Read a solar term poem? Grain Buds

Two Four Seasons Music in Spring and Summer (Part Two)

The south wind blows a hundred herbs, the vegetation is deep and the hut is small.

At the beginning of wheat ear, the seeds are charming and the mulberry leaves are fat.

Old people like to be ripe, and their wives know that the season is good.

Wild Li Tang crow nightingale, sea pomegranate red mountain bird.

Tian Jia, who is happy to know? I know it's late to go home alone.

When I am strong, I am old.

This is the most famous ancient poem describing Xiaoman solar terms. Its author is also the most famous, that is, the famous Ouyang Xiu.

The south wind blows the grass in situ, and the grass is deep and the hut is small: in summer, the south wind blows the grass in situ, and a small hut can be seen in the deep grass.

The ears of wheat are blooming, the children are charming, and the mulberry leaves are eating away at the fullness: the tender green ears of wheat that have been gathered together are swaying in the breeze, just like the delicate and lovely children, just like the fat mulberry leaves can feed the spring silkworms.

The old man likes to be ripe, and his wife knows that the season is good: the old farmer only cares about the harvest of one year, and the hardworking housewife doesn't know the beauty of the pastoral scenery at this time.

Wild Li Tang sings nightingale, sea pomegranate sings mountain bird: Huangyan is still singing in the wild plum and Tang forest, and the birds in the mountain are also singing in the red pomegranate forest.

Tian Jia, who is happy to know? I know it's getting late: who knows this pastoral joy best? That is me. Unfortunately, I didn't know what I was doing, so I couldn't retire to the countryside early.

When I am strong, I will be old: now it seems that I might as well retire to the countryside while I am strong; I haven't retired yet, but my body is getting old.

Ouyang Xiu's poems belong to the typical "Four Seasons Pastoral Poetry" in Song Dynasty.

"Four Seasons Pastoral Poetry" was initiated by Mei, who is known as the "ancestor of the Song Dynasty". In the ninth year of Tiansheng (A.D. 103 1), Mei wrote a series of poems entitled "Four Seasons of Tianjia", which were divided into four periods: spring, summer, autumn and winter, describing the typical life of Tianjia in different seasons, thus establishing the atmosphere of the Song Dynasty.

Pastoral Poems of Four Seasons mostly describes the working life of the Tian family, such as spring ploughing, summer weaving, autumn harvest and winter leisure. With different seasons as the background, it is like a painting of pastoral life and has a unique pastoral flavor.

Because Ouyang Xiu's poem belongs to "Four Seasons Pastoral Poetry", the title "Four Seasons of Music in Spring and Summer (Part II)" also explicitly mentions "Four Seasons of Music", which shows that "One" should be written about spring music and "Two" is written about summer music; Presumably, the Third and the Fourth should be written in autumn and winter.

But I searched all the complete works and chronicles left by Ouyang Xiu, and I didn't find "two songs in autumn and winter".

Since the poem is called "Four Seasons", why only write "two songs" in spring and summer? Is it because the old man is still writing when he is old, but he forgot to write two autumn and winter songs? Or after he wrote the first two songs, Jiang Lang didn't do it, so he couldn't write the second one?

Who can say that Ouyang Xiu and Jiang Lang, the literary master of the Song Dynasty, can't write poems? Besides, Ouyang Xiu, who wrote this poem, is only 52 years old and will not be senile.

Originally, the problem still lies with Mei Yao Chen. Mei Yao Chen is a good friend of Ouyang Xiu. They are collectively called "Ou Mei". They loved each other all their lives and spent more than 30 years together. The total number of poems you and I sang has reached 148.

In other words, Two Songs in Spring and Summer was written by Ouyang Xiu, and Two Songs in Autumn and Winter was written by Mei. Ouyang Xiu sang "Two Homecoming Songs in Spring and Summer" and Mei wrote "Two Homecoming Songs for Uncle Yong in Autumn and Winter". These four poems written by the two men together form a new set of "Four Seasons Pastoral Poetry" and form a new picture of Four Seasons Pastoral Poetry.

Therefore, Ouyang Xiu himself does not have to write "two songs in autumn and winter".

There are many similar "Four Seasons Pastoral Poems" in Song Dynasty, such as Four Seasons of Home by Guo, Four Seasons of Home by He Zhu and Cui Ruozhuo, etc. Poets either wrote poems with "Tian Jia Shi Si" as the topic, or sang with each other in the pastoral poems of the Song Dynasty, which formed a unique landscape.

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Judging from the whole poem "Two Songs of Spring and Summer in Pastoral Areas (Part Two)", Ouyang Xiu, a great poet, was intoxicated by the pastoral scenery in Xiaoman season, with the south wind blowing, lush grass, "the beginning of wheat ears" and "the fat mulberry leaves"

However, although Ouyang Xiu wrote the pastoral scenery so beautifully in his poems, in fact, at this moment, the pictures described in his poems are full of brains. Because when he wrote this poem, people were not in the countryside, but in Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty.

When writing poetry, it coincided with the third year of Jiayou in Song Renzong (A.D. 1058).

At this time, 52-year-old Ouyang Xiu was then a "doctor of right advice, intellectual patent, compilation of history museum, bachelor of Hanlin, publishing Tang books, and secretary of secretarial cabinet." From this series of glamorous titles, especially the one responsible for drafting imperial edicts, we can see that Ouyang Xiu is in the rising period of his official career at this time. Soon, he will "have a bachelor's degree in Longtuge, have the right to know Kaifeng, and serve as the agricultural ambassador of Guinea".

In fact, from writing poems to the fourth year of Xining (A.D. 107 1) and the fourteenth year of Song Shenzong's retirement, Ouyang Xiu was in the heyday of his career. Since then, he has served as assistant minister of rites and deputy minister of the Privy Council. In the sixth year of Jiayou (A.D. 106 1), he was the deputy prime minister.

As an official middleman, why did Ouyang Xiu want to retire and become an idyllic middleman? As a city dweller in Kaifeng, why does Ouyang Xiu want to be a countryman? The environment is so good and the career is so accessible. How could Ouyang Xiu write in his poem that he knows pastoral happiness best and should retire early if he is in good health?

On the surface, Ouyang Xiu thinks that city people don't know the sufferings of villagers, the darkness of day and night, and the hunger of hungry people.

Melodramatic, quite melodramatic. Identification is complete.

However, if we really look at Ouyang Xiu like this today, Ouyang Xiu will laugh at us for being too young and simple.

In fact, as long as we deeply understand Ouyang Xiu's official career experience, put ourselves in Ouyang Xiu's shoes and consider the officialdom situation he was facing at that time, we can draw a completely different conclusion.

First of all, Ouyang Xiu really wanted to retire, and he really did.

His normal retirement age is 70. However, when he was only 65 years old in July in Xining, Song Shenzong (A.D. 107 1), he retired.

He planned it for a long time.

Eight years before he wrote Song of Four Seasons in Spring and Summer, in the second year of Emperor Yangdi (A.D. 1050), when Ouyang Xiu was 44 years old, he made an appointment with his friend Mei and bought a field in Yingzhou as a place to retire to the countryside in the future.

In the fourth year of Zhiping (A.D. 1067), at the age of 6 1, when he reached the position of deputy prime minister and the position of prime minister was readily available, Ouyang Xiu insisted that he had to let go, "except for the bachelor of Confucian Temple, the minister of punishments and the governor of Bozhou", which was a key step for him to finally retire to the countryside.

In the third year of Xining (A.D. 1070), "At the beginning of the public, there was an order from Taiyuan to appear before Que. Looking at China and foreign countries, the court waits for the public. On the sixth chapter of Gong, I will never worship it, but please know that Cai Zhou is full of public integrity. " Ouyang Xiu once again rejected the appointment of the Prime Minister.

In this process, he kept asking for office. "In bo, just turned 60 years old, office six products, not from. If you go to Cai, please be strong. If you can't get public opinion, you can retire. " History says that Ouyang Xiu's move is "unheard of in the past hundred years, and all scholars in the world look up and marvel".

His colleagues also expressed their admiration. Han Qi, a famous official in the Northern Song Dynasty, praised "the advancement and retreat of the public is far ahead of the sages", and Wang Anshi, a great reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, praised "the achievement of fame, the source of advancement and retreat, the aura of heroism, not the same as foreign bodies, and the beauty of always taking care of the mountain side".

What made Ouyang Xiu so determined and persistent to leave the officialdom and retire to the countryside?

This is not only because he knows the joy of rural life best, but also mainly because he deeply understands the danger of officialdom.

From the eighth year of Tiansheng (A.D. 1030), Ouyang Xiu worked for the imperial court of the Song Dynasty for forty years, from the time he was appointed as an assistant general, tried to be a secretary of the provincial school, and served as an official in Xijing to the fourth year of Xining (A.D. 107 1 year).

However, before Jia You wrote Four Seasons Songs in the Garden in the third year (A.D. 1058), his career was uneven and he was relegated twice. You Jing was demoted to Yiling for three years (AD 1036) and was recalled to the capital seven years later. Li Qing was demoted to Chuzhou for five years (AD 1045) and moved to Yangzhou, Yingzhou and Yingtianfu, and was recalled to the capital ten years later.

How many seventeen years are there in life? Years of relegation and sinister officialdom at least partially killed Ouyang Xiu's ambition. Therefore, he bought land in Yingzhou, which laid a material foundation for his future retirement.

After writing the Four Seasons Songs of Spring and Summer, he rose all the way under the trust of the emperor. Although his ambition to "go" has not diminished, he still "wasted my life", and he is still a little hesitant. Until, his political opponents shot the most poisonous arrow at him in the fourth year of Zhiping (AD 1067).

This is the famous "eldest daughter-in-law case". In February of this year, Peng Siyong and Jiang wrote that Ouyang Xiu was "ugly" and had an affair with his eldest daughter-in-law, Wu You-ran (saying that Ouyang Xiu's daughter-in-law's name was really vulgar), and the political struggle turned into a personal attack.

After the "eldest daughter-in-law case" broke out, Ouyang Xiu, who suffered great physical and mental damage, wrote to the emperor nine times, demanding a thorough investigation of the case and excusing himself. He was well aware of Ouyang Xiu's political situation, upheld justice, and severely punished Peng Siyong and Chiang Kai-shek when the false accuser could not produce evidence.

In this incident, Ouyang Xiu was particularly saddened that Jiang, who directly falsely accused him, was his favorite pupil. He is not only a single-handed scholar, but also a single-handed adviser; Fan Chunren, who supported Jiang's false accusation behind his back, later wrote a letter directly criticizing Ouyang Xiu as a "jackal" and a "wicked man", saying that he was "pleasing others with his way and taking advantage of his interests to bear the responsibility of the first emperor" and was also the biological son of his lifelong friend Fan Zhongyan.

Fan Chunren's attack on Ouyang Xiu is understandable. My father is good to you, so my father's son will be good to you, too? You're not my dad. This is basically, very difficult.

But ginger is worth talking about. In the imperial examination era, the relationship between teachers and students was the most important thing for literati. There is a simple reason. As a poor man, you have been "cold for ten years". Who made you "famous in one fell swoop"? He is a teacher of imperial examinations.

Just give an example. See how Bai Juyi did it. When Bai Juyi took the imperial examination, she was admitted by Gao Ying, then assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites. From that day on, Bai Juyi was full of gratitude for life. Until Bai Juyi retired in old age, Gao Ying had been dead for many years. Bai Juyi still thinks that he is not grateful to his teachers and future generations, and he is still writing poems to remind himself: "There is still a legacy, and the Gaojiamen Pavilion is not paid."

Compared with Bai Juyi, Jiang, a proté gé, was not only ungrateful when he promoted his mentor on the road of life, but also took the lead in falsely accusing his mentor without evidence, which was quite inferior. According to "History of Song Dynasty", Jiang did have the reputation of "honest official" in history. But with his false accusation against the teacher's immoral behavior, no matter how talented he is, he is a villain. Bah.

Bah finished Jiang, and then said Ouyang Xiu.

As a teacher, he was falsely accused by his protege; As a father, I was attacked by my nephew. This poisoned arrow, which was used for four years, finally hurt Ouyang Xiu deeply, and "his ambition is exhausted", which further strengthened his determination to retire.

One month after the "eldest daughter-in-law case" subsided, that is, in March of the fourth year of Zhiping (A.D. 1067), Ouyang Xiu gave up the high position of deputy prime minister and got to know Bozhou as a bachelor of official literature and a minister of punishments, thus realizing the first step of seclusion.

Moreover, Ouyang Xiu "knew that he couldn't return to Japan as soon as he got on the horse" and left without looking back.

Ouyang Xiu is right. What good is it to be such a protege, such officialdom, such a capital and such a court? Why stay?

Of course, there is another reason why Ouyang Xiu insisted on seclusion, which is what he wrote in his poem, and that is the reason why his body is aging.

When Ouyang Xiu was young, he was weak because of his poor family and extreme lack of nutrition, and later he studied hard. In his poem, he said to himself, "Arm in arm is like a bone."

In the eighth year of Tiansheng (AD 1030), 24-year-old Ouyang Xiu went to Beijing to take the imperial examination. Examiner Yan Shu looked at him as a young man, but he was actually a "thin man".

In the second year of Ming Dow (AD 1033), Ouyang Xiu, Xie Jiang, Athena Chu and others visited Songshan Mountain. At the age of 27, "the youngest" is "the most tired", which shows that you are exhausted at a young age.

You Jing for four years (AD 1037), Ouyang Xiu, who was just in his early thirties, was already "thinking about illness and coming to white hair".

Since the age of 43, Ouyang Xiu has suffered from serious eye diseases, and frequent attacks have affected reading and writing: "My eyes are dim, suffering from old diseases for many years, my aura is eroding, my eyes are getting deeper and deeper, and I can't tell people apart after a few steps";

Since the age of 59, Ouyang Xiu has developed diabetes again. "Since two years of autonomy, he has been thirsty and his limbs are thin, especially his knees. The pommel horse is difficult to walk and difficult to ride. "

Originally, the body is not generally weak, coupled with the double torture of eye diseases and diabetes, such a physical state will not tolerate Ouyang's long-term high-intensity officialdom struggle. Only retiring to the countryside is the way to live a long life.

As he said in his poem, he should really "seek health and be strong" and should not have the ambition of retiring from the countryside, but he has been trying to fail.

When he finally made up his mind to retire, his body collapsed again and he could no longer enjoy the pastoral joy. In July of the fifth year of Xining (AD 1072), just one year after he abdicated, Ouyang Xiu died of illness.

His favorite student, Su Dongpo, praised the teacher's hasty retreat: "Shi is the most learned, and he heard his own words." Although it is a pity that the world is getting old, you have to protect yourself if you are happy and smart in private. "

However, as a student under Ouyang Xiu, Su Dongpo is very sorry that his life ended when his teacher retired, and he failed to "help and strengthen".

In this respect, Su Dongpo's idol is not his teacher Ouyang Xiu, but Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty. In Drunk White Hall, he is so envious of Bai Juyi: "When begging for a living, I retired for more than ten or five years, drinking poetry with my friends every day, enjoying the landscape gardens, being full of millet, and being a geisha at home."

In his view, the cleverest thing in Bai Juyi's life is "begging for a living". My teacher realized this, but failed to do it. Therefore, Su Dongpo, a student of Ouyang Xiu, worshipped Lotte all his life.

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"The nail bucket is small and full, and everything is long and full. The wheat here is small and not fully cooked, hence the name" "In mid-April, it is small and full, and things are small and full".

Xiaoman has three waiting periods: one is bitter vegetable show, the other is weeds withering, and the third is wheat autumn.

The ritual sense of Xiaoman solar terms comes from two sacrifices. One is "offering sacrifices to three gods" and the other is "offering sacrifices to silkworm gods".

"Sacrifice to the Three Gods" refers to the ceremony of offering sacrifices to the gods in charge of "ox cart, waterwheel and spinning wheel". Every year around Xiaoman, it is the time when people use "ox carts, waterwheels and spinning wheels". Before use, a ceremony of "Sacrificing Three Gods" was held. I hope that after use, "Oxcart, Waterwheel and Spinning Wheel" will have a good harvest this year.

"Sacrificing to the silkworm god" refers to the ceremony of sacrificing to the silkworm god. Legend has it that "Xiaoman" solar term is the birthday of the silkworm god, and "Xiaoman" is also an important time node for the hatching of young silkworms and the growth of mulberry leaves. Therefore, we should sacrifice to the silkworm god and pray for ample food and clothing that year.

Today, in our daily life, ox carts, waterwheels, spinning wheels and even spring silkworms are getting farther and farther away from us. It is really not easy for us to find a sense of ceremony in the "Xiaoman" solar terms.