I just started to learn budget, and I feel unfamiliar with the construction technology and structure of many things in it, and I have no field experience, so I feel that I have no confidence in what I

I just started to learn budget, and I feel unfamiliar with the construction technology and structure of many things in it, and I have no field experience, so I feel that I have no confidence in what I have learned. 1. Construction project budget, in fact, there is no advanced technology. It is enough to read the drawings, add, subtract, multiply and divide, and write a prescription. If you can skillfully use the scientific calculator, your work will be easier. It is easy for a budgeter to do it, especially when he changes from a technical mouth to a budget mouth. It is not difficult to make a budget, it is not easy to do it well, and it is difficult to accumulate experience.

When I was in college, teachers with budgets could recite all the quotas. If you can't answer his question, he will say, turn to the first page of the quota. Is this an experience? I don't think so.

Budgeting is a technical job. I don't remember the quota, but I can calculate the budget by looking at the quota. One advantage of reserving places is that leaders can answer questions immediately.

Budget is counting money, and finance is counting money, but the biggest difference between them is that finance can't have a penny difference, and budget can have a very big difference. It is generally believed that the accuracy is within 3 ~ 5%. The same drawing, the same budget for three times, the total cost is definitely different.

What is the high-level budget like? The budget level is not necessarily high, and calculating the engineering quantity may make a big joke. Where is he tall? Practical experience.

2. How to accumulate experience? Individuals have their own practices. Practical operation is essential.

In actual operation, the most important thing is to memorize the quota calculation rules. The next thing is to find the rules, and then use EXCEL to automatically tabulate and calculate. Every time I make a budget, I make different tables according to different projects, and then input the basic data, that is, the center line of the wall, the exposed long line of the outer wall, the exposed long line of the inner wall and so on. For example, when calculating the engineering quantity of a room, I only need to input the net length of the interior wall, the size of doors and windows, and the net height of the room, and I can automatically calculate the engineering quantity of interior wall paint, floor and ceiling. This is a skill that can improve the calculation speed and accuracy. Of course, some small places may not be considered. It doesn't matter, the estimated engineering quantity does not require 100% accuracy.

How to write tender documents? Whether the bidding documents are well written is directly related to the settlement effect. There are many templates for writing tenders. However, it should be noted that the nature of the project, geological conditions and site traffic conditions should be clearly described. In addition, the project should be carefully considered, and all possible situations should be written into the bidding documents, especially the mechanical and electrical engineering and decoration engineering, and the requirements for equipment and materials must be written in. The change requirements in the construction stage should also be clearly written. For example, what kind of change is not experience negotiation, and how much change is not negotiation. The most important point is the qualification statement of the construction unit, which is very important. Many changes can be considered by qualified construction units without economic negotiation. Other questions, remember, don't copy the template, you must read and think every word.

3. How to write the tender documents? Whether the bidding documents are well written is directly related to the settlement effect. There are many templates for writing tenders. However, it should be noted that the nature of the project, geological conditions and site traffic conditions should be clearly described. In addition, the project should be carefully considered, and all possible situations should be written into the bidding documents, especially the mechanical and electrical engineering and decoration engineering, and the requirements for equipment and materials must be written in. The change requirements in the construction stage should also be clearly written. For example, what kind of change is not experience negotiation, and how much change is not negotiation. The most important point is the qualification statement of the construction unit, which is very important. Many changes can be considered by qualified construction units without economic negotiation. Other questions, remember, don't copy the template, you must read and think every word.

4. Bidding skills. Many budgeters start budgeting with drawings. This was the case in my previous company. When everyone is familiar with the drawings and starts to calculate the quantities, they haven't got a copy of the bidding documents. This is a fatal thing. In general, first of all, you should read the bidding documents in detail, especially the description of the bidding scope in the bidding documents, so you must read it clearly. Some of the bidding documents of the tendering units are very simple, while others are very vague. All these should be written down and put forward when answering questions. It is important to analyze the drawings. When quoting by bill of quantities, the budget personnel do not need to calculate the quantities carefully, but they still need to know the structural form, detailed structure and other issues. For example, in mass concrete construction, the quotation can be appropriately reduced, which is conducive to winning the bid. In terms of unit price, each unit has its own unique skills. The biggest influence on the construction unit is the total price. Construction organization design? It's too minor. Therefore, some clever construction units often cheat in construction organization design. Unfortunately, I was cheated once like this. Because I didn't look at the construction organization design carefully, I accidentally stepped on the mine buried by the bidder in the construction organization design. The lesson of blood cost the company hundreds of thousands of yuan. Of course, making a beautiful tender is also a bright spot to attract the attention of the construction party.

5. Handling of change orders. Change orders are generally handled by construction technicians, but the wording of the changes still needs to be mastered by operators. Whether the change order is handled well or not in time will have a great impact on the completion settlement. According to the different nature of the project, the working ability and attitude of the construction personnel, it is necessary to handle the change order flexibly. Sometimes be vague, sometimes be clear. Sometimes it should be detailed, and sometimes it should be rough. Sometimes in time, sometimes not in time. Many times, when the budget personnel of the construction party report the settlement, there are hundreds of changes. Every time you change, you have to calculate the engineering quantity and prepare the budget, sometimes the amount is only tens or hundreds of yuan. It wastes a lot of time and has little impact on the total cost. But it has a great influence on the mood of the budget staff of the construction party. Therefore, there are now contract terms that do not calculate how much the negotiation is below. Then the change order still needs to be made. How? We can't handle it carefully because we can't get the money. Here's a trick. Think for yourself. This is valuable, and I don't want to say it yet.

6. In addition, transfer the knowledge of the construction site. Many people think that the budget staff can just look at the drawings in the office and prepare the budget and settlement according to the drawings and negotiations. Actually, it's not. Budget staff will visit the construction site more often, and you will find that the whole construction site is paved with money. Some people will say, isn't this nonsense? Every inch of land on the construction site has the sweat of workers, the input of materials and machinery, and of course it is paved with money. Actually, you misunderstood I'm talking about money outside the contract. As the budget of the construction unit, what you want to see is the input of labor, machinery and materials. For example, once I saw a concrete pump truck beating concrete, and a jar went down, which didn't look like a square. So I looked at many cars carefully and found that on average, each car was less than half a square meter of concrete (hehe, I just graduated from college and didn't know the darkness of the building). At the time of settlement, I'm sorry that we can't settle the account according to the receipt agreed in the contract. We must settle accounts according to the drawings and deduct the volume of steel bars. I put this forward, and the final result was settled according to the receipt. Hey, hey, it's none of my business. As the budget of the construction party, this is what you have to do. Because, probably only the budget personnel in charge of bidding in the whole construction site are most aware of the requirements for material quality in the contract. Therefore, sometimes cost controllers have to shoulder the responsibility of quality controllers. My boss used to be a very smart person, but people who are too smart often suffer from dumb losses. In this project I did, the steel bars were calculated by welding when bidding, and after construction, I decided to use sleeves. I proposed not to do economic negotiations, and the boss decided to make up the difference in order to let the construction unit talk less and do more. I said, according to an 8-meter joint, according to the drawings. The boss thinks that the reinforcement is 9 meters long, 12 meters long, and the construction unit will not make the reinforcement 8 meters long and then connect it. The boss decided to settle the account according to the actual quantity. Oh, my God, when will the construction site of 654.38+ 10,000 square meters leave? I don't want to count this. But you can't just tell the boss that it's not possible. Coincidentally, when I transferred to the construction site, I picked up a 32-round steel bar about 1.2 meters long from the ground workers, and both ends were wrapped with silk. These are two joints! Construction units make good use of waste! Without steel scraps, there is more money to make sleeves. I want to show this steel bar to my boss. Hehe, finally it is 8 meters long, which saves money and effort according to the drawings. Therefore, it is of great benefit for budget personnel to take a look around the construction site.

7. preparation for settlement. Profits are not made, but calculated. Whether the settlement is ready or not is directly related to the profit. The primary problem in compiling accounts is that settlement book should be neat and beautiful. In the process of audit settlement, some units in settlement book are as beautiful as tender documents, which makes people feel very formal and comfortable. It should be noted that settlement book had better use loose-leaf paper instead of nailing it to death. In the process of preparing the settlement, budget personnel should not be afraid of trouble, and it is best to prepare three sets of settlement book. A report to the project owner, a report to their own leaders, a set of their own. Personally, I think at least two sets should be compiled, and my own set can be omitted. Newspaper leaders want to eliminate negotiations that are not more than 30% sure, which shows that this is our goal of reconciliation. And report to the project owner how much can be done. All negotiations signed and unsigned by the construction party should be budgeted, high or low. Don't be afraid that the host will be angry. As long as you can explain why, just make it up. It doesn't matter if it is cut off by the construction party. In fact, builders also want to reduce it as much as possible. The significance of keeping this set is that this is my bottom line. In the process of compiling settlement book, it must be arranged in chronological order and numbered. There must be a summary and a cover.

8. Accuracy of calculation of settlement quantities. A friend calculated this when calculating the foundation retaining wall. There are 240 brick walls with a height of 1 m, and the inner side and top surface are covered with 20 thick ashes. He calculated that the plastering length of the facade multiplied by 1 m, no problem. Then calculate the top surface, he said, because it is covered with 20 thick ash, the width of the top surface should be calculated as 240+20 = 260. I smiled and said, you are from the construction unit and I am from the construction unit. I'll give you this width of 20, and I'll give it to you. But I have to ask, how much more money can you earn by doing this? The answer is 100 yuan or more. I told him that nobody is perfect, and you must make mistakes sometimes. I gave it to you, but you make me sick. In the future settlement, don't let me seize the opportunity, or you will lose hundreds of RMB 100! I don't know what to say about this little story. Let's experience it for ourselves! But what I want to say is that the construction project budget does not need to be 100% accurate, and no one can calculate 100% accurate. As long as the established goals are achieved, it is of course best to surpass them!

9. The issue of limited access. The material cost accounts for about 70% of the project cost, so the control of material consumption is related to the profit of the project. The construction unit has implemented the quota acquisition, but it is not ideal according to observation. There is generally no problem with aniseed, so don't say it. This time I only talk about the acquisition of small things. In a construction site where I once worked, my heart ached every time I went to the construction site. There are torches, nails and clips all over the ground. Sometimes you can dig out the whole electrode in the soil. When the foundation is backfilled, how many people will pick up the steel pipes, clamps and scaffolding that are buried underground forever? In a team I met, they stipulated that the leader found a burning silk on the ground and fined the foreman a dime. This is the best team I have ever seen, and the management is very strict. Of course, their profits are also high. The trivial matter of burning silk can't be reflected in the quota, which requires the budget staff and technicians to work out a set of feasible plans and require the acquisition of materials according to the quantity. At the time of settlement, you can give up a large claim, but in project management, the budget staff should control this small amount of money.

10. Although the calculation of engineering quantity is very important and takes up a lot of time and energy, it is pure basic work after all, and only one pupil can calculate it. The key is to know how to analyze, analyze its composition, analyze the market, and analyze its economic audit and settlement methods. As the cost controller of the construction party, it is the center of the work to reduce the total cost and make it reach the bottom line of the leadership. If you can do it below the bottom line, it will bring you unexpected benefits. Analysis of the market, it is a seller's market at present, and there are not enough porridge! Therefore, builders have many opportunities to reduce costs. According to years of experience, there is a best way, and that is one word: procrastination. I know many people will scold me when I write here. In fact, I am also a part-time job! You should have the ability to procrastinate, and you can't procrastinate without reason. If there is no reason, then if the construction party goes to court with you, hehe, then the cost personnel will be more than one bargained for. My method is: first of all, I want to show that I am willing to give you a settlement report in the shortest time. Therefore, the construction party is required not to resort to deceit in the preparation of settlement, but to make it true. In fact, no one will really be prepared to settle. Therefore, in the process of the construction party's audit, if it is found that there is unforgivable fraud in the settlement of the construction party, it is easy to do it, lose your temper, and then ask to take it away and modify it. I'll look for it after I report it, and then call back to modify it. Your boss won't blame you, because your settlement will never end. As time goes on, the construction party will reduce the settlement amount to no huge profits.

Other settlement methods are to thoroughly understand the terms of the contract and carefully calculate during the audit process.

1 1. How to control the cost in advance? In the process of building a project, the ability to control the cost in advance of the upcoming or possible situation is an essential work skill for budget personnel. How to pre-control, I am still groping. For cost pre-control, we must first understand the construction technology of upcoming or possible events, then review the construction plan submitted by the construction unit and review the budget according to the construction plan. Put forward your own opinions on unreasonable construction technology for engineers' reference, so as to achieve the purpose of optimal construction scheme. In addition, it is also important to stipulate the proportion in the contract. Review the change plan according to the contract proportion to make it reach the minimum amount. For possible changes, according to the degree of cost changes, put forward their own opinions and reasonable suggestions. In the process of leadership decision-making, we must consider the relationship between cost increase and time limit for a project change, and the influence of time limit for a project change on sales.

12. How to analyze the settlement cost? Some friends, after finishing a project, know everything they have done. That's good, but it would be better if you could do a cost analysis. In some cases, I only talk about economic analysis related to cost. At present, the cost software on the market can automatically analyze the required materials and quantity, unit price, combined price and other data. My approach is to analyze all the weighted materials separately, calculate the unilateral consumption and unilateral cost, and make it into a table. In the future work, if you encounter the same project, you can quickly calculate the cost of the new project according to the unit price of the project materials and the current market unit price, with high accuracy. For projects with similar structural forms, the total cost can also be calculated according to some cost analysis. In practical work, accumulating such cost analysis can be accurate and fast in future work, whether it is quick bidding or settlement audit.

13. "Construction organization design? It's too minor. Therefore, some clever construction units often cheat in construction organization design. Unfortunately, I was cheated once like this. Because I didn't look at the construction organization design carefully, I accidentally stepped on the mine buried by the bidder in the construction organization design. "

For example, in the bidding process, the bidder compiled the fire cable budget of some parts according to the fire-resistant wires, which is difficult to find in a thick budget book. In the actual construction, it is constructed according to fire-resistant wires, and it will definitely not pass the supervision's audit. To use the fire-proof cable, the construction party needs to pay an extra fee. Under normal circumstances, this will not be added. However, the construction unit made a construction organization design when bidding, and added a sentence in a very inconspicuous position in the thick construction organization design: according to the acceptance standard, the fire cable here can be optimized as a fire-resistant wire. Therefore, the construction party thinks that the construction party approved its bid, so it also approved this "optimization". Finally, the construction unit lost more than 200 thousand by adding the bid difference.

Facts show that the construction party did not take the construction organization design seriously in the bidding stage.

14. On the issue of kickbacks. In the process of construction projects, both the construction party and the personnel of the construction party will face the problem of material procurement. As long as there is a material procurement problem, it will be accompanied by kickbacks. Personally, this is not caused by corruption, but by competition. Some leaders have heard something and are talking about it. Some people who received kickbacks were frightened. Personally, I think this is unnecessary. In the process of an inquiry, I occasionally use a little strategy in order to touch the lowest bottom line of the manufacturer. I quoted the other party the required purchase quantity. This purchase is very large. The manufacturer quoted me a price. I cut it again and again according to my experience. After I couldn't cut it any more, I asked the other party how much rebate I could get at this price (the lowest price) you said. Sorry to ask directly, it smells a little corrupt. The other party gave me a kickback of 30 yuan per square meter. I don't want this rebate from 30 yuan, but I want to reduce the lowest price quoted by the other party to 30 yuan. If the other party disagrees, the lowest price cannot be reduced by one point. After that, I analyzed that the wholesale price of manufacturers should set different prices for different buyers. Long-term cooperation is the lowest, followed by this retailer is slightly higher. In my one-time purchase, but a large quantity, you may give me the price of the retailer or the price of long-term cooperation. And the cost of kickbacks should have entered the total cost. In order not to let other buyers have something to say, therefore, the price they gave me could not be lower, but the rebate was given.

This is just my family's opinion. I don't know if it's true. For reference only!

Internal supervision and audit of cost. Since ancient times, China has "no doubt about employing people, no doubt about employing people."