How to read classical Chinese without symbols

1. Why is there no punctuation in China's classical Chinese? Now let's complain: Who asked such a painful and exhausting question? It is easy to ask, but it is fatal to prove.

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The following is the official answer:

First of all, there are punctuation marks in ancient Chinese, such as:

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Book of Houmameng used one or two short lines to indicate punctuation.

The short horizontal line circled by the red circle above is punctuation.

Lao Zi, a silk book written by Han Ma Wang Dun;

Punctuations are marked with blue circles. At this time, the punctuation system becomes more complicated. In addition to the single and double short horizontal lines in front, there are corner symbols, triangle symbols, point symbols, box symbols and so on. They are also used differently.

Lu Deming's classic interpretation of the Tang Dynasty (the picture shows the Song Dynasty engraving);

The pause and period here basically took the present form.

Notes on Shang Shu Biao in Song Dynasty

In the book, figures such as circle, square, black triangle, flat bar and semicircle are used as punctuation marks.

Criminal record of Ming dynasty

Punctuation is similar to classical interpretation, which is basically a pause and a period. In addition, circles are also used as bullets.

Yongle ceremony in Ming dynasty;

Only one period (circle) is used as punctuation, and the little red circle in the picture is it.

In addition, there are punctuation methods without symbols in classical Chinese, such as:

Punctuation with spaces: Punctuate with spaces, such as Huayang Record in Song Dynasty;

Punctuation: Punctuation is used as punctuation, that is, punctuation is made at the place of the whole sentence, such as Selected Works of Notes by Liu Chen of Song Dynasty.

Punctuation of Chinese characters: punctuation is based on Chinese characters such as "sentence" and "reading", that is, the word "sentence" or "reading" is added after each sentence, such as the interpretation of "Reading Four Books and Sentences" in Qing Dynasty.

Of course, there were a lot of books without punctuation in ancient times. For these books, punctuation is usually expressed in a specific way. For example, in poetry, repetitive forms and neat sentences are used, and in Sao, "Xi" is used to indicate the end of a sentence. In addition, Teacher Fan Yanting has given a detailed explanation, so I won't go into details here. Note that these are not only the methods of clause, but also the problems that must be paid attention to when writing articles. "Wen Xin Diao Zhang Long Sentence" talks about the problem of using function words to help readers break sentences when writing articles: "The poet used the word" Xi "in the sentence limit, and the word" Chu Ci "to make a sentence. Looking for the word Xi is a sentence, but language helps the rest of the sound. Shun Yong's "South Wind" has been used for a long time, but Wu Weihao is useless, isn't it? As for "My husband only covers the old", it is the first song of the originator; It is the old tune of Zagreb's sentence "well-founded"; Those who are "excellent" also have to attend the last regular class. According to things like leisure, I am really cutting. Lucky, sewing style, can make a few sentences, a life-saving word. Foreign words are difficult to understand and the situation is embarrassing. "

Of course, these methods still can't solve all the problems, so there are many unsolved cases in ancient China, such as the first sentence of Zi Han in The Analects of Confucius:

Should "Zi Han talks about benefiting life and benevolence" do: "Zi Han talks about benefiting life and benevolence." Or "the son is poor in words." With life and love. "People always put forward different explanations. When encountering these problems, we need to refer to some notes, cooperate with the basic skills of primary schools, and carefully identify them in order to understand their original intention.

In fact, you should be able to see that there were many books with punctuation marks in ancient China, not just those without punctuation marks. The problem is that the punctuation system is not uniform. Almost every family uses a system. You use a circle, I use a circle. You use solid, I use hollow. You mark it on the left side of the text, and I mark it under the text ... Like other kinds of knowledge, the problem is that there is no system. There is no system, so it can't circulate, and then it's gone.

2. When did punctuation appear (there were no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese)? Writing articles in ancient times had no punctuation marks, which made it difficult to read and even misunderstood. It was not until the Han Dynasty that the symbol "sentence reading" was invented. A short paragraph with complete meaning is "sentence"; The sentence has unfinished meaning, and the tone can be paused. In the Song Dynasty, ""and ","were used to indicate sentence reading. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that names and places appeared. These are the earliest punctuation marks in China. On the basis of the original punctuation marks in China, the preparatory meeting for the unified compilation of Putonghua in 2008+09 19 will refer to other countries. Promulgated by the then Ministry of Education, after the founding of New China, the General Administration of Publishing further summarized the rules for the use of punctuation marks, and published the usage of punctuation marks in 195 1. In the same year, the State Council issued the Guiding Opinions on Learning the Usage of Punctuation Marks in 10. Since then, punctuation has become more and more perfect and has a unified usage. 46660.8886868866 1

3. Why didn't China's classical Chinese have punctuation marks in ancient books and articles? Although there are no punctuation marks, there is a "jv bucket". Teachers in private schools use a red pen to break sentences when teaching students. After the students' level is improved, they can read through the article without reading sentence by sentence. Generally, people with a little culture have gradually adapted to this kind of reading. Even so, it did not affect the development of ancient culture, but was not conducive to popularization. For example, the article uses function words in classical Chinese to break sentences at the end of each sentence; Parallel prose relies on antithesis to break sentences; The rhyme of poetry depends on the rhyme and music at that time.

Before reading different versions of Tao Te Ching and other classic works, there were different sentence-breaking problems. At first, I didn't understand why this happened. Now I finally understand that ancient prose is the end, without punctuation. Note that it's not nothing, but nothing. "No" and "without it" are two different things. Why not? Because once the article is circled, the literary spirit is broken, just like the gas of the triple energizer is smooth, and it stops when it is broken. The article is alive, with eyes and breath. When the breath is broken, the meaning of the article becomes stiff and the article dies. You will never get tired of reading the Analects of Confucius all your life. Read it once a year and have an understanding every year. Every time I watch it, I have an experience every time. I read a sentence, and the whole meaning changes greatly, so I can't die.

The basic principle of sentence reading is "language is absolutely a sentence, and language is reading." The place where the tone ends is "sentence", marked with a circle, and the unfinished sentence is called "reading" and marked with a dot. The ancients often used the word "Excellence" to praise the achievements of a historical figure.

Reading wrong sentences often leads to jokes and ambiguity. For example, in the Confucius movement, the phrase "people can make it, but they don't know it" in The Analects of Confucius is often used to say that Confucius helped autocratic emperors and pursued the policy of ignorance. I also took Laozi to accompany me, because there is a saying in Laozi that "there is an empty heart, but there is a belly"; Weak knowledge, strong bones and muscles. "

Confucius was a great educator, and it was he who pushed education from the palace of nobility to the people, which led to social education in later generations, which was a great contribution of Confucius. Confucius didn't teach any class, he wanted to teach everyone. If he wants to be a "fool", who will he teach? It doesn't make sense.

But why is there such a misunderstanding? This sentence is wrong. Confucius means: the people can make it go with the flow; Don't do it, you know. Ordinary people understand the truth and let them go. Politicians should not go looking for trouble. If ordinary people don't understand reason, they should be educated, which is the responsibility of politicians. In the same way, children are obedient and parents should not be picky; If the child is disobedient, parents should educate him well.