Ancient taboos: In order to avoid taboos, history books wrote Wang as "Wang Chong"

The ancients had a taboo custom, that is, they could not call emperors, elders and saints by their first names. When writing an article or book, if there is a word with the same name, you should use other words or other methods to replace it. This custom originated very early. According to the biography of the ram, what is an important principle of Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals? For distinguished people, for relatives, for sages? . Later, after a long period of application, this custom not only required more and more taboo places, but also stipulated the scope and methods of taboos in many dynasties, which made people have to abide by them, otherwise they would be punished or even beheaded. As a result, taboos have become laws, and people have to attach great importance to them.

In ancient books, taboos can be seen everywhere, and the methods of taboos mainly have the following forms.

One is the lack of pen taboo, which appeared in the Tang Dynasty, such as avoiding the taboo of Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin. People? The last stroke of the word is missing (tick); Avoid Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin? Kuang? Few words, horizontal bottom; Avoid Confucius? Qiu? The number of words is small, and the middle is vertical; Avoid taboos in Yong Zhengdi and Yin Zhen? Yin? The last pen (vertical hook) is missing.

The second is to avoid empty talk. Is to encounter words that should be avoided when writing, and simply don't write. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty was named Liu Zhuang, and Emperor Zhang was named Yan. When Xu Shen, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote Shuo Wen Jie Zi, he wrote the words Xiu, Zhuang and Yan? About taboos? The word "empty" is not indicated, sometimes, a box or a? Answer? On the contrary, to avoid the emperors.

The third is to avoid words, that is, to replace the words to be avoided with words with the same or similar meaning. In order to avoid the taboo of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, The Analects of Confucius? In weizi? Why go to my parents' land? In a word, Han Shijing wrote by the remnant tablet? Why go to your parents' country? , will it? Bang? Change this word to? Country? Words; Otherwise, if Emperor Liu Wen was named Si Mazhao, what would the books be at that time? Zhao? Change to? Ming? , even the words of the Great Wall of the Western Han Dynasty and pro-Wang Qiang? Zhaojun? And changed it? Mingjun? Later generations also use this expression, for example, Du Fu's seven laws "Poems on Things" (the third)? Thousands of mountains and valleys are close to Jingmen, and the village where girls grew up in Sri Lanka? This sentence, this? Fermin? That is Wang Zhaojun?

The taboos of the ancients will lead to changes in the names of some people, places, things, books or styles. For future generations, when reading, they will often encounter some puzzling words and phrases. Du You, a historian of the Tang Dynasty, tried to avoid Li Shimin's works of Emperor Taizong in his General Canon. The world? Words, written in the late sui dynasty and early Tang dynasty, the king of the separatist regime? Wang chong? With a space in the middle? The world? Word, later generations of book carvers don't know this is caused by taboo, when carving books, put the two words together? Wang chong? This made a generation of lean and Wang Chong, the great philosopher of the Han Dynasty, confuse the same name and make a big joke. Also, in the Song Dynasty, when a scholar was reading the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, he found a sentence? Who can't draw a dragon and turn it into a dog? Miss one of them? Dragon? This word is misspelled. Tiger? . In fact, the biographical part of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was annotated by Li Xian, the prince of Zhang Huai in the Tang Dynasty, while the grandfather of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan was named Li Hu. In order to avoid the anonymity of his ancestors, he would? Who can't draw a tiger and turn it into a dog? Change to? Who can't draw a dragon and turn it into a dog? ; For example, when Liu Zhiji, a famous historian in the Tang Dynasty, was alive, because? How many? With what? Base? The pronunciation is the same, in order to avoid Li Longji's Tang Xuanzong? Base? Word, don't say its name in the works of the Tang Dynasty, but say it. Why? Liu Zixuan? In the Qing Dynasty, Liu Zhiji was renamed "". Liu Ziyuan? This change has caused many obstacles for people to read ancient books.