What language family does Hainan dialect belong to?

Hainan is a society composed of immigrants. Hainan Island was originally uninhabited. About 3000 years ago, a branch of the ancient Baiyue nationality crossed the Qiongzhou Strait from Guangdong and Guangxi to Hainan Island. This is the ancestor of the Li nationality today. Later, Han, Miao, Hui and other ethnic groups moved to Hainan one after another, gradually forming a multi-ethnic settlement in Hainan today. After historical evolution, some characteristics of various ethnic groups are constantly being assimilated, but dialects, as the most basic characteristics of this nation, have been preserved and continued from generation to generation. Formed many Hainan dialects today.

Hainan dialect belongs to Minnan dialect of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is spoken by more than 5 million people in the province, accounting for about 80% of the total population of the province. This is the most widely used dialect in Hainan. Mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Haikou, Qiongshan, Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning, Tunchang, Chengmai and other cities and counties. In different places, the pronunciation and tone of Hainan dialect are different, but they can generally talk to each other.

Hainan dialect has a unique set of inspiratory sounds (or "inward blasting sounds") [b

Li language belongs to the Li branch of Zhuang and Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. There are five dialects of Li nationality, including local dialect, Mobil dialect and Jiamao dialect. With a population of 165438+ 10,000, the province is the most populous language in Hainan. Mainly distributed in seven autonomous counties including Qiongzhong, Baoting, Lingshui, Baisha, Dongfang, Ledong and Changjiang, and Sanya and Tongshi.

Lingao dialect belongs to Zhuang Dai branch of Zhuang Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is close to Zhuang language. Hainan is used by about 500,000 people, mainly distributed in Changliu, Rongshan and Xinhai in Lingao County and the western suburbs of Haikou City.

Danzhou dialect belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Chinese Cantonese dialect system, which is used by about 400,000 people in Hainan, mainly distributed in the northern and western parts of Danzhou city and the coastal areas of Changjiang and Dongfang counties.

Military dialect belongs to the southwest mandarin system of northern dialect of Sino-Tibetan language family. According to historical records, this is the language left by soldiers and officials who moved to Hainan from the mainland in ancient times. Hainan is used by about 654.38 million people, mainly distributed in Changjiang, Dongfang, Danzhou and Sanya.

Mai dialect belongs to Cantonese dialect system and is close to Guangzhou dialect. Mainly distributed in Yacheng and Shuinan areas of Sanya City, with few users.

Miao language belongs to the Miao Yao branch of Sino-Tibetan language family, with about 50,000 users. It is the language of Miao people in Hainan. Mainly distributed in Qiongzhong, Baisha, Baoting, Tongshi and other ethnic autonomous areas in the south-central part of Hainan Island.

There is no conclusion about the pedigree of Hui Hui dialect in academic circles. It is the language of the Hui people in Hainan. About 6000 Hui people use it. Mainly distributed in Hui Hui and Huixin Village in Sanya.

Village dialect belongs to the Zhuang and Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is close to Li language. The number of users is about 654.38+million, mainly distributed in the lower reaches of Changhua River in Dongfang and Changjiang counties.

Hakka dialect. It is only for the use of Han water residents near Sanya Port.

In addition, after liberation, especially since the establishment of the Special Zone in Hainan, among the foreign residents who moved to Hainan from the mainland, there are also people who use vernacular, Hakka, Chaozhou, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Minnan, Shanghai and Northern dialects.

Phonetic Features of Hainan Dialect

Hainan dialect is flat-tongued When speaking, the tongue and other pronunciation organs are slightly changed, which is more labor-saving than Mandarin and English. When I was young, I had the opportunity to do experiments and had a class with the same content in Mandarin, Hainan dialect and English. The results show that the degree of teaching fatigue is: Putonghua is the most tired, followed by English, and Hainan dialect is the most relaxed. A careful study of these three words will help us understand why. Hainan dialect has no aspirated sound except tongue sound. A large number of aspirated sounds in Mandarin and English will obviously consume some of the speaker's strength. In Hainan dialect, only the flat tongue sound and aspirated sound are used instead of the tongue sound and aspirated sound, which makes the speaker save both labor and gas. Therefore, people who are used to speaking Hainan dialect will feel that people who speak Mandarin are exaggerating, as if they are going to be angry; I also think that the English-speaking population is not generous and their pronunciation is restrained, which seems to hide some secrets.

Entering Tone in Hainan Dialect

Generally, there are consonant vowels when entering tone, and the pronunciation is short. There is no Rusheng in Mandarin (see Rusheng in Modern Chinese Dictionary), but there is Rusheng in Hainan dialect. Words like "Shi", "Chu" and "Qing" are the entering words in Hainan dialect, which can make the pronunciation more colorful. In Hainan dialect, the entering tone character "ten" is pronounced as "dap". Because there are no entering words in Putonghua, there are many repeated pronunciations, resulting in many homophones; It's terrible. Mandarin speakers often pronounce "big" when learning the pronunciation of "ten" in Hainan dialect. This unconsciously leaves out a vowel after the entering tone "p", while "dap" and "da" in Hainan dialect are two obviously different pronunciations (meanings).

Hainan dialect mainly has these inflections: "T", "K" and "P". These rhymes don't need to be pronounced, just click stop, just like an incomplete plop in English. Outsiders find this kind of sound difficult to learn unless they learn English with incomplete stops.

Breathing sounds in Hainan dialect

There are aspirated sounds and non-aspirated sounds in Putonghua, just as there are those who give gifts and those who don't. There is no aspirated sound in Hainan dialect, but there is no aspirated sound; Not only is there no aspirated sound, but there is also aspirated sound. This is also like our compatriots. Some people not only don't give gifts, but accept them. The so-called stop tone is a special initial (dd) that often appears in Hainan dialect.

Let's study the sound of receiving breath. First of all, the familiar initial "t" in Mandarin is aspirated, while the pronunciation of the initial "d" in Mandarin or Hainan dialect is the same as that of "t", but it is not aspirated. The initial "dd" in Hainan dialect is aspirated, and its pronunciation is the same as that of "D", with the special feature that "D" is slightly aspirated. For example, DDA, DDI and DDO. The initials of these three examples in Hainan dialect all emit aspirated sounds. If we pronounce non-aspirated sounds and keep the vowels unchanged, we will get other pronunciations and meanings: "Da" (miscellaneous), "Di" (yes) and "Zuo" (auxiliary words).

It can be seen that there is a difference between aspirated sound and unventilated sound, just as there is a difference between unventilated sound and aspirated sound. We can understand it this way: in Mandarin, "t" is an aspirated sound, and it is obvious to exhale when pronouncing; "d" means no aspirated sound, and the breath is weak when pronounced; In Hainan dialect, "dd" sounds like a pick-up tone, and when pronounced, it hardly exhales or even inhales a little air. This breath-taking sound is so strange that it is not easy to hear in Chinese mainland. So people who are used to reading Mandarin from novels can't learn this pronunciation for three months. Even though many mainland compatriots have used Hainan dialect in Hainan for more than ten years, they still can't pronounce the initial "dd" correctly, and often use "D" instead. So sometimes it will make jokes or cause misunderstandings. For example, u ddin is called u din, Didi is called Didi, and moral education is called ddikzok.

The expression of Hainan dialect

The expression of Hainan dialect often puzzles outsiders. Now let me give you a few examples to illustrate. Of course, if you have a high level of education, it is not difficult to understand, or even interesting.

Hainan says "chyme" instead of eating. According to Modern Chinese Dictionary, "Mi" is pronounced as "Mei", which means (also called):

1. millet, similar in shape to millet, but not sticky;

2. The fruit of this plant.

Obviously, Hainan people's "chyme" is to eat the seeds of broomcorn millet (estimated to be ripe), and it is impossible to eat the leaves of broomcorn millet; Just like when we say we eat grapes, we must eat the fruits of grapes, not the uprooted vines. But now Hainan people say that "chyme" is not really eating millet, but eating rice (including fish, meat and vegetables). They say "chyme" probably because their ancestors really ate millet.

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Alessa answers your questions and hopes to help you.