The problem of kneeling for the course of modern Chinese for normal majors: it is urgent to compare the similarities and differences between Chongqing dialect and Putonghua in pronunciation or vocabul

The problem of kneeling for the course of modern Chinese for normal majors: it is urgent to compare the similarities and differences between Chongqing dialect and Putonghua in pronunciation or vocabulary! 1, the phonetic differences between Sichuan dialect and Putonghua

(1) There are more initials in Sichuan dialect than in Mandarin. The initials of Sichuan dialect are [ni:] and [gn], both voiced. 1. [Ni:]. [Ni:] When the hair is released, the breath between the tongue and jaw is flat; Pronunciation position is behind the phonetic symbol "n" in Putonghua; When pronouncing, the friction channel is long and the friction is large. Such as righteousness, righteousness (including righteousness, righteousness, righteousness and prosperity) and so on. Yibin accent, like Mandarin, basically does not have this initial, but has become "Y" (such as Yi, Yi, etc. ) and "n" (such as you, mud, imitation, condensation, etc. ) Yibin accent and Mandarin respectively. Gas comes from the last part of the tongue and jaw (near the throat), and the friction is also great, like the soft voiced sound of "G" 2.﹍n Me (and things like Oh, Russia, Hunger, Goose, Moth, etc. ), evil (and such as chalk), forehead, er, e (and such as jaw, calyx, crocodile, palate, etc. ), error, inhibition, ... etc. Pronunciation in Sichuan dialect. In Yibin accent, except for a few words, this initial (such as I, evil, e, etc.) is used. ), most of them are the same as those in Mandarin (for example, Oh, Russia, Hungry, Goose, E, E, etc. ); In Chongqing accent, even "I, evil, er" is similar to Mandarin, but the process of mouth shape change in syllables is not as clear as Mandarin. I remember that 50 years ago, the above initials of Sichuan dialect were arranged between G, K, H and J, Q and X in Chinese Pinyin, and they were connected with the other four initials in a row to form a relatively neat square. Namely: bpmfdtnlgk [gn] hjq [ni:] xzhchshrzcs.

(2) There are more initials in Mandarin than in Sichuan dialect. Putonghua has more initials than most of Sichuan dialect, and is called "tongue": zh, ch, sh. Therefore, residents in most areas of Sichuan dialect have to make considerable efforts when learning Putonghua, in order to accurately separate zh, ch and sh from all their Z, C and S, except for "most" areas, namely the contiguous tongue-spitting area composed of Zigong City and Fushun County, the border area between Longchang County and Yibin County in Neijiang (near Zigong City) and Lu Xian County near Fushun County; Most of Junlian County in Yibin City and some parts of individual counties in Wenjiang District of Chengdu City are relatively isolated and enclaves of tongue sounds. LTY has not done statistics and research on whether the words with or without tongue sounds in these "minority" areas of Sichuan are completely consistent with Mandarin. However, when learning Mandarin, you should always think big. The origin or formation of these "minority" areas in Sichuan is at least a mystery to LTY.

(3) The initials used in Sichuan dialect pronunciation are different from those used in Putonghua pronunciation, mainly in "F" and "H". There are two cases: 1. Most areas in Sichuan have their own unified standards for dividing "F" and "H". Moreover, almost all words begin with "H" (such as fire, harmony, or, he, he, hai, fire, black, goods, he, he, he, he, hui, gray, very, hate, malicious, horizontal, balanced, constant, etc.). A lot! ) are consistent with mandarin (of course, vowels are not necessarily the same). The problem and difficulty is that the initial of Sichuan dialect is "F", but Mandarin is divided into "F" and "H" (the latter is like Hu, Shanghai, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu, Hu. Some residents in some parts of Sichuan (such as some places in central Sichuan and northern Sichuan) often make jokes about "F" and "H" indiscriminately. Either there is only "f" without "h", or there is only "h" without "f" The favorite sentence as an example of teasing is "the rape blossoms are yellow." Four tones: Sichuan dialect phonetic system * * * has 20 initials, 36 finals and 4 tones, and vowels are inflected. Initial consonants, Sichuan dialect has 20 initial consonants, the total number is less than Mandarin. Only the front sound of the tip of the tongue, no back sound of the tip of the tongue. [n] and [l] are not equal. Sichuan dialect has 36 vowels, the total number is less than that of Mandarin. Tone, Sichuan dialect usually has four tones: Yin Ping, Yanglai, Shangsheng and Desheng. In ancient times, entering tones were mostly classified as Yangping. The tone values of the four tones are 55,21,53,213 respectively.

2. Similarities and differences in vocabulary and grammar between Sichuan dialect and Mandarin.

(1) nouns, which account for about one third of the total entries in Sichuan dialect, are characterized by the same stems and different affixes as those in Mandarin. Sichuan dialect often adds suffixes such as "Zi" and "Ba" after nouns to form dialects.

(2) The verbs in Sichuan dialect are quite different from those in Putonghua. Some of them seem to be the same as those in Putonghua, but their meanings and scope of application are different. Some are different in pronunciation and meaning. Generally, verbs in Sichuan dialect do not need to be overlapped. Short-term actions are often expressed by adding "one [i2 1 xa2 13]" after verbs, such as "turn around" and "have a look" instead of "turn around" and "have a look".

(3) adjectives, adjectives in Sichuan dialect, some are expressed by unique dialect words, such as Mang [man55] (meaning: stupid, stupid, stout, etc. ). Some homonyms borrowed from Mandarin, such as Tang Shui [tan55 suei53]. The vivid forms of adjectives in Sichuan dialect are quite rich, and monosyllabic or polysyllabic affixes can be added before and after the root of adjectives to form vivid forms and express various States and emotional colors. Such as "melon (silly)", in addition to "melon is rare", there are often said "melon is not rare", "melon eyebrow eye" and "melon eyebrow eye"

(4) Pronouns, which pronouns in Sichuan dialect are [na53 ko2 1] (who), [sa2 13 ts53] (what), [na53 tsen2 13] (when) and [tsa2].

(5) Quantifiers Things Quantifiers in Sichuan dialect, such as: Pi: a tile, a few tendons. Tuo: A stack of money (ten thousand yuan) and a stack of thread. Momentum words, such as Tao [tau2 13]: He tried one after another.

(6) Adverbs: There are many adverbs expressing degrees in Sichuan dialect, such as Duo [to55]: She is more comfortable with you. Fei [fei55]: Fei La. Jiao [tciau55]: Jiao is bitter.

Literary and colloquial reading: Due to the long-term influence of northern Mandarin, Sichuan dialect has produced a literary and colloquial reading system. White sounds mainly appear in high-frequency daily life language, while literary sounds mainly appear in written language and new vocabulary. The system of literary and colloquial reading in Sichuan dialect is constantly changing, but the main trend is that literary and colloquial reading is more and more dominant, and some words have disappeared and become literary and colloquial reading.

Grammatically, except for some unique dialect words, grammar is basically the same as Mandarin, which can be translated word by word. The word "Bei" in passive sentences is generally called "Bei", but it has a reluctant and unhappy emotional color at this time, so passive sentences are rarely used. For example, "He was fired." In Mandarin, it says, "He was fired." There are some adjectives that can't be ignored, such as white, not white, but "almost white"; Black, don't say black, say "go black"; Light, not light, says "fishing light"; Heavy, don't say heavy, say "help heavy"; Quick, unhappy, say "quick"; Sweet, not sweet, say "sweet"; Acid, don't say acid, say "slip acid"; Wait a minute.

In a word, the difference between Sichuan dialect and Putonghua in reusing nouns is mainly nouns, followed by verbs and adjectives, and then adverbs, auxiliary words, quantifiers and pronouns. . For example, in Sichuan dialect, nouns such as "blackening, vegetable head, Didi, Dingding cat, Moge and Haloxylon ammodendron" correspond to nouns such as "evening, vegetable head, a little, dragonfly, thief and slide". Some Sichuanese and Putonghua have the same root, but the affixes are different. Some common nouns, Sichuan dialect affix "zi". But not in Mandarin. For example, some common nouns, such as "sheep, shrimp, onion, tobacco, stomach-hanging ants this year and next". Sichuan dialect has the affix "Zi", while Mandarin has the affix "Er", such as jujube, peach, liver, fire, cigarette footprints and so on. The corresponding national languages are: jujube, peach, liver, fire, cigarette case footprints and so on. In Sichuan dialect, there are many nouns without "er" affix, but in Mandarin, such as: half pot, vase, ink, joke, and so on. There are also some nouns with the affix "ba" in Sichuan dialect, but there is no "ba" in Mandarin. For example, mud salt bites Ba's bones, and Mandarin says "mud salt bites ribs". There are many overlapping nouns in Sichuan dialect, and the second syllable of some words is "Hua Er Yun". In Mandarin, besides addressing relatives (father, mother, brother, sister, brother, etc. ), there are few overlapping words in nouns. An overlapping word in Sichuan dialect means one or more meanings, while Putonghua means one or more non-overlapping words. For example, Baba mandarin, represented by Baba cake. Like a cable. In Mandarin, it means rope. Sichuan dialect is a reduplicated word, and Mandarin is the same monosyllabic word. For example, "a pot pit with lush grass" is the corresponding Mandarin, such as Mao's pot pit with lush grass. Adding "some" after nouns in Sichuan dialect means most people or things; Putonghua adds "person" to the noun of representative to represent most people; Nouns that mean things can also mean most things that have no ingredients. For example, in Sichuan dialect, "there are many students, many things, many tables and chairs, many pots and pans, and so on." In Mandarin, "there are many students, many tables and chairs, many pots and pans, and so on." In Sichuan dialect, nouns are followed by "head and back", and "Li" is used in Mandarin. It says so, for example, in Sichuan dialect, "the headmaster is behind the bottle at the head of the city" and in Mandarin, "the school is in the house and in the city".