What computer terms can be exemplified?

Description of commonly used computer terms and terms-When learning computer knowledge, everyone should know some commonly used computer terms and terms. Many beginners must learn to use all kinds of software and hardware, so it is recommended to be familiar with the following basic terms in order to enter the learning process as soon as possible.

Basic terminology

Program: an executable file developed and compiled in assembly language and high-level language.

Software: From the developer's point of view, software is a collection of all programs and all development documents. From the user's point of view, software should be the sum of programs, instructions and services. Therefore, to buy genuine software, you need to get formal instructions and related services such as maintenance and upgrade.

Digital system: Although the computer can perform operations quickly, it is not like the decimal system used by human beings in real life, but uses the binary system containing only 0 and 1. Of course, the decimal number that people input into the computer is converted into binary number for calculation, and the calculation result is converted from binary number to decimal number. This is done automatically by the operating system without manual operation. To learn assembly language, they must know binary numbers (and octal/hexadecimal numbers).

Data: data in a narrow sense are numerical values, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, symbols and decimal points. Broadly speaking, the data that a computer can process refers to any information that a computer can accept, store and process, including character data, graphic data and audio data.

Data type: In order to facilitate processing, error detection and make full use of storage space, many development environments need to describe data types, which generally include integer type, real number type, string type, Boolean type, date type, remark type, floating point type, double precision type and so on.

Data operation: generally refers to all kinds of processing applied to data, such as inserting data, modifying old data, deleting useless data, searching data, sorting data according to certain rules, printing data, etc.

Data structure: In programming, besides how to realize the function, we should also consider the data organization method involved in the program. First, improve the efficiency of implementation; The second is that in a specific function, data must be stored in a special structure. Commonly used data structures include linear table, stack, queue, tree, binary tree, graph, hash table and so on.

Logical structure: refers to the organization form of data. For example, the personnel organization in social life can be represented by a tree logical structure. Choosing a good logical structure is of great significance to the realization of software. Explanation of Common Computer Terminology-Operating Terminology Computer hardware is the basis of software operation, and software is the key to play the role of hardware. In addition to learning all kinds of software, many novices may try to write their own programs, so it is recommended to familiarize themselves with the following basic terms first in order to enter the role as soon as possible.

Operational terminology

Operating system: the first software system loaded outside the computer hardware system, which is specially used to manage computer hardware and other software and respond to users' operations on hardware and software. Common microcomputers include DOS, Windows3.2, WinXP/vista/7, and other Mac os x, Linux, etc.

Installation program: Because the current software involves many files and subdirectories, an installation program is generally provided to help users automatically install all files. Usually, the standard installer is named Setup.exe or installation.

Virus: A computer program that can be attached to an executable file or hidden in the system data area. After starting or executing some programs, it quietly enters the memory, then infects other files and spreads them out, thus damaging the system or harassing users under certain conditions. At present, there are mature anti-virus software, but new viruses are still emerging one after another, which has become a great harm.

Integrated development environment: in the early stage of programming, different software is used for processing. For example, first edit the source program with word processing software, then link the functions and modules with linking programs, and then compile with compiling programs. Developers have to switch operations between several softwares. The current programming development software integrates editing, compiling and debugging functions in a desktop environment, which greatly facilitates users.

Copy: refers to copying the same copy of a file from one place to another, while the original copy remains unchanged.

Delete: Delete files from the directory list of the system. But in many cases, the deleted files can be recovered by using the tool software or the "recycle bin" provided by Windows. For the sake of safety, users had better make a floppy disk backup of their own input text or other files, just in case.

Move: Copy operation and delete operation are combined into one, and the original copy will be automatically deleted after the copy is completed.

* * * Enjoy: This is a setting attribute when using files in the network environment, which generally means that multiple users can open or use the same file (or data) at the same time.

Exclusive: it means that a file (or data) can only be opened by one user at a time, and other users can only open it after this user gives up.

Package compression: the process of compressing stored files with tool software. Commonly used packers are WinZip and Arj.

Unpacking: the reverse process of unpacking, that is, restoring the unpacked file to the original file.

Encryption: In network communication, in order to ensure the confidentiality of transmitted data, files and data are encrypted and converted with passwords.

Decryption: The reverse process of encryption, making it usable normal data.

Upload: the process of copying local files to other computers after the local computer successfully connects to other computers through the network.

Download: The process of copying files from another computer on the network to a local computer.

Wildcard: To improve the efficiency of file processing, use * or? Represents any number or character, so that one batch of files can be processed at a time. For example, *. * means all visible files in the current directory.

Format: refers to the pretreatment of the disk to store data before use. Generally speaking, new disks must be formatted, and used old disks can also be formatted. After formatting, all data on the disk will be deleted. Common formats in Windows are FAT 16, FAT32 and NTFS.

Development terminology

Flowchart: It is an excellent method to express the idea of algorithm with graphics, because a thousand words are not worth a picture. Flowchart has been used in assembly language and early BASIC language environment, but it gradually died out because of its randomness and many side effects. The newer one is the PAD diagram which is beneficial to structured programming, and it is very suitable for PASCAL or C language.

High-level language: Because assembly language depends on hardware system, mnemonic symbols are big and difficult to remember, so people invented the so-called high-level language which is easier to use. In this language, its grammar and structure are more similar to ordinary English, and because it is far from the direct operation of hardware, ordinary people can program after learning. According to the different application scope and historical development, there are many high-level languages, such as BASIC, FORTRAN, C, PASCAL, LISP, FOXPRO and COBOL.

Interpreter: A high-level language program that interprets the source program, translates it into machine code, and then executes it. Because of its convenience and interactivity, some early high-level languages also adopted this method, such as BASIC and dBASE. However, its weakness is that the running efficiency is low, and the running of the program depends on the development environment, so it can't run directly under the operating system.

Compiler: In order to improve the operation efficiency and keep the source program secret, people have introduced program development software that can convert the source program into executable code at one time. The programs generated by it can be directly executed under the operating system, and the running speed is much faster than that of the interpreter, but it is required that the syntax of all source programs must be correct and debugging is inconvenient. In order to combine the advantages of interpretation and compilation, many development systems provide both functions.

Error: A hidden functional defect or error in a program. Because the complexity of software is beyond the control of ordinary people, mature operating systems such as Win95 and Win98 will publish bugs from time to time. How to reduce or even eliminate bugs in programs has always been a topic that programmers attach great importance to.

Debugging: the process of checking and debugging errors by various means after programming. The correctness of the program is not only reflected in the completion of normal functions, but more importantly, the correct handling of emergencies. Note that the guiding ideology of debugging is to try to prove that the program is wrong, not to prove that it is correct. So from a psychological point of view, developers and debuggers should not be the same person.

Modularization: a software is divided into many parts according to its functions, which are developed separately and then assembled, and each part is a module. Its advantages are beneficial to quality control, multi-person cooperation and function expansion, and it is an important development method in software engineering.

Portability: due to the different hardware architectures of computers, software developed on one type of computer cannot run on another type of computer. Therefore, programs developed in a certain language development environment can run on other types of computers with little or no modification.

Process: establish a modular main mechanism, which is mainly used to complete specific work, and may or may not return the results of some operations.

Single entrance and single exit: In order to ensure the quality of the development program, it is required that the data flow control in the process must enter at the fixed entrance of the program segment and return at the fixed exit, and data is not allowed to be used at will in programming.