Shaoxing folk customs, I want to write a composition of 4 words!

Feudal land system, in which landlords rent land and collect land rent every year, and tenants pay rent (mainly grain) to landlords every year to grow their land. In addition, there are study fields and sacrifice fields. The owner of the gate of Guanju Hall was a middle-ranking official in the Qianlong period. Not only did he build this gate, but he also bought more than 1 mu of land, half of which was for studying and half for offering sacrifices. That is to say, the rented grain from the study field will be used to run a primary school for children and grandchildren to enter school free of charge, and the rented grain from the sacrifice field will be used for sacrifice. The school field is managed by the school host; Sacrificial fields are rented by big houses, two rooms and three rooms in turn year by year, and they are also sacrificed in turn.

What was the name of the ancestor of the first five generations? It is recorded in the genealogy. As a descendant, no one will look it up, except that his old man was buried in Taojiadai, and he was called "Old Man Taojiadai". It is said that throughout history, his old man's house, once famous for a while, almost all of them have declined after several generations, and there are no people to worship their ancestors. Therefore, he left 6 mu of land as a sacrifice field, and he did not worry about future generations.

There are mainly two ancestor worship activities in a year. First, in Tomb-Sweeping Day, the priest hired a ship to send the men (including school children) to the grave, and the patriarch was the priest who read the eulogy, which was solemn and solemn. The eulogy has a fixed format, beginning with "Wei Sui Ji ..." and ending with "Fu Wei Shang Xiang". About one hundred eulogies are written in ancient Chinese, praising the ancestors' accumulated virtues and expressing the admiration of their descendants. If the descendants are rich and expensive, they will be mentioned in the eulogy. At that time, "there were thousands of ink faces", but the recent situation of the descendants in the eulogy was not good. According to the elders, if War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression wins in the future, it will be written and read seriously in the eulogy, in order to make our ancestors know underground and be glad to hear it. When I grew up, I remembered that there was a sentence in Lu You's poem "Showing the Son", which said, "Julian Waghann decided to celebrate the Central Plains in the north, but don't forget to tell me about the family sacrifice", which was probably an inherent routine in the funeral rites of the past. On the whole, the eulogy sticks to the law. If there are major events in the country and family members, it should be enriched in the eulogy and reported to the ancestors. This is probably a constant change. After the sacrifice, the whole boat crew who participated in the sacrifice returned to the ancestral temple to eat "wine on the grave" (still only men can enjoy it, women are not allowed to sit down, and they prefer boys to girls). According to the tradition, the "Ten Bowls" are ten bowls of Lai dishes, such as braised pork, braised chicken, steamed fish, braised fish, meatballs, fish balls, sweet and sour taro soup, shepherd's purse tofu soup, fried shrimp and so on. When rice is full, each person has two Ai dumplings and four pretzels, which are usually quietly taken home to share with their mothers and sisters. In normal years, there are oral comments on whether someone was rich or not. If the word-of-mouth is not good, if you attack it in groups, you will have no face to see your people, so it is generally not ill-treated to hold sacrifices. It's a big profit to offer sacrifices (called "that year" locally). Sixty acres of sacrificial fields can collect about 178 stone rice, and the money for going to the grave wine and incense boats will cost about 3 stone rice, which can make a net profit of 145 stone rice. Therefore, all these beautiful jobs are contested. One family in Fannie and Freddie this year and someone in Fannie and Freddie next year are scheduled early. During the war, that family greeted the clan: This year's situation is special, and the dishes are almost poor, so we will make up for it in the Taiping period. People also understand and say, "I know, there are several."

Once again, ancestor worship was held in the first month. From the 23rd of 2 to the Lantern Festival in the New Year, portraits of ancestors were hung on the terrace doors and incense candles were lit. Almost all the portraits of ancestors are official robes. Are they all officials? This is not the case, it is just to beautify our ancestors. It is not a breach of etiquette to be established by convention. Is the ancestor's appearance as cool as he is? The old people said, "Yes, yes." One day, I saw an artist painting a birthday portrait of an old man in the ethnic group, attentively describing it, with delicate brushwork and careful study. The image was realistic, and all the people around him were very happy. They all said, "The image is transparent."

Don't think that there are no talents in the villages and towns, and people with their own professionalism are scattered everywhere. It is said that this painter is good at painting figures and portraits since childhood, and there are many excellent works with both spirit and form. Later, he devoted himself to painting old life portraits. I think that thousands of years ago, when there was no photography, the images of ancient emperors, generals and literati were probably passed down by painters from generation to generation.

in the sacrificial activities, we also pay great attention to the seniority in the family, and arrange them according to the size of seniority. Once an adult aged about fifty called me "uncle" and led me to the front row, just a few steps away from the white-haired patriarch. I think fashion is childish, and my father is out looking for a job, so I don't know the rules of the family at all, and I respectfully salute others' instructions. Afterwards, someone in the clan told me, "Although you are young, you are of great seniority. Some people in the clan are old, but of small seniority. When he sees you, he has to call you father-in-law!" In our area, there are about hundreds of Ni surnames, and the generations are handed down by ancestors. Poems are used to embed words in the names of different generations: it is also the beginning of Zhao Wenzhi, sincere and seeking family show. Before or after this, it is unknown what generation there is. I was told that it belongs to the generation of "governance", lower than the generation of "literature" and higher than the generation of "sincerity". Previously, I thought that the generations of these ten buildings were probably only adopted by the Ni family of hundreds of families in Mashan, Shaoxing, and were confined to a corner. But I found in newspapers and periodicals for several years that there were many people who signed Ni Wenmou, Ni Zhimou, Ni Chengmou and Ni Zhengmou, and they were spread all over several provinces, and even people from Hong Kong and Taiwan, which showed that they were widely distributed. Maybe it's the same family, with many offspring and branches. Times have changed. Now, apart from the orderly family, it is rare to talk about seniority when meeting people of the same family.

A bookworm-a young official

"Everything is inferior, only reading is high". The traditional concept of studying and being an official in feudal society is deeply rooted. There are countless people in Shaoxing who became officials because of their studies. Boys of scholarly family are called "little officials", that is, "officials" in the future. "Little Official" is both a respectful name and a pet name.

In Shaoxing, the atmosphere of reading is very prosperous, and it is dawn. By the river and under the trees, school-age children are silently reading and reciting books. In addition to the prescribed textbooks, there are many extracurricular reading materials, such as Tang Poetry, Song Poetry, Youxue Qionglin, Sanyujing, Guanzhi of Ancient Chinese Literature, Qiushuixuan, and so on. However, many people realize that the books they read when they were young can often remain in their minds for a long time, just like the storage of computers. "read a hundred times, and you will see it yourself." When I was young, I didn't know its profound pseudo-meaning. When I grew up, I experienced vicissitudes and twists and turns, and gradually understood the artistic conception in the book. "History is a thousand years old, and I can see through Wan Li." I suddenly meditated and suddenly became enlightened. Books are never read in vain. You reap what you sow.

Shaoxing people's reading and calligraphy practice are integrated. Five or six-year-old children began to recognize the square space, and immediately learned Chinese characters, starting with writing "Shangadults, Kong Yiji, three thousand and seventy words", and then copying "beginning of life, the nature is good" and "Heaven and earth are mysterious and yellow, and the universe is vast". The more you write, the better the enlightenment books will be imprinted on your mind. While practicing calligraphy, my heart will calm down, and the books will be more readable and complement each other. People who study in the countryside can almost write good words with just a few people, including Yan, Liu, Mi and Wang. It is really a wild talent.

Shaoxing people pay attention to reading and read out the fun. First, pay attention to reading aloud, not only to read the tone charm, but also to read the continuity and momentum of the article. The sound of Langlang's books is like singing unforgettable and beautiful music. When reading "Sunset and Lonely Qi Fei, Autumn Water * * * the sky is the same color" in Preface to Tengwang Pavilion, the school children bobbed in the artistic conception of that article. The second is to pay attention to antithesis. Du Fu's quatrain "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains the autumn snow in Xiling, and the Dongwu Wan Li ship is parked at the door. " "Two orioles" and "A line of egrets", "The window contains Xiling" and "The Gate is moored in Dongwu", and "Thousand Autumn Snow" and "Wan Li Boat" face each other neatly, which inspires people to learn from each other and makes people full of interest. At the same time, students are encouraged to give lessons to each other, such as "Xiaojiang Bridge, with a round deck and a mirror, and the mirror shines on the two counties." To Japan: "The Great Good Pagoda, with a pointed tower head, is as sharp as a pen, and its strokes are everywhere." "Xiaojiang Bridge" and "Dashan Pagoda" are the place names and scenic spots in Shaoxing County. Third, the front and back couplets correspond to each other. A classmate sang the couplet, "Good rain knows the season, when spring happens." Students continue to "sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently." Classmate B chanted, "It takes a thousand miles to return to Jiangling in one day to bid farewell to the White Emperor." Student C continued, "The apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man." The classmate who got the right answer was praised, and he had the right to ask questions to any classmate, including boys and girls who could ask questions to each other. At that time, feudal ideas were confined and boys and girls did not ask questions to each other. This kind of question with a preface followed by a sentence is also a kind of competition. It doesn't matter if you can't answer it. Others can pick it up, one after another, and cheers are everywhere. It is a great pleasure to encourage students to read more and see more.

Teachers are also good at inspiring students with stories of famous people in local history. The teacher said, "Dear children, do you know what Shaoxing is most famous for?" A student said, "Yellow rice wine." The teacher smiled and said, "You are right, but there is more important than this." Another student said, "Shaoxing tout." The teacher said, "Close, think again. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, the master was not embarrassed. "

"talent." The teacher was very happy: "Yes, yes." The teacher then made a comment: "Since ancient times, our place in Shaoxing has been a treasure of things, outstanding people, land of plenty, brewing capital, tourist resort, Yu Wangling and Lanting, which are famous all over the country. Poets He Zhizhang, Lu You, painters Xu Wei (Wen Chang) and Chen Laolian are all celebrities. In the 2 years of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Shaoxing masters were created, most of whom were literati counselors who maintained feudal society. When the feudal society fell, they were the most sensitive and got the first place in the atmosphere. Before and after the Revolution of 1911 to the May 4th Movement, intellectuals were the first to wake up. They were descendants of Shaoxing touts with wisdom and courage. Many of them study abroad and can keep up with the world trend. During this period, revolutionaries Qiu Jin, Xu Xilin and Tao Chengzhang, litterateur Lu Xun, educator Cai Yuanpei and economist Ma Yinchu emerged ... "

The students listened attentively.

The teacher said that she would take time to tell their stories in detail.

At that time, about half of the teachers in the school were not full-time primary school teachers, but very learned talents who worked in other places, such as managers, assistants of banks, engineers of factories, editors of newspapers and publishing houses, and even university teachers. Because they had taken refuge in their hometowns, they temporarily served as primary school teachers in their hometown, with different experiences, broad horizons, lively lectures and rich connotations.

"Do you know the May 4th Movement?" "Oh, I don't know." The teacher talked about the ins and outs of the May Fourth Movement, which was vigorous and magnificent, and mainly advocated: democracy and science are the best ways to save the country; Since the Opium War, China has been poor and weak, imperialism invaded China, cleaned up corruption, ceded land for reparations, and humiliated the country. Beiyang warlords scuffled, prostrating themselves before imperialism, and wanted to sign a traitorous treaty at the Paris Peace Conference. When the May 4th Movement broke out, the capitulation activities were frustrated. The May 4th Movement is a patriotic movement of China people, which has far-reaching influence. Cai Yuanpei, then president of Peking University, was a Shaoxing native. The teacher said, "Cai Yuanpei is an educator and a scholar. We must learn from Cai Yuanpei, be as promising as he is, and be a scholar who loves the country and the people. We must be determined from an early age and study hard. "

"Do you know Lu Xun?" "I know." Lu Xun is a thinker and writer. He wrote novels such as The True Story of Ah Q, Blessing, Kong Yiji, etc. There are thousands of essays, about several million words, and the articles are well written. He lashed out at feudal thoughts and wanted them to break through the cage. Lu Xun is also a Shaoxing native. He studied in Japan and studied medicine. Later, from the movie, he saw that the Japanese killed China people's heads. China people were still watching, and their thoughts were numb to this point. Lu Xun was so angry that he decided to return to China. He felt that it was more important to cure China people's ideological problems than their physical ones, so he wrote essays and novels to awaken the people. "Do we want to learn from Lu Xun?"

"yes!" The students answered in chorus.

Lu Xun is also a descendant of Shaoxing touts, but his thoughts are good, and being a man should seek happiness for the people. First, we must survive, second, we must have enough food and clothing, and third, we must develop. Now, children, everyone calls you "little officials". When you grow up (grow up), whether you are an official or not, in short, you should love your country and love the people, be morally noble and have profound knowledge. That is promising. The teacher also told the story of Ma Yinchu selling cattle to study abroad when he was young. Over time, the teachers listed the stories of local celebrities who were concerned about the country and the people and studied hard, enlightening children and sowing the seeds of moral knowledge in the hearts of students. Isn't this a far-reaching exhortation?

Shaoxing people are fond of reading, and many people are eager to learn. In history, a well-known "Shaoxing master" talent group has been created. "Being determines consciousness", Shaoxing masters used to be the brains of feudal dynasties. With the changes of the times, they also felt the historical trend that feudal dynasties were about to decline, but their descendants or students stood in the forefront of time and became the enlighteners of the new era and the leaders of the new society. Among these outstanding talents are Qiu Jin, Xu Xilin and Tao Chengzhang, who devoted themselves to the Revolution of 1911; Zhou Enlai, a proletarian revolutionary; Lu Xun, a thinker and writer; Zhu Kezhen, a scientist; Ma Yinchu, an economist; Fan Wenlan, a diplomat; Shao Lizi, and Hu Yuzhi, a publisher ... In modern history, about half a century ago, Shaoxing has emerged with so many talents and brilliant stars, which shows that Shaoxing people admire knowledge. It is worthy of our future generations to inherit and vigorously carry forward.

weddings and funerals

in the 193s and 194s, the marriage between men and women basically followed the arranged marriage of parents and matchmakers in feudal society, but there was also a new trend of free marriage and love.

men should be married when they are older, and women should be married when they are older. When a man is about 2 years old and has got a certain job, and a girl is about 17 or 18 years old, the matchmaker will follow. Mainly to introduce the man to the woman, such as how many acres of land there are, how many rooms there are, how parents, brothers and sisters are at home, and how their personality is, but there are usually many compliments, such as good looks, kindness, honesty, alcohol and tobacco, and ignorance of dominoes. The woman also asked someone to inquire, and it was generally acceptable, so they each asked for "birthdates" and then the blind man told her fortune to see if it was suitable. Usually always say "get along" or "good luck" However, the blind man's fortune-telling is very easy to cheat. If the girl doesn't want this marriage, she quietly asks someone to spend some money to dredge it, saying that if someone born in a certain year comes to tell fortune and asks if he can get married, please help stop it. At that time, when someone came to the door and asked about the marriage, the blind man said politely, "Ah, we are fighting each other." As long as it comes to rushing and grams, this family will give up this marriage. The reason why it should be "euphemistic" is to avoid showing signs of someone's obstruction. If "birthdates" is approved by the blind, it will be an auspicious day to get engaged or get married. Previously, the man sent birthdates to the woman, and the woman also sent birthdates to the man. Day: "Exchange red and green posts." The man sends a bride price to the woman, and the woman buys a dowry for the bride price. If the woman is a rich family, the dowry is rich and the money is used to marry the daughter. Usually, the bride price is higher than the dowry, leaving a certain balance for the woman's brother to use when he gets married in the future.

In wartime, happy events were simple, close relatives and friends were present, and only three or five tables were available. It is said that weddings were quite extravagant in the Taiping years. At that time, some people in Shaoxing specialized in festive matters and were called "lazy people". Those who "lazy people" degenerate.