Who was the writer famous for his essays during the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

After Emperor Gaozu Tianfu's reign, he went to Yunnan to serve as deputy envoy to the Imperial Guard, and to Gansu Province he served as Grand Servant. Great-grandfather Zhang Yuanbian passed the imperial examination in the fifth year of Longqing's reign (1571), and went to the Hanlin Academy to serve as an attendant. His grandfather, Zhang Rulin, was a Jinshi in the 23rd year of Wanli (1595) and served as an official in Guangxi. His father, Zhang Yaofang, was born in Fubang and was the right chief historian of the Lu vassal. Zhang Dai was born into a scholarly family with a rich family background. The ancestors were all well-educated Confucian scholars, proficient in history, Confucian classics, Neo-Confucianism, literature, primary school and geography. Father and son Tianfu and Yuanbian once wrote and edited Shaoxing Prefecture Chronicles, Kuaiji Chronicles and Shanyin Chronicles. "Three Chronicles were published together, and they are known as Tan Qian and his son." ("Family Biography") (quoted from Zhang Dai's poems and essays below) Those who commented on "The Collected Poems of Zhang Dai" published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House and edited by Xia Xianchun in 1991 only noted the title of the chapter.) Grandfather Rulin "was fond of ancient studies when he was young, and he was well-read." (ibid.) To the old man, Can't let go of the scroll. He had accumulated thirty years of energy to write and compile "Yunshan", but later stopped writing because it was similar to "Yongle Dadian" ("Tao'an Meng Yiyunshan"). The third generation of the Zhang family collected books, and Dai "has been collecting books for forty years, and there are no less than 30,000 volumes." ("Tao An Mengyi III Collection of Books") Zhang Dai was born in a literary and artistic family. For generations, ancestors and grandsons were good at poetry and writing, and they had many writings. Tianfu has "Mingyutang Manuscript", Yuanbian has "Buerzhai Manuscript", Rulin has "Shijieyuan Collected Works", Yaofang is "good at singing poems, and his voice can produce gold and stone." ("Family Biography") Zhang's descendants from Rulin Start by accumulating your voice skills and pay attention to this. Yaofang "taught Xiaoqi and advocated drama." ("Family Biography") When it comes to Zhang Dai's generation, "the master appreciates it carefully, Yanshi teaches drama, and the children have thousands of fingers. When Qi children come to his home, they say 'passing the sword gate', How dare you do it carelessly?" ("Tao An Meng Recalls the Sword Gate") He studied the piano with a teacher and practiced more than 30 pieces of music. His fingering skills were "refined and mastered" (ibid., "Shaoxing Qin School"). And "when we join the Silk Society, we will meet three times a month." (ibid. "Silk Society") Zhang Dai Zhongshu Lianfang, "can sketch from life, is said to be able to paint", and is "similar to Shen Zhou, Wen Zhengming, Dong Qichang, and Li Liufang" . He was also fond of antiques, rich in collections, and sophisticated in appreciation. "He left behind thousands of statues, statues, famous paintings, and Buddhist brocades." ("Supplementary Biography") Zhang Daier's eyes were wet, and his hands and eyes were not low, and he wrote various cultural relics and antiques. Ming, the evaluation of many porcelain kiln bronzes is indeed made by experts.

Zhang Dai lived during the revolution of Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, eunuchs were in power, treacherous officials were in power, spies were rampant, party struggles were fierce, and internal and external troubles intensified. Those who are capable, loyal and upright may be demoted or expelled or tortured. At the same time, a trend of thoughts against Neo-Confucianism and ethics emerged in the ideological world. The left wing of the Wang School, represented by Wang Gen and Li Zhi, openly flaunted the desire for profit and desire as human nature, opposed the pretentiousness of Neo-Confucianists, and advocated innocence and innocence of children, and acting with spontaneity. This is undoubtedly a rebellion against traditional ethics and a challenge to Cheng and Zhu's Neo-Confucianism of "preserving heaven's principles and destroying human desires". Driven by this trend of thought, literati, desperate for the darkness of society, pursued individual liberation one after another: they indulged in lust, indulged in mountains and rivers, and pursued material and spiritual satisfaction to the greatest extent. On the one hand, they flaunt elegance, elegance, leisure and refinement, and deliberately create a pleasing and pleasing atmosphere among the scenery, landscapes and gardens, pavilions, flowers, birds, fish and insects, the four treasures of the study, calligraphy, painting, silk and bamboo, food and tea ceremony, antiques and treasures, opera and juggling, and games. The artistic taste of leisure and entertainment obtains the interest of life and the poetry of art in wandering around; on the other hand, under the banner of rebelling against the etiquette of famous religions, they indulge in sensual pleasures, indulge in extravagance and lust, and burn ointment Following the sundial, I am not ashamed, but proud. "Human sentiments are based on debauchery, and worldly customs are based on extravagance." (Volume 7 of Zhang Han's "Dreams in the Pine Window") If the former mainly expresses their escapism and cynicism, then the latter mainly vents their arrogance and cynicism. Among the friendships between Zhang's ancestors and grandchildren, there are many such literati and celebrities. Such as Xu Wei, Huang Ruheng, Chen Jiru, Tao Wangling, Wang Siren, Chen Zhanghou, Qi Biaojia brothers, etc. It is this kind of family background, such social ideological trends and humanistic atmosphere that created Zhang Dai's dandy habits and celebrity demeanor, which determined his "Tao" The main contents of "Memories of An Meng", "Dreams of the West Lake" and "Collected Works of Wang Lang?".

Zhang Dai claimed that he was a playboy when he was young and loved prosperity very much. What a fine house, what a beautiful maidservant, what a prostitute, what fresh clothes, what delicious food, what a fine horse, what lanterns, what fireworks, what a pear orchard, what propaganda, what antiques, what flowers and birds, and also tea, oranges, and books and poems. . ("Self-Made Epitaph") can be said to be a combination of the luxurious and hedonistic habits of dandy children and the indulgent, cynical and decadent style of celebrities and scholars in the late Ming Dynasty. Zhang Dai has extensive knowledge of many classics and history, and is familiar with all the classics and history. He has also dabbled in astronomy and geography. Although he has no chance of fame, he has the ambition to write.

He keeps writing all his life, and he never gets old. In addition to the fifteen types of works listed in "Self-made Epitaph", there are also "Collected Poems of Wang Lang", "Immortal Illustrated Praise of You Ming Yu Yue San", "Collection of the Back of Shigui Shu", "Questions on Qi Zi", "Old Taoist Collection", "Behind Tao'an's Elbow", "Tea History", "Taoyuan Calendar", "Almanac Eyes", "Julang Qi Qiao Lu", "Pair of Pillar Inscriptions", "Night Sailing", Zaju "Qiao Sitting" There are more than 30 kinds of movies, including "Yamen" and the legendary "Ice Mountain". Among them, the book "Night Sailing" has almost the same content as an encyclopedia. It is all-inclusive, with more than 4,000 entries in twenty categories. Zhang Dai's extensive research, rich writings, and diligence can be seen here. This is also the boundary between him and ordinary playboys and cynical celebrities.

Zhang Dai was extremely angry at his high talent and poor life, and embodied his cynicism in the landscape: he was governed by the Shaoxing Prefecture, which was as big as a silkworm basket. All the mountains among them are upright and fair, as bright as eyebrows. They are still beyond the eight mountains, and they still have yellow leaves. Outside the county and city, there are thousands of valleys and rocks, places where no one can reach, famous mountains and scenic spots, abandoned by the roadside, and buried by the villagers and common people. ("Huang Zhuoshan") Yu Yin thought that the rare things in the world would be buried by mediocre people, and they would be indescribable. What I especially hate is that this mountain is built in a city, and is located among the densely populated areas, separated only by a wall, so that people can't recognize its face, and instead lift up a few stubborn rocks to look at it. He Shan's misfortune is like this. ("Mount Emei")

One of these two paragraphs talks about how many famous mountain scenery have been buried, and the other talks about how easy it is to be buried. In the repeated discussions and sighs, he vented his regret for not being met and his contempt for the world, which deeply captured the essence of Liu Zongyuan's "Eight Records of Yongzhou". But Zongzi is different from Zongyuan after all: "Mountain fruits have spirits, how can they be trapped for a long time? I am planning for the mountain. If I want to break away from the fence, I will fly away with my beard cut off." ("Mount Emei") He is a little more confident than Zongyuan, much more A bit humorous.