The story of a scientist who pursues perseverance

The late Zeng Chengkui, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was a world-renowned marine biologist, phycologist, and one of the founders of Chinese algae science.

When Mr. Zeng once went to the United States to participate in academic activities, he received an invitation from a teacher who studied in the United States 50 years ago. After meeting the 90-year-old professor, Mr. Zeng was extremely pleasantly surprised, but he was still not sure whether the old professor really remembered him. "Why don't I remember you? You are the Chinese student who never sleeps at night!" It turns out that when Mr. Zeng was studying in the United States, he was the most famous in the school for his hard work and diligence. "At that time, your diligence was unheard of in the school. I don’t know!” the old professor recalled kindly.

Liebig. In the article, he tried to burn the seaweed to ashes, soak it in hot water, and then pass chlorine gas through it, so that the iodine in the seaweed could be extracted. But he found that at the bottom of the remaining residue, there was a layer of brown liquid precipitated. When collecting this liquid, you would smell a pungent smell. He repeated this experiment and got the same result. So, it called this liquid "iodine chloride". A few years later, he saw a paper about a young man in France who had done the same experiment as him, but he did not stop. He notified the Paris Academy of Sciences of this new element, which named it "bromine". After he saw it, he regretted it. He said: "From then on, unless there is a very reliable experimental basis, I will never make conclusions out of thin air." Later, after receiving the lesson, Liebig became good at discovering problems from abnormal phenomena and was able to find solutions through experiments. approach to the problem, so he became a giant in the history of chemistry.

The story of Su Buqing Su Buqing, a famous master of mathematics, returned to China in March 1931 at the invitation of the famous mathematician Chen Jiangong with the honorary doctorate of science from Tohoku Imperial University in Japan. He was employed by the National Zhejiang University and served successively as a mathematician. Department associate professors, professors, department chairs, deans and provosts. By October 1952, due to the restructuring of colleges and universities across the country, he reluctantly came to Shanghai Fudan University as professor and department chair in the Department of Mathematics, and later as provost, vice president and president. He has served as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a deputy to the National People's Congress, vice chairman of the seventh and eighth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of the Central Committee of the China Democratic League. Looking back at Su Buqing's century-old life, it was also bumpy and muddy, with many stories. I have selected a few here to comfort readers. Story 1 September 23, 1902 AD, was an ordinary day, but for the Su Zushan family, whose ancestors fled famine from Tong'an, Fujian, to Daixi Village, Pingyang, Zhejiang, it was a rare day of great joy and auspiciousness. It’s true that God has eyes and the heavenly officials give blessings. Su Zushan's family has a new baby, and the couple can't stop laughing. They finally have a "successor" who has been farming for generations. However, Su Zushan and his wife had never been to school. They had experienced the hardships of being uneducated and were eager for their son to succeed, so they chose the name "Bu Qing" for their son. The fortune teller also said some good things about the future of their son. But he can "move forward smoothly and make his ancestors proud". After all, a name is not a ladder to "fame and wealth". While his peers were picking up their schoolbags to go to school, Su Zushan handed his son a bullwhip. From then on, Su Buqing wore a big bamboo hat knitted by his father and a set of coarse cloth hand-sewn by his mother. He rode barefoot on the back of an ox, waved his whip, and came to the foot of Woniu Mountain and to the bank of Daixi. Su Buqing's family raised a big buffalo, which was very fat and strong. He never looked down upon the short and small buffalo boy. Once, the buffalo lost its temper, ran and jumped, and threw Su Buqing into the bamboo garden where bamboo had just been cut. Thanks to God's blessing, he fell among a few bamboo roots and escaped without any physical pain. After herding cattle home, Su Buqing walked past the entrance of the village private school and was often attracted by the sound of reading. Once, the teacher was reading loudly: "Su Laoquan, twenty-seven, began to get angry and read books." After hearing this, he read it several times. After that, he actually memorized the jingle and sang in the mountains while herding cattle. Su Zushan often listened to his son reciting the "Three Character Classic" and "Hundred Family Surnames", and he was doubtful. One time, I happened to see my son "eavesdropping" at the door of the private school. My father's heart was finally moved. The couple decided to tighten their belts and send Su Buqing to a private school. Story 2: When Su Buqing was 9 years old, Su Buqing's father picked up a load of rice for school fees and walked 50 kilometers along the mountain road to send Su Buqing to Pingyang County to become a transfer student from a high school. From the mountains to the county town, Su Buqing's eyes were opened and everything was new. It was the first time he saw minced meat in steamed buns, and he often exchanged his meal stamps for money to buy "meat steamed buns" to eat. One month's meal stamps were used up early, so I had to go hungry.

When he saw the tiger stove that was boiling water, he also thought it was fun. He threw the eggs he brought home into the pot, and the pot of boiling water turned into a pot of egg drop soup. The water boiler was so angry that he grabbed him and beat him. Dayton. Su Buqing played and made trouble all day long. He often sat in the "red seat" during exams. By the end of the exam, he ranked last in the class. However, his composition was pretty good. The "eavesdropping" in the private school inspired his interest in learning Chinese and laid a foundation for his composition. However, the more the Chinese teacher looked at it, the less he believed it. He always thought that Su Buqing's composition was copied. Therefore, I still gave him a very low score. This aroused his bad temper even more. The more the teacher said something bad about him, the less he studied hard. For three consecutive semesters, he was ranked last. His classmates and teachers all said he was "idiot". Once, geography teacher Chen Yufeng called Su Buqing to the office and told him a short story: "When Newton was 12 years old, he transferred from a rural primary school to the city to study. His grades were not good and his classmates looked down on him. Once, a classmate He bullied him unreasonably and kicked him in the stomach. He was rolling in pain. That classmate was physically better than him and had better homework than him. Newton was usually afraid of him, but at this time he couldn't bear it anymore and jumped up to fight back. The classmate was forced into a corner and pressed against the wall. Seeing how brave Newton was when he was angry, Newton had to give in. From this incident, Newton thought that the truth of learning was just this: he could subdue his anger as long as he made up his mind. He worked hard and studied hard, and soon he ranked first in the class and later became a great scientist." Su Buqing was very grateful when he saw Teacher Chen not criticizing him but telling him stories. Seeing his head hanging down, Teacher Chen touched his head and said, "I think your child is quite smart. As long as you work hard, you can definitely get the first place in the exam." He also said, "Your father and mother work very hard." , live frugally, I hope you study well. If you are like this, what can you do to repay them in the future?" Su Buqing could no longer suppress the shock in her heart, and tears flowed on her chest like broken pearls. For the first time, I felt that I had done something wrong. After that, he completely became a sensible child, no longer playful, studied hard, and won the first place in the class in the final exam. Story Three: A mathematics class in Zhejiang Provincial No. 10 Middle School in Wenzhou led Su Buqing to the road to the kingdom of mathematics. Teacher Yang, who returned to Wenzhou from studying in Japan, was in mathematics class with a true concern for the country and the people: "In today's world, the weak eat the strong. The world's great powers rely on ships and cannons to carve up our country and devour it. The Chinese nation will be destroyed. The danger is imminent. In order to save the nation, we must revitalize science. Mathematics is the pioneer of science. In order to develop science, we must learn mathematics well." Teacher Yang's words touched Su Buqing's heart. From then on, his interest shifted from literature to mathematics. Once, Su Buqing used 20 different methods to prove a geometric theorem. After principal Hong Minchu learned about it, he called Su Buqing to the office, patted him on the shoulder and said, "Study hard and I will send you to study abroad in the future." By the time Su Buqing graduated from middle school, Principal Hong had been transferred to the Beijing Ministry of Education, but he still cared about Su Buqing. He sent 200 yuan to support Su Buqing’s study abroad. In 1919, 17-year-old Su Buqing bought a ferry ticket to Japan. He had 170 yuan left to survive for three months, which was really difficult. He could only eat two meals a day and had no money to hire a Japanese teacher, so he had to be taught by his landlady. Finally, he answered the examiner's questions in fluent Japanese and entered the prestigious school - Tokyo Technical High School's Electrical Engineering Department with first place. In 1924, he was admitted to the Department of Mathematics of Tohoku Imperial University in Japan with the first place and studied under the famous geometer Professor Tadahiko Kubota. In 1927, after graduating from college, he sold newspapers, delivered milk, worked as a magazine proofreader and tutor after school. He used the money he earned to pay for tuition and was admitted to the graduate school of the school as a graduate student without taking the exam. With a strong will, he studied hard and published 41 research papers on affine differential geometry and projective differential geometry, opening up a new field of differential geometry research. He was called by the mathematical community "the brilliant mathematics rising from the Eastern Kingdom". star". In March 1931, he received a doctorate in science from the school with outstanding results, becoming the second foreigner to receive this degree after Chen Jiangong. After that, letters of appointment from home and abroad came like a snowflake, and Su Buqing declined them one by one. Because when Chen Jiangong received his doctorate in science two years ago, he asked Su Buqing to go to Zhejiang University, which had poor conditions. Su Buqing said: "You go first, and I will come back after I graduate. Let us spend 20 years to make the Department of Mathematics of Zhejiang University into the world's top mathematics department..." This may be because Su Buqing is unwilling to leave during the adjustment of colleges and universities across the country. The love affair with Zhejiang University.

After taking up the job, Su Buqing made brilliant achievements in scientific research and teaching that impressed the world. In addition to the fourth-order (third-order) algebraic cone discovered when he was a graduate student, which was hailed as the "Su Cone" by the academic community, Later, he made achievements recognized by the world's peers in the fields of "projective curve theory", "projective surface theory", "high-dimensional projective space yoke network theory", "general space differential geometry" and "computational geometry", especially The second adjoint quadratic surface in the famous Gode sequence is called "Su's quadratic surface" by colleagues at home and abroad. He also proved the closed Laplacian sequence and structure (T4), which is known as the "Su (Buqing) chain" by the world academic community. Therefore, the famous German mathematician Blasuke called Su Buqing "the first geometer in the East", and European, American and Japanese mathematicians called him and his colleagues the "Zhejiang University School". Indeed, from 1931 to 1952, Su Buqing trained nearly 100 students, and 25 of them served as principal and deputy department heads in more than 10 famous universities in China. Five of them were elected as academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, including those trained after liberation. There are 3 academicians, and *** there are 8 academician students. At Fudan Institute of Mathematics, Su Buqing also had students from Gu Chaohao, Hu Hesheng and Li Daqian, forming a rare and gratifying phenomenon of three generations of four academicians working together. Story 4: After the July 7th Incident, Zhejiang University was forced to move westward. In the face of this national crisis, when the school was moving westward, Su Buqing received an urgent telegram: his father-in-law, Mr. Matsumoto, was critically ill, and Su Buqing and his wife were asked to go to Sendai, Japan, to see each other for the last time. Su Buqing handed the telegram to his wife and said: "...You go, I want to stay in my motherland." Su Buqing's wife Su Songben said: "I will follow you." However, because his wife had just given birth not long ago, she could not move inland with her. Su Buqing He sent his wife to the countryside of Pingyang for refuge. It was not until the summer vacation of 1940 that Principal Zhu Kezhen specially approved a sum of travel expenses to bring his wife and daughter to Meitan. During the days in Meitan, the life of teachers and students was extremely difficult, and it was difficult for university professors to make ends meet with their salaries. Su Buqing bought a hoe, and every day when he got home from get off work or on his days off, he would clear the land and plant vegetables. Once, the Meitan Vegetable Restaurant could not supply the vegetables, so he went to get a few baskets of cauliflower from Su Buqing's vegetable field. Another evening, Principal Zhu came to the ruined temple where he lived and saw Su Buqing carrying water and planting vegetables, while Su Songben was cooking with his son on his back. The careful Principal Zhu saw that the pot was full of radishes and dried sweet potatoes, so he asked Su Buqing. Su Buqing explained: "I have many children, and even if I spend all my salary to buy rice, it is not enough. We have been eating dried sweet potatoes dipped in salt for several months." Zhu Kezhen was shocked. Therefore, he granted Su Buqing's two middle school sons the special treatment of living in middle school and living at home (because the Su family could not afford bedding). The difficulties in life worsened. One of Su Buqing's youngest sons died soon after birth due to malnutrition. Su Buqing buried him on the mountain of Meitan, and the words "Su Ying's Tomb" were engraved on the small stone tablet. However, difficulties in life cannot scare people with determination and perseverance. Teaching and scientific research at Zhejiang University are still proceeding in an orderly manner. Su Buqing also came to the podium with difficulties. When he turned back to draw geometric figures on the blackboard, the students would talk about the "triangle, trapezoid..." patches on Teacher Su's clothes, and the "spiral curve" on his butt! In the evening, Su Buqing placed the tung oil lamp on the incense table of the ruined temple to write teaching materials, and finally used his perseverance to complete the book "Introduction to Projective Curves". In the summer of 1994, the author was fortunate enough to see the small temple where Su Buqing lived during his migration in Qingyan. A feeling of reverence arose spontaneously, which is unforgettable. Story Five: On December 7, 1972, Su Buqing's student and famous mathematician Zhang Sucheng visited mathematicians from various places due to the need to resume publication of "Acta Mathematica". When he went to Shanghai, he was supposed to visit Teacher Su. Unexpectedly, Mr. Su gave him "Introduction to Projective Geometry". "" (English version), a poem is uniquely written on the title page: Thirty years ago in Guizhou, I was sad because of strange things. Now that I am old and in Shenjiang, I am happy to see my old friends fighting for the upper reaches. This not only breaks the common sayings in inscriptions and fully reveals the feelings between teachers and students, but also fully demonstrates Su's superb poetic skills and profound literary skills. Many people know that Su Buqing is a master of mathematics, but they do not know that he is also a master of literature, a writer and a poet. He has loved ancient poetry since he was a child, and learned to write poetry at the age of 13. When I was in the early days of reading, I often rode on the back of an ox and recited "Poems of a Thousand Families" and so on. For decades, he has been with poetry and poetry books. Every time he goes on a business trip, he always puts one or two poetry collections in his bag, such as "Selected Poems of Du Fu". Su Buqing not only read poetry, but was also interested in writing poetry. He kept writing for decades and wrote nearly a thousand poems.

When he was 96 years old, Beijing Qunyan Publishing House published "Su Buqing's Amateur Poetry Notes", which included 444 modern poems and 60 lyrics, handwritten and photocopied by Mr. Su, including 191 early works from 1931 to 1949, including There are 47 poems. From it, we can appreciate the brilliance reflected in Mr. Su's 60-year academic career and poetry and calligraphy skills. It is full of the flavor of the times and provides many inspirations to people. Recalling that when Zhejiang University moved to Meitan, he and mathematics master Qian Baocong and others founded the Meitan Yin Society. Under extremely difficult circumstances, they published "The First Collection of Poems of the Meitan Yin Society" at their own expense, which included poems from various schools. 100 songs. In the days of national crisis, poets drank tea and recited poems, or discussed doctrines, or commented on the current situation. Their worries about the country, homesickness, and cynicism often showed in their writing. In 1944, Su Buqing wrote a poem with the title "Visiting Qiqi Pavilion": Climbing the path in single clothes, passing a stick across the lantern pavilion. There are two trees guarding the road, and there are seven or seven pavilions near the river. Because I am an old guest traveling far away, the green mountains are my hometown. Looking north can be without tears, but the battle in the Central Plains is bloody. This is Su Bubiao's sentiments in material objects, his nostalgia for the fall of his hometown and the broken mountains and rivers of his motherland, and his praise of the people's rise to resist the war. His patriotism and concern for the world flow from his heart. Su Buqing's poetic skills are superb and breathtaking. His poetry has lofty artistic conception, fresh writing style, frequent allusions and is rich in philosophy. Reading many of Su Buqing's poems not only makes people feel the importance of the "pyramid"-like foundation that Su always taught to post-school students, but also the highlight of the connection between literature and science. For decades, he cleverly used his self-proclaimed "fragmentary time" to study and research. Aren't these good poems that will remain in the world evidence that Su Buqing made full use of his fragmentary time? Yang Zhenning Yang Zhenning was born in Hefei County, Anhui Province on August 22, 1922. He attended Xiamen Elementary School in 1928, Peking Chongde Middle School in 1933, transferred to Kunming Kunwan Middle School as a sophomore in 1938, graduated from Southwest Associated University in 1942, and graduated from Southwest Associated University in 1944. Graduated from the Graduate School of Southwest Associated University, went to the United States after teaching at the High School Affiliated to Southwest Associated University in 1945, completed his PhD at the University of Chicago in the summer of 1948, studied at Princeton University in the fall of 1949, and received the Nobel Prize in 1957 Bell Prize in Physics, elected as an academician of Academia Sinica in 1958, prepared to establish the research department of Stony Brook University in 1965 at the invitation of President Toll of the State University of New York, and left Princeton in 1966 to go to the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He presides over the Institute of Physics and serves as a professor to this day. In 1938, with the equivalent of a high school sophomore, Yang was admitted to the Chemistry Department of the Southwest Associated University, which was the merger of Tsinghua University, Peking University, and Nankai University at that time. Later, he changed to the Physics Department. In 1957, he collaborated with Lee Tsung-dao to overturn Einstein's "law of conservation of parity" and won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Their contribution was highly praised and considered one of the milestones in physics. Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955) was a world-famous German-American scientist, the founder and founder of modern physics. He is recognized as the most outstanding scientist of the 20th century. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, into a family of small owners who ran an electrical appliance workshop. A year later, he moved to Munich with his family. In 1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy. In 1895 he transferred to the state high school in Aarau, Switzerland. In 1896, he entered the Normal Department of the Technical University of Zurich to study physics and graduated in 1900. Obtained Swiss citizenship in 1901. In 1902, he was hired as a technician by the Swiss Patent Office in Bern, engaged in technical appraisal of invention patent applications. He used his spare time to conduct scientific research and made historic achievements in three different fields of physics in 1905, especially the establishment of the special theory of relativity and the proposal of the quantum theory of light, which promoted the revolution in physics theory. In the same year, he obtained a doctorate from the University of Zurich with his thesis "A New Determination of Molecular Size". Einstein became a part-time lecturer at the University of Bern in 1908. In 1909, he left the patent office and became associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. In 1911, he was appointed professor of theoretical physics at the German University of Prague, and in 1912 he was appointed professor at his alma mater, the Federal Technical University of Zurich. In 1914, at the invitation of Max Planck and Walter Nernst, he returned to Germany and served as the director of the Wilhelm Royal Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin until 1933. In 1920, at the invitation of Hendrik Anton Lorenz and Paul Ehrenfest, he served concurrently as an invited professor at Leiden University in the Netherlands. After the outbreak of World War I, he participated in public and underground anti-war activities. In 1915 Einstein published his general theory of relativity.

His prediction that light will be bent when passing through the sun's gravitational field was confirmed by British astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington's observations of a total solar eclipse in 1919. The gravitational waves he predicted in 1916 were also confirmed in 1978. Einstein and the theory of relativity became household names in the West and attracted vicious attacks from chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semites in Germany and elsewhere. In 1917, Einstein proposed the theory of stimulated radiation in his article "On the Quantum Nature of Radiation", which became the theoretical basis of lasers. Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on the photoelectric effect. After the Nazi Party seized power in Germany in January 1933, Einstein was the primary target of persecution in the scientific community. Fortunately, he was lecturing in the United States at the time and was not persecuted. After returning to Europe in March, he took refuge in Belgium. On September 9, he discovered that the Gestapo were following him, who was preparing to assassinate him. He crossed the sea to England at night. In October, he transferred to Princeton University in the United States and served as a professor at the newly-established Institute for Advanced Study until his retirement in 1945. In 1940 he obtained American citizenship. In 1939, he learned about the discovery of uranium nuclear fission and its chain reaction. Under the promotion of Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt and suggested developing an atomic bomb to prevent Germany from taking the lead. On the eve of the end of World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Einstein was strongly dissatisfied with this. After the war, he fought tirelessly to launch a peaceful movement against nuclear war and against the danger of fascism in the United States. Einstein died in Princeton on April 18, 1955 of a ruptured aortic aneurysm. In accordance with his will, no funeral ceremony will be held, no grave will be built, no monument will be erected, and the ashes will be scattered in a place that will always be kept secret, in order not to make any place a holy place. Einstein spent the rest of his life engaged in the search for a grand unified theory, but this work was not successful. Now the grand unified theory is a central issue in theoretical physics research. The Man More Picky than God - The Story of Pauli Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli was born in 1900 and died in 1958. He was a rare genius at the beginning of this century who made outstanding contributions to the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the "Pauli Exclusion Principle". This principle was discovered by him in 1924 and had a revolutionary impact on the establishment of atomic structure and the understanding of the microscopic world. When Pauli was 19 years old (1919), he wrote a concluding paper on the theory and experimental results of general relativity. At that time, it was only three years since Einstein published the "General Theory of Relativity" (1916). People thought that he had such unique insights at such a young age, which shocked the entire physics community, and he became famous in one fell swoop. There are many stories about Pauli. He was known for his rigor and erudition, but he was also known for being acerbic and critical. It is said that Pauli met Einstein at an international conference. After Einstein finished his speech, Pauli stood up and said: "I don't think Einstein is completely stupid." Once, when the Italian physicist Segre, who later discovered the antiproton, finished a report and Pauli and others left the conference room, Pauli said to him: "I have never heard a report as bad as yours." At that time, Segre Not a word was spoken. Pauli thought for a while, then turned back to Brescher, a Swiss physical chemist who was traveling with them, and said: "If you were the one giving the report, the situation would be even worse. Of course, except for your last opening report in Zurich. " Another time Pauli wanted to go somewhere but didn't know how to get there, a colleague told him. Later, this colleague asked him if he had found that place that day. Instead, he sarcastically said: "When you are not talking about physics, your thinking should be said to be clear." Pauli was also very rude to his students. Once A student wrote a paper and asked Pauli to read it. Two days later, the student asked Pauli for his opinion. Pauli returned the paper to him and said: "Not even the mistakes are enough." But Pauli was called "physics" by Bohr. "Conscience", because of his keenness and critical thinking, he has the ability to detect mistakes at a glance. There is also a joke in the physics community that there is a "Pauli effect" - when Pauli appears somewhere, people there will definitely make mistakes whether they are doing theoretical derivation or experimental operations. And when Pauli says, "Oh, there's nothing wrong with that," it's usually a very high compliment.

A joke said that after Pauli died, he went to see God, and God showed him his design for the world. After reading it, Pauli shrugged and said, "You could have done better..." Human Radiology Research The pioneer - Marie Curie On July 4, 1934, Marie Curie, the only scientist in history to win two Nobel Prizes, died of illness in the Sasselem Nursing Home. My motherland is Poland. Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland on November 7, 1867. Her original name was Marie Skloduska. Although she later married the French scholar Pierre Curie, she never forgot it throughout her life. My home country is Poland. Since the Russian Empire invaded Poland in 1794, it has begun to suppress the religion of the Poles, abolished the use of the Polish language, and taught Polish teenagers in Russian in an attempt to enslave the Polish people and destroy the soul of Poland. Although Mary's parents were once Polish nobles, their family fortunes had declined due to the fall of the country. They had to teach in schools under the management of Russian inspectors to make a living. Although Mary studied in a school under Tsarist Russia when she was a child, she still studied very hard and always ranked among the best in all subjects. Her history teacher is a patriotic woman who often teaches Polish history in Polish in history classes. 10-year-old Mary often cries for the misfortune of her motherland. When Mary became a world-renowned scientist, her history teacher told reporters: "At that time, Mary always liked to wear dark blue velvet uniforms, and her golden curly hair was braided with ribbons. She was smart and stubborn. , loved my history class, and she loved our motherland Poland as deeply as she does now. "One day, the Russian school inspector came to the classroom and asked Mary to recite Catholic prayers in Russian. Asked her the names of the tsars of the past dynasties, Mary spoke out the list of unfamiliar names fluently. Finally, the Russian superintendent asked: "Who rules us?" Mary suddenly turned pale and remained silent. It was only when the Russian superintendent asked rudely a second time that Mary answered him. But after he left, Mary suddenly cried and shouted: "No! My motherland is Poland!" In 1898, the Curies discovered two radioactive elements. When Mr. Curie asked Mary to name one of them, Mary Suddenly thinking of her motherland that had disappeared from the map of Europe, she told her husband: "I propose to name it Polonium (protactinium) to commemorate my motherland." The birth of radium, the most mysterious radioactive element, in the autumn of 1891 , Mary came to Paris and entered the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris, which she had long dreamed of. The Faculty of Science is located in the Solburn area and is also known as Solburn University. In the summer of 1893, Mary received her bachelor's degree in physics with first-place exam results. The next year, she earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics. Here she met Pierre Curie. Mr. Curie was a not very famous but very pure physicist at that time. He was elegant in conversation and had a bit of a poet's temperament. They married in July 1895, when Marie was 28 years old and Mr. Curie was 36 years old. They held no ceremony and even spent their honeymoon roaming the countryside on bicycles. In the study of physics, Mr. Curie can be regarded as Madame Curie's initial mentor. It was also because of his guidance that Marie Curie got a novel research topic, which was radioactivity. In fact, there was no such term at the time, but it was later named by Marie Curie. Although another French scientist, Berkeley (who later won the Nobel Prize with the Curies) had discovered "uranium rays" and wrote a report on his discovery to the French Academy of Sciences, it did not cause any people's attention. Moreover, at that time, all European scientists did not take "uranium rays" seriously. But the Curies thought this was an excellent research topic, especially Marie Curie, who was simply fascinated by the radioactive phenomenon of uranium. During her painstaking research and experiments, Marie Curie discovered that not only uranium is radioactive, but also compounds of another element, thorium. Therefore, Marie Curie named this phenomenon "radioactivity" and named radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium "radioactive elements". Due to the significance of Marie Curie's discovery, Mr. Curie decided to stop his research in crystallography and study mysterious "radioactive elements" with his wife. Starting from the summer of 1898, the Curies worked together for eight years and finally discovered two new radioactive elements in uranium pitch ore.

Marie Curie named one of them Polonium (protactium) in honor of her native Poland; and for the other, they announced in an article published in the Report of the French Academy of Sciences: "We propose to name it radium, and I believe that the radioactivity of radium is unparalleled. "However, it is not enough to discover these two new radioactive elements in theory. Some scientists in Europe must see these two new elements with their own eyes and figure out their atomic weights." The Curies had to extract pure protactinium or pure radium from uranium pitch ore containing trace amounts of radium and protactinium in order to convince the world. However, this kind of ore is extremely expensive, and it is only produced in Bohemia, Austria in the whole of Europe. The Curies were both poor scholars. With all their savings, they could only buy a few hundred kilograms of the residue after refining uranium. They wrote to ask several scientists in Austria for help, and finally received a favor from the Austrian government. They decided to give a ton of the residue to two lunatics who thought they needed it. If they need it again in the future, they can give it away for free. The Curies also tried their best to find the laboratory, but finally found an abandoned factory shed that was not protected from the weather at the municipal school of physics and chemistry where Mr. Curie taught. At that time, many scientists who visited the factory after hearing the news had seen how Madame Curie refined pure radium: she wore old clothes full of dust stains and acid, and held an iron rod that was longer than her. Stick, stirring the boiling residue in the cauldron like a cook. In this way, she finished refining the original ton of residues, and then finished refining several tons of other residues that were sent from Bohemia. After four years of refining, they finally obtained one gram of pure radium in 1902. During the long refining process, Madame Curie asked Mr. Curie countless times: "Pierre, I really want to know what shape and color it should be." Mr. Curie always responded softly. Said: "I hope it has the most beautiful color." Madame Curie will never forget that night. She and Mr. Curie held hands and walked through the brightly lit streets to the factory shed to admire their refining process. The culmination of four years. When they entered the shed, they saw a blue light flashing in the glass container. Facing this beautiful light that came to the world for the first time, Madame Curie slowly sat on a lawn chair and stared silently, while Mr. Curie leaned on the back of the chair and gently used his hands to stroking her hair. The highest honor and the deepest love. The birth of radium made the Curies famous all over the world. The University of Paris, which had refused to provide them with a laboratory, suddenly woke up and awarded Marie Curie a doctorate in physics on June 25, 1903. For a woman, especially a Polish woman, it was the most honorable degree at that time. Then, at the invitation of the Royal Academy of Sciences, when the Curies came to London, it was even more crowded. All the Londoners wanted to see the "parents of radium". At the welcome banquet held for them by the Royal Academy, all the famous British scientists were present, and Marie Curie became the first woman to attend a banquet of this size. In November of the same year, the Royal Society of London presented the Davy Medal, the society's highest award, to the couple. On December 10 of this year, the Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that half of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics would be awarded to Berkeley and half to the Curies for their discovery of radioactivity. Just as the Curies' reputation was growing and they were conducting further research on radium, Mr. Curie unfortunately passed away in an unexpected car accident. Marie Curie endured great grief and declined the Paris official's request to hold a parade and speech for Mr. Curie. She only requested that Mr. Curie be buried in his mother's cemetery in his hometown with the simplest ceremony. While teaching, Marie Curie continued to conduct in-depth research on radium. She also organized a radium research team to introduce radium, a mysterious element, to countries around the world. In December 1911, the Swedish Doctoral Academy of Science announced that she would be awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In the history of the Nobel Prize, only Marie Curie has won this prize twice. As usual, Marie Curie was going to Stockholm to give a public lecture. Accompanying her were her sister and her eldest daughter Kirina. At that time, no one could have imagined that 24 years later, Kirina Curie would also go to Stockholm to receive the Nobel Prize! Marie Curie discovered protactinium and radium, pioneering the study of human radiology. Due to the medical uses of these two radioactive elements, they will forever benefit mankind. However, Marie Curie, who had worked for radium for 35 years, suffered from leukemia due to radium rays and died on July 4, 1934. In accordance with her last will and testament, people buried her coffin in the same cave as Mr. Curie.

On her tombstone, there is only a simple line: Marie Sklodowska Curie, 1867-1934.