Talking about Chinese studies all day, what is Chinese studies?

History, humanities, art and other contents that reflect China's cultural knowledge belong to Chinese studies.

The word "Chinese studies" has existed since ancient times. In ancient China, "Sinology" refers to a national school, equivalent to the "imperial academy" in the Han Dynasty. During Zhenyuan period of Tang Dynasty, Li Bo studied in Bailudong, Lushan Mountain. When he arrived in Nantang, he built a learning museum at the original site to teach students, and named it "Lushan Guo Xue". In the Song Dynasty, it was renamed "Bailudong Academy". At this time, "Chinese studies" is actually a place to collect books and give lectures.

The meaning of "Sinology" today refers to the ideological system that expresses the traditional social values and moral ethics of the Chinese nation with China's traditional cultural classics as the carrier. But the definition needs academic discussion, and it has not been defined yet.

The content of China's research:

At first, Han in history. Yiwenzhi has a basic classification of Chinese studies, which is divided into six parts. These six parts constitute the predecessor of Chinese studies. Part I: Six Arts. Refers to the six classics: poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, Yijing, Spring and Autumn. Six arts include big six arts and small six arts. Small six arts are six arts: ritual, music, shooting, imperial, number and technique. It is to cultivate people's character and various skills. The six arts are the six classics. At any time, classics always come first. This is the spirit of China, which is a very important thing in the spirit of Chinese studies. Part II: A hundred schools of thought contend. Philosophers, like the princes accompanied by the emperor when traveling, have their own duties. Philosophers include Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism, famous artists, yin and yang scholars, farmers, military strategists and novelists. Sinology is the core of Chinese civilization, with hundreds of classics such as Huangdi Yinfujing, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Yu and Sushu. Part III: Poetry and Fu. Poetry and Fu are different, they are two different genres. There is a method of poetry and fu in Han history. Ancient scholars can climb mountains, but we are not as good as the ancients. Part IV: The Art of War of Sun Tzu. The Art of War is a very important part of ancient knowledge classification, and the technologies and methods mentioned later are considered to be practical and rational. Part V: Tricks. For example, as a divination, Zhouyi. Part VI: Ji Fang. House art and medical skill are both methods.

China cultural institutions

"Sinology" originally refers to imperial academy, imperial academy, academies and other national institutions of higher learning. In recent years, in order to adapt to the "fever of Chinese studies", some corresponding institutions have also been established.

Classics of Chinese studies:

Classic department, history department, sub-department, collection department.

First, Chinese studies contain cultural values and national spirit.

To put it simply, Sinology is the general name of China traditional culture. Books, customs, etiquette, language, writing, astronomy, geosciences, agronomy, medicine, handicrafts, architecture, mathematics and mathematics, music, dance, drama, poetry, music, chess and calligraphy, thoughts, psychology, beliefs, religion, politics, ethics, etc. China from ancient times to the present.

Therefore, Chinese studies are all-encompassing. It is true that the content of Chinese studies covers a wide range, but we can still sort it out. Generally speaking, there are four levels of Chinese studies. The first is the common sense level, that is, the ABC of Chinese studies. For example, some of our young people played a lot of jokes today and used "your dad", "my dad" and "my wife" upside down. The second is the academic and technical level, that is, all aspects of traditional culture, including the inheritance of local culture, folk skills and academic traditions, are relatively specialized. The third is the level of moral value and meaning of life. Chinese studies basically teach people how to be a man, understand the value of life, cultivate personal integrity, and how to settle down. The fourth is the national spirit, or the soul of China and the level of soul of china.

According to the traditional classification of books and academics, Chinese studies can be divided into four parts: classics, history, Confucianism and collections, or theories, textual research, rhetoric and practical learning. The core value of Chinese studies lies in the third and fourth levels. Starting from the name "Sinology" used by people with lofty ideals living in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty, the core of Sinology mainly refers to the fundamental spiritual value of national history and culture.

At that time, when the country was in decline and the nation was in danger, Zhang Taiyan said: "The national scholar is the foundation of the country. I heard that in a competitive world, Chinese studies alone is not enough to build a country; And I've never heard of anyone who can stand on his own feet when Chinese studies are in recession. I have heard that some people die and Chinese studies do not die; However, I have never heard that Chinese studies die first and the country still exists. Therefore, the rise of Chinese studies today will soon affect the survival of the country. Isn't it particularly unreliable to take past lives seriously? "

Deng Shi said, "What about the scholars in China? All the knowledge of a country is also ... there is a country with its own knowledge. Those who learn, learn from a country, think it is useful to the country, and those who govern a country also. Scholars in China are born in one country, because of geography and human nature, they can't live without it for a moment. When a gentleman is born in a country, he knows how to learn, loves his country and loves his studies. "

In other words, Sinology is not only a concept of learning or scholarship, but also a concept of a nation and soul of china. Since modern times, people with lofty ideals have responded to western learning with the help of the Japanese concept of "Chinese studies". In their minds, "learn to die, and die." Faced with the brutal aggression of western powers, they tried to save the country and nation by preserving culture and scholarship.

Liang Qichao actively introduced western learning, but he was worried that Chinese people would despise their own national cultural traditions. He said: "I don't suffer from the non-importation of foreign academic ideas, but from the non-invention of domestic academic ideas ... A country standing on the top of heaven and earth must have its own characteristics. If you want to do good for your country, you can't help growing up with this trait ... otherwise, you will get rid of the slavery of the ancients and resurrect a slavery that worships outsiders and despises your own people. I am afraid that it is not worth the loss. " In other words, we can't blindly worship the ancients and foreigners, thinking that our cultural traditions are all dross, and China is inferior to others.

In fact, sinology is open, including all kinds of foreign cultures digested and absorbed in past dynasties. We can't narrow the scope of Chinese studies. First, sinology is not only the academic culture of Han nationality, but also the language, writing, academic culture of ethnic minorities in history and their communication history with Han nationality. Second, Chinese studies include not only elite traditions, but also small traditions, such as folk culture, legends, music, songs and dances, skills, architecture, costumes, etiquette, customs, clans, contracts, guilds, and non-governmental organizations. Just like some material and intangible cultural heritages today. Thirdly, Sinology also includes the blending of Chinese and foreign regional civilizations in history, such as the introduction of foreign civilizations, the study of the western regions, Buddhism and its China, the introduction of western learning to the east, the content and historical process of the introduction of middle schools to the west, etc., all of which belong to the category of Sinology.

Must understand Chinese studies, classics and historical subsets. It contains and gathers the wisdom and culture of many ethnic groups in history, and is a cultural and spiritual resource jointly created and owned by all ethnic groups in China. The so-called "harmony without difference" and "harmony without difference".

As we said before, in the multi-level of Chinese studies, the highest level is soul of china, the main spiritual aspect of the Chinese nation, which is the fundamental feature of China people as China people and China culture as China culture.

In fact, there is no contradiction between advocating Chinese studies and absorbing western learning. Chen Yinque said: "On the one hand, we absorb and import foreign theories, on the other hand, we will not forget the status of our nation." No nation's modernization can be rootless. The deeper we understand and explore the value concept, survival wisdom and general plan of governing the country of the traditional culture of the motherland, the richer the value resources we have, the more we can absorb the essence of foreign cultures, and the more we can learn the truth of foreign cultures such as the West. Only in this way can we truly integrate the essence of Chinese and western cultures or Chinese and foreign cultures and build a new Chinese civilization under the requirements of today's times.

It is more important to learn the traditional culture of China to grasp the humanistic spirit and values of China people, to understand the process of cultural integration between the Chinese nation and China, and why it can last for a long time, so as to be an upright China person.

Second, Chinese studies cultivate people's minds.

As far as the meaning and value of life are concerned, Liang Qichao said that the Analects of Confucius, Mencius and other classics "have been the general source of China people's thoughts for two thousand years, dominating the internal and external life of China people. Some useful aphorisms of the sages have long formed the same consciousness in our whole society. As a part of this society, we must always understand it thoroughly so as not to be separated from the same consciousness. "In other words, the four books express the core values of the Chinese nation, such as benevolence, benevolence, courtesy, wisdom and faith. This is the daily life of China people, and people live by this belief.

There is a bridge between the big tradition and the small tradition of China culture. Chinese studies have the characteristics of popularization and grassroots. At the grassroots level in China, there is a proverb in China: "Don't do it with small goodness, don't do it with small evils"; "Old me and old man, young me and young man"; "If there are good families, there will be Qing Yu, and if there are bad families, there will be more disasters." . These spirits from China classics, through three-character classics, hundreds of surnames, thousands of words, thousands of poems, disciples' rules, family precepts, village conventions, genealogy and rare books, and through rhyming stories, popular dramas and proverbs passed down from mouth to mouth, have become the code of words and deeds of "common people are ignorant for daily use".

In the Song Dynasty, Wang Yinglin's "Holy Amethyst" began with a clear meaning: "At the beginning of life, human nature is good. The same nature varies from upbringing to upbringing. Without education, there will be deviations. The way of teaching is expensive. " This expresses the views of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi on human nature in a simplified way. Confucius always said that sex is close to learning, Mencius emphasized knowledge of nature and the display of ability, and Xunzi emphasized the education and training the day after tomorrow.

Li Yuxiu's Preface to Disciples in Qing Dynasty said: "Disciples are the teachings of saints. The first filial piety, the second honesty. Pan-love the masses, but if you are kind and have spare capacity, you will learn literature. " The following is divided into three parts: filial piety when you enter, filial piety when you leave, loyalty and faithfulness, and loving others as yourself. These outlines are all from The Analects of Confucius. There are some requirements for children's manners in Disciples Rules. For example, children are required to stand with their heads held high and their legs straight, greet their elders when they meet them, open and close the door lightly, and don't slam the door hard. These norms are at least what civilized people should have and reflect respect for others and self-esteem.

The first paragraph of Zhu Bolu's "Zhu Zi's Family Management Motto" said: "Get up at dawn, sweep the court, and be clean inside and outside; When you are unconscious, you will rest. If you close the door, you will behave well. It is not easy to think about a porridge and a meal; Half a silk and half a wisp, it is difficult to save material resources. " These are simple truths, which are embodied in one's family education. In the past, it was a harsh word to call someone without a tutor, which humiliated his whole family. We don't want teenagers to do too much housework, but we want them to take care of themselves and their families from primary school, don't rely too much on their parents and others, and stand up by themselves and cultivate a sense of responsibility. At the same time, only by knowing that a porridge, a meal and a half silk are hard work can we know how to respect the work of parents and others. If we really have awe, we know that we should cherish it and not waste it.

Tianjin Private Middle School, the predecessor of Nankai Middle School, was founded in June 1904+00. Yen Hsiu, the old headmaster, personally wrote "Rong Zhi's motto": "Face must be clean, hair must be cut, clothes must be straightened, and knots must be tied. Head straight, shoulders flat, chest wide, back straight. Weather: Don't be arrogant, irritable and lazy. Color: Yihe, Yijing, Yizhuang. " These 40-word proverbs draw lessons from Disciples Rules and become the basic requirements for schools to check the appearance and conduct of middle school students. The school has a cosmetic mirror, and both teachers and students should look in the mirror when they enter the school. Later, when Mr. Zhang Boling was in charge of the school, he insisted on these practices.

At present, the motto of Nanjing Confucius Temple Primary School is "benevolence, courtesy, ambition and art". I think this is very good. The education of children and adolescents is to cultivate a healthy mind and temperament, and learn to respect others from daily life habits.

We emphasize adult education, because gifted education is not enough. Talent education ignores some qualities that we must have as complete and healthy people, and it is almost blank in personality development. This problem is not unique to university education, and primary and secondary education should pay attention to it. Cultivating adolescent temperament needs the cooperation of family, school and society. Otherwise, society pushes parents, parents push schools, primary schools push middle schools, middle schools push universities, and universities push society. When children leave the nanny-style education mode and leave home for college, they don't know how to live and how to arrange their studies. After entering the society, I don't know how to get along with people and how to work. This is actually because in the process of growing up, children's personality has not yet been established, and they can't support their own sky on their own. At present, knowledge education is superior to moral education. Parents and schools unilaterally emphasize students' so-called future, only pay attention to academic performance, and pay insufficient attention to other aspects. In fact, they left the problems to universities and society, but when the children really faced them themselves, they were at a loss and out of place. It is also necessary to cultivate young people's sense of responsibility and let them bear the necessary responsibilities and affairs. Nowadays, parents generally spoil their children and feel that their children are under great pressure to go to school. They can try their best to do it by themselves without letting the children do it. Some students enter the university and find that they have no self-care ability at all, which is the lack of enlightenment education.

In short, many aspects of Chinese studies are related to cultivating our hearts, cultivating our healthy temperament and learning to be a responsible person, which is worth learning and practicing.

Third, Chinese studies cultivate gentleman's personality.

The textbook "Self-cultivation in Middle School" compiled by Mr. Cai Yuanpei during his stay in Germany was published by the Commercial Press in the first 19 12 to 192 1 year. He also wrote lectures for South China University of Technology workers in France and China, which had a great influence during the Republic of China. Today, they are combined into national cultivation. Mr. Cai attaches importance to civic education at the grassroots level, and his intentions deserve our attention. He creatively transformed local cultural resources, especially Confucian moral resources, and served the moral construction and civic education in modern China.

Mr. Cai emphasized that filial piety is a virtue! The infiltration and cultivation of this virtue has made the gentleman's healthy psychology, temperament, personality and quality, enhanced his public morality and sense of justice, and made him responsible for the state, society and public affairs, loyal to his duties, and even go through fire and water. Mr. Cai emphasized that the family is the enlightenment school of life, and a harmonious family is the foundation for the prosperity of society and the country. He believes that if private morality is not perfect, it is difficult to have sound public morality. Influenced by the love within the family, people with filial piety at home will naturally extend this love to the group, society and country after entering the society. This is benevolence and loyalty. It can be seen that although there are differences between family and society, private morality and public morality, they are not diametrically opposed, but are organically linked and can be gradually expanded, practiced and experienced from the inside out.

Mr. Cai also stressed that the three virtues of wisdom, benevolence and courage are internal morality, but behavior is external. He pointed out: "Xiu De's method is to cultivate conscience first ... Conscience is often found, if you are satisfied with doing good, you are ashamed of doing evil. Expanding it and cultivating it through its discovery can be the foundation of Xiu De. " He affirmed the positive significance of the Confucian tradition of self-cultivation and the cultivation of a sound gentleman's personality to the construction of civil social morality, such as good regardless of size, putting aside evil as the foundation of doing good, turning repentance into an opportunity to turn good, and promoting morality is more important than introspection.

In fact, after the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Jiaxun, who was widely circulated in China and East Asia, said: "Being a teacher is more important than courtesy, and making friends is more important than faithfulness. When you meet your elders, you should respect them; See young people and love them. I will respect those noble people, although they are younger than me; Although the unscrupulous are older than me, I will stay away from them. " "People are too small, tolerance; If a person has made a big mistake, he should speak out rationally. Don't do it because of good, don't do it because of evil. " He also said: "Don't be selfish and hurt others, and don't be jealous of talents. Don't say that you are angry and report disobedience, and you don't want see no evil, which is not good for others. Don't take ill-gotten gains when you see them. When you meet something reasonable, you must educate your children and children, and your children's servants must be compassionate. Sven can't be disrespectful, and he can't help if he is in trouble. " Zhu said that this is a part of daily life, and people can't live without it all day. It should be said that these contents come from poetry, etiquette and music, Confucius and Mencius, and are very close to the public. It contains personal and social morality and has long been the philosophy of life of ordinary people. What is said here is mostly from private morality to public welfare.

There are many contents in Chinese studies that cultivate self-cultivation and cultivate a gentleman's personality. Classical Chinese education in China is actually liberal arts education. The contents of six arts are etiquette, music, archery, bending, calligraphy and arithmetic, that is, etiquette, music, archery, driving, literacy (calligraphy) and arithmetic; Supplemented by poetry and songs, piano, chess, calligraphy and painting. These things are related to skill. Traditional and Confucian education does not exclude skills, but it is not only skills, but also a way to expand people's life dimensions, an elegant hobby and a medium of communication between people. Traditional education attaches great importance to swimming, which is a real experience of being there and going deep into it. In the cultivation of interest, cultivate people, understand people, and cultivate people into a kind, sociable, honest and elegant character.

Traditional education in China is a kind of education in a broad sense, which includes not only today's technical education and knowledge education, but also art education, life and death education and physical education. It embodies a great educational idea. This educational view centers on the achievement of personality and mainly pays attention to people's morality and temperament. Confucius' four virtues, speech, politics and literature, are all based on virtue. Traditional education is not moral preaching, nor is it cramming education, but like the spring rain, it allows students to gain something from it, such as poetry teaching, ethics teaching and music teaching.

Children should be placed in a good cultural atmosphere. Parents and teachers should set an example and teach by example, which has great influence on children. Parents and teachers have the obligation to correct their words and deeds, especially in front of children. Children should be trained to distinguish right from wrong at ordinary times. Maybe we should make more efforts in temperament education, pay attention to children's mental health, communicate with children more, gain insight into children's emotions and make correct guidance. Many parents can't do it now. They lie, beat and scold in front of their children and don't respect the elderly. These will leave a negative mark on the growth of children.

In addition, we also hope that students will read more classics when they are young and have a good memory, such as Four Books and Laozi, and it is best to recite some, so that the meaning behind them can be understood gradually. Classics are often read and always new. Whenever you have a new experience, you will experience new connotations in the classics. Some of our friends even recite the classics every morning, taking it as a good medicine to cheer up and fight high. We always hope that more classics of Chinese studies can enter the middle school classroom and become compulsory courses, and at least four books can be included in the teaching materials. We hope to have more Chinese classes so that primary and secondary school students can receive education in traditional language and culture.

In recent years, the media has continuously reported the experiences and practices of some schools in building a campus culture that inherits the classics of Chinese studies, and some schools have also compiled their own curriculum materials to educate students of all grades in Chinese studies step by step. Primary and secondary schools are the enlightenment period in which a person's world outlook, values and outlook on life are formed. At this stage, Chinese studies should be taught to students, and in a way that is easy for children to accept, students should be taught to aspire, learn to be human, promote the growth of virtue and intelligence, and let them improve their personality, cultivate morality and embark on the correct growth path through the edification, cultivation and cultivation of their own traditional culture.