perception, grasping the center: on the basis of clear explanation order, it is easy to see the basic structure of the article by analyzing the relationship between paragraphs and parts. If it is a total score structure, we should also focus on the combination principle of "scores", whether it is parallel, progressive or contains the total score relationship. Progressive structure should focus on how the meaning of each layer develops step by step, from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general, or from result to reason, and so on. After mastering the structure, it is best to draw a schematic diagram of the structure. The center of explanation is to summarize an explanation article, explaining what characteristics the explained thing has, or what it explains. On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation and grasping the structure of the article, it is not difficult to summarize the center of explanation.

(6) Experience the accuracy of language: accuracy is the characteristic of language. Analyzing the language of explanatory writing is to see how words and sentences accurately explain the characteristics of things to be explained. Pay attention to analyze the function of keywords. For example, in the article "March on the Desert", "Desert is one of the most tenacious natural enemies of mankind", removing the word "most" is not enough to explain the serious harm of desert; The nature of removing "nature" and "enemy" is unclear; Take out "one" and it will be absolute. Of course, we should also pay full attention to the vividness of words.

Source: The function and significance of the explanation method of News Evening News

Common explanation methods include examples, classification, list, comparison, drawing charts, definition, explanation, analogy, imitating appearances, quoting materials, etc. 10. We should choose the best method according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.

(1) example. Cite practical examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This interpretation method is called example method. For example:

Most people always think that when they are old, their memory ability must be poor. Actually, it's not. Please look at the experimental results: The International Linguistic Society made a comparison between young people aged 9 to 18 and adults over 35 when learning Esperanto, and found that the former was not as good as the latter in memory. This is because adults are rich in knowledge and experience, and it is easy to establish extensive contacts on the basis of existing knowledge. This connection is called "association" in psychology. People's memory is based on association. The more knowledge and experience, the easier it is to establish associations, and the memory will be improved accordingly. Marx began to learn Russian in his fifties. After half a year, he has been able to read the original works of famous poets and writers Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol and Schederin with relish. This is due to rich language knowledge and ability to understand many modern and ancient languages.

The point of this article is that memory is not necessarily bad when you are old. To illustrate this point, the author first provides the experimental results and analyzes the reasons. So far, it's all right, but it's not specific enough and convincing. So, let's take another example: when Marx was in his fifties, it took only six months to master Russian. This way, the content is specific and the persuasion is enhanced.