Where did the funds for running ancient academies come from?

As we all know, Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty had a family style. It seems that the school's learning tradition is extremely strict. Modern writers only talk about the truth of modern writers and will never mix with ancient writers. Nowadays, writers learn differently from others. For example, if we also talk about Shangshu in this article, we should divide it into Ouyang's Shangshu or Shangshu! This makes us feel that the door is tight and the imitation is tight. But at that time, when the teacher was lecturing, he would systematically arrange a person to call? All of them? . Like a teaching assistant. I study well, too. My job is to help give lectures. Do you know that?/You know what? Both? The word "host" means "master" in Chinese characters. So he is also responsible for talking, but what does he mainly do?

When we give lectures at ordinary times, students have doubts in their hearts, because they are not familiar with the teacher's ideas or the classics spoken by the teacher in the process of listening, so they can't understand. I want to ask, but I'm worried that the question is naive. After asking, other students will not laugh at me. If you keep asking, my classmates won't bother me and think I'm wasting everyone's time and so on. So I dare not ask.

In response to this phenomenon, a special person was set up at that time to ask questions. ? Spring king in the first month, reunification also? As soon as the teacher explained why the scripture was written like this, he asked what it meant. Yuan? ? What do you mean? The first month? ? What do you mean? Great unification? ? Unity is unity. Why? Big? Wait, keep asking. This constitutes the characteristics of lectures in the Han Dynasty. Like Yan Xu's sparseness in "Biography of Rams", the first sentence at the beginning? Spring king in the first month, reunification also? At the bottom, you can see that it has sent a dozen or twenty questions in a row.

This tradition expanded again in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The emperor often comes out to give lectures and ministers ask questions. During the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was a popular style called? Difficult? . Difficulty is a verb designed to confuse others. There is an idiom called? Is it difficult to hold the scriptures? Just holding a classic and saying to the teacher: Did you make a mistake just now? Or it's not clear here and I can't hear what it means. All the difficult points in the classics have to be questioned, so later a "difficult" style was formed, such as Dong Fangshuo's Difficult to Answer a Guest and so on. Difficult, this argumentative style developed from Confucian classics and formed an atmosphere of debate. This ethos was more prevalent in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Just look at the Selected Works of Zhaoming. Difficult? It has also been listed as an organic whole, and many famous cross-examinations have become masterpieces, which have been developed until the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

My master's thesis is about Confucius' Book of Changes Justice in the Tang Dynasty. Kong is very interested in it. When he was young, he went to listen to others' lectures, asked them related questions and kept asking questions. As a result, the speaker was embarrassed and asked questions. So that the Speaker sent an assassin to kill him, and he hid in Yang Xuangan's house before he was killed. It can be seen that the difficulty at that time was very intense.

Later, it expanded. The annual ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius. Sacrifice (Confucius was a saint and Yan Hui was a teacher in the Tang Dynasty. Sometimes, after the sacrifice to the Duke of Zhou, the ceremony is not over yet, and the crown prince or the emperor personally presides over large-scale lectures, which are given by the most prestigious Confucian masters such as Dr. Wu Jingzi. After listening to the lecture and reading the lecture notes, the questioner then asks questions, and then the Crown Prince or the Emperor presides over a dinner. During the dinner, the bachelor sang and wrote poems, which finally ended.

This is the system from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. Later, it expanded. Since the period of martial arts, it is not enough to talk only about Confucianism. After the sacrifice of Confucius, we gathered all the famous scholars of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism to hold a ceremony. Three religions and nine streams? Let the three religions attack each other. This is a formal ceremony, which is held every year.

In the Song Dynasty, this ethos was certainly reflected in the academy. Therefore, the college will set up a skeptic within the system, with the purpose of finding fault with you and arguing with you for the opposite reason in pursuit of truth.

For example, when Zhu founded Bailudong Academy, he invited Lu Xiangshan to speak. As we all know, academies have a purpose, and each academy represents a school or a master to talk about the knowledge of that school here. Zhu Yilu founded Bailudong Academy to explain his knowledge. And Zhu has argued with Lu Xiangshan. He knows very well that Lu Xiangshan is his biggest opponent. But he specially invited Xiangshan to give lectures at Bailudong Academy. Xiangshan is also well prepared. What happened that day? A gentleman is figurative, and a villain is figurative. This chapter. Wonderful speech, touching! Zhu himself listened to it below and was very moved, so he also asked Xiangshan to leave a handout and engrave it in Bailudong Academy.

Zhu himself is the same. For example, why is Yuelu Academy famous? That's because Zhu went there to argue with Zhang Nanxuan repeatedly. Is he the most important? Zhonghexin said? It was formed here. What do you mean? Participate in neutralization? ? Emotions and sorrows can't be expressed, and people have emotions when they are alive. How can you return to this situation where emotions are not expressed? For this difficult problem, Zhu's thoughts are inconsistent. Therefore, after repeated discussions with Zhang Nanxuan, Nan Xuan's thoughts changed, and so did Zhu. Both of them benefited a lot and became a major event in the history of Neo-Confucianism.

Stories like this can be seen in the confrontation and debate of different ideas, which is very common in academies.

There was such an atmosphere in the Zen forest at that time. Because Zen was originally formed in China society, it absorbed this ethos. There are lectures, small ginseng, big ginseng and evening ginseng. Small ginseng is given casually, and late ginseng is given at night. In addition to asking questions in the lecture hall, the audience can also go to the abbot's residence to ask questions, much like the academy.