Emperor Xiaowen is not a Han Chinese?

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was not a Han Chinese, but Emperor Xiaowen of the Han Dynasty was a Han Chinese.

Attachment: Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty

Catalogue and historical achievements

Move the capital to Luoyang

Reform China.

Historical event

Celebrity chronicle

Tuoba Hong (later renamed Yuan) (467-499)

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding minority politician and reformer.

He advocated Chinese culture, practiced sinicization, banned Hu Fu and Hu Yu, changed weights and measures, promoted education, changed surnames and banned burial, which improved the cultural level of Xianbei people. It is the summary of ethnic integration after the northwest ethnic groups entered the Central Plains one after another, and it has played an important role in China.

Temple number: Gaozu. Also known as Emperor Xiaowen of Wei.

Birthplace: Pingcheng (now Datong North, Shanxi)

Ethnic group: Xianbei nationality

Faith: Buddhism

Super-long: Poetry and Fu

Handed down from ancient times:

There is no doubt that there is no one in the left corner of the river in the white sun and sky.

Historical evaluation

Vigorously promoting the sinicization policy has promoted national integration.

Historical achievements

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is an era of great integration and collision between nomadic people in the northern grassland and Han culture in the southern Central Plains. During this period, the Sinicization Movement of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty set off a climax of national integration. The predecessor of the Northern Wei Dynasty was Xianbei, a nomadic people in the north. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, this nation has been in frequent contact with the Han people, which not only occupied the hometown of Xiongnu, but also spread all over the land from Liaodong in the east to Longxi in the west. Due to the excavation of Tuoba's family, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North and established the Northern Wei regime dominated by ethnic minorities. Then, after the Northern Wei regime unified the North, why did it implement the process of sinicization? This has to start with the historical origin and background of Xianbei nationality.

Xianbei originated from nomadic people in the north. 1In July, 980, archaeologists from China discovered the stone chambers inhabited by the Tuoba people of Xianbei in the northern foot of Daxinganling, Alihe Town, Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Inner Mongolia, which proved that Xianbei originated here. At first, Tuoba was at the end of primitive society. After Tuoba GUI became powerful, the primitive society disintegrated and entered the slave society. Due to the influence of Han culture in the Central Plains, slavery was not fully developed and soon transitioned to feudal society.

Dialectical materialism holds that "external causes are the conditions for things to change, and internal causes are the basis for things to change". Tuoba family lived as nomads, and in the process of advancing from north to south, they came into contact with the advanced agricultural production technology of Han people. At the same time, he must give up the pursuit of aquatic plants and live in the agricultural production and lifestyle settled by the Han people. Therefore, in order to further change the backward ruling system, absorb and accept the advanced civilization of the Han people, and learn from the Han people, the sinicization movement reached its climax in the era of Emperor Xiaowen.

The main advocate of the Sinicization Movement in the Northern Wei Dynasty was Emperor Xiaowen. After he ascended the throne, he vigorously promoted the bold sinicization movement in the unified north. Its main contents include six aspects: moving the capital, reforming the official system, prohibiting Hu Yu and Hu Fu, changing Xianbei into Han surname, prohibiting intermarriage, and carrying out sinicization reform.

First of all, let's take a look at the purpose and significance of Emperor Xiaowen's move to the capital. Pingyang has been the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty since Tuoba GUI made Pingyang its capital. But Pingyang is located in the north, so it is difficult to control the whole north. In addition, the moderate harassment of the north is very unfavorable to the consolidation of the northern Wei regime in military strategy. In addition, natural disasters occur all the year round, and floods and droughts are rampant. In 487 AD, the emperor wrote a letter saying |: "Since the spring drought, there is no grass in the wild. In addition, the northern part of China is mostly a minority of nobles, and the conservative forces are strong. Moving the capital without changing it is not conducive to the development of the Northern Wei regime. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang in 493 AD on the pretext of going south. Emperor Xiaowen said to Wang Yuan Cheng, Ren Cheng, "Goodsky lives in the north and lives in the city. Although it is rich in the four seas and has different traces, it is useless here. It is impossible to prosper literature. It is the imperial palace and the king of Heluo. Because of this, it is the great hero of the Central Plains. " This shows the ambition of Emperor Xiaowen.

The official system reform was carried out again. Emperor Xiaowen set up three divisions, three fairs, ministers, Zhongshu, Sizhao, Sizhen, Jiuqing and other civil and military officials in the central government. The establishment of local secretariat, county magistrate and magistrate is a good measure to punish official corruption. In addition, the false titles set by hereditary nobles in the palace were abolished.

In the process of Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization Movement, the most important thing is to prohibit propaganda and guide Hu Yu and Hu Fu to speak Chinese and wear Hanfu!

As the king of a country, in order to strengthen the country and enrich the people, he took the lead in speaking Chinese and wearing Hanfu, which can be seen from Emperor Xiaowen's important records about the sinicization of his younger brother Wang Xi in Xianyang. "Since ancient times, I have been poor. How can I salute without clearing my name first?" Today, I will break all the northern languages, and I will follow Wu Zhi. With such gradual learning, weathering can be new; If it's still vulgar, I'm afraid that after several generations, under Elo's hand, I'll be the one who was sent. "So in 495 AD, Emperor Xiaowen issued an imperial edict and formulated a system, that is, the language of Beiguan was not allowed in the court, and if there were any offenders, officials were exempted. Only in this way can we speak Chinese better and learn China classics better.

In the aspect of changing Hu clothes, Emperor Xiaowen changed Han clothes, which took six years to be completed by skilled craftsmen, and all Luo women changed to wear Han clothes. On one occasion, Emperor Xiaowen visited Yecheng. He saw a woman in the car who didn't wear Hanfu. He ordered her to come back. Why didn't Shangshu examine her? Cheng said: "There are still few talents. The emperor said, "Does Rencheng want to make it? "Visible emperor xiaowen to ban khufu, wearing Chinese costume is very seriously.

Emperor Xiaowen took great measures in changing Xianbei surname and intermarriage, taking the lead in changing Tuoba surname to Yuan surname, which accelerated the sinicization process of the Northern Wei regime. In 496 AD, Emperor Xiaowen changed Tuoba's family name to yuanshi county County, and all the most popular names since the Northern Wei Dynasty were changed to Han's. In the aspect of intermarriage, Emperor Xiaowen ordered that the custom of intermarriage within the same surname of Xianbei be prohibited, and Emperor Xiaowen himself took the lead in actively advocating and promoting the intermarriage between Xianbei nobles and Han nationality. He himself married the daughters of Lushi, Qinghe Cui Shi, Xingyang Zheng and Taiyuan Wang as harem, and his daughter in Longxi as his wife. Many brothers of Emperor Xiaowen and some Xianbei nobles also married Han women, which further integrated the relationship between Xianbei people and Han people through intermarriage between different races, and also closely integrated Xianbei nobles and prestigious gentry of Han people, which not only eliminated the national shield of both sides, but also integrated their bloodlines and supported the rule of the feudal regime in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Emperor Xiaowen also reformed the criminal law on the basis of the above-mentioned sinicization reform, and abolished the law that both men and women undressed before execution. The formulation of the criminal law in the Northern Wei Dynasty inherited the Han and Jin Dynasties, and the monarch himself made laws and regulations. According to "Biography of Shu Wei and Li Chong", in the history of China, there are few "rites and laws of harmony and justice, which are refined and published, but determined". It can also be seen that Emperor Xiaowen attached great importance to the etiquette and law system, worked hard, devoted himself to localization and worked hard.

Emperor Xiaowen is also very interested in the culture and art of the Han nationality. He was educated in Chinese culture since he was a child. He not only talks about the significance of the Five Classics, but also dabbles in historical biographies and a hundred schools of thought contend. He is also good at studying Han poetry. Emperor Xiaowen not only reformed the life customs of Xianbei nobles, but also educated them to learn Chinese culture and transformed them from a deeper cultural level. Emperor Xiaowen has a clear understanding of the backwardness of his own nation, and is not arrogant, impetuous, complacent and open-minded. He actively established schools, disseminated cultural knowledge, and collected books from all over the world, so that the northern culture, which had declined due to the war, began to revive. Driven by him, Xianbei people made rapid progress.

Emperor Xiaowen also made great contributions to the development of religious art in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen's father Xianwen is an extremely devout Buddhist, and he himself believes in Buddhism. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen strongly advocated Buddhism. Buddhism developed rapidly during his reign. The development of Buddhism promoted the development of Buddhist art. At that time, the most important Buddhist art form was grotto art. The Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, one of the three largest grottoes in China, was dug in the year when Emperor Xiaowen officially moved to Luoyang.

Move the capital to Luoyang

Since the death of Taizu in the Northern Wei Dynasty, political corruption, Xianbei nobles and big businessmen oppressed the people and constantly aroused the resistance of the northern people. Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen, is the eldest son of Emperor Tuoba Hong of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the sixth monarch of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The young Tabahon was raised by his grandmother and served as regent. In 490 AD, 24-year-old Tuoba Hong began to lead the government, and he began to carry out drastic sinicization reform.

Emperor Xiaowen of Wei stipulated the salaries of officials and severely punished corrupt officials. Implement the "land equalization system" and distribute the wasteland to farmers, 40 mu for adult men and 20 mu for women, so that they can grow grain and distribute it to mulberry fields. Farmers must pay rent and serve the government. When farmers die, they should all be returned to the government, except Sangtian. As a result, more fields were cultivated, farmers' production and life were relatively stable, and the income of the Northern Wei regime also increased.

In order to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and further strengthen the rule of the Yellow River valley, he decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang.

Because of this, he was afraid that ministers would oppose the idea of moving the capital, and first proposed a massive attack on Nanqi. Once in court, he put forward this plan, and ministers opposed it. The most intense one was Ren Tuoba Cheng.

Emperor Xiaowen was angry and said, "The country is my country. Do you want to stop me from fighting? " Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am the minister of the country, and I know the danger of using troops. How can I not talk about it?"

After thinking for a moment, Emperor Xiaowen announced his retirement from the DPRK and returned to the palace. He summoned Tuoba Cheng alone and said to him, "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. What I really mean is that I think Pingcheng is a place where soldiers are used and it is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, but I have to move the capital. In fact, I want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move to the Central Plains. What do you think? "

TaBaCheng suddenly enlighted, immediately agreed with Wei Xiaowen.

In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry south, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened that the autumn rain lasted for a whole month, and the roads were muddy everywhere, making it difficult to March. However, Emperor Xiaowen still rode out of the city wearing a helmet and armour and ordered to continue marching.

Ministers didn't want to send troops to cut Qi, so they took advantage of the heavy rain to stop it. Emperor Xiaowen said seriously: "This time, if you choose to mobilize the masses, if you give up halfway, it will be a joke for future generations. If you can't go south, move the capital here. What do you think? "

Everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said: "You can't hesitate. The station that agrees to move the capital is on the left, and the station that disagrees is on the right. "

A nobleman said, "As long as your majesty agrees to stop the expedition to the south, then we are willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Although many civil and military officials are not in favor of moving the capital, they have heard that the southern expedition can be stopped and have to express their support for moving the capital.

Emperor Xiaowen arranged one end of Luoyang and sent Wang Cheng Tuoba Cheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng, and called the nobles and the old ministers to discuss the relocation of the capital.

There are still many voices of opposition among the nobles of Pingcheng. They moved out one reason after another and were refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. Finally, those people really think impassability, had to say:

"Moving the capital is a great event. Whether it is fierce or auspicious, let's divine. "

Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult things." There is no doubt about moving the capital. There is nothing to worry about. If you want to rule the world, make the four seas your home. There is no fixed reason for going south today and going north tomorrow. Besides, we moved several times in the last generation. Why can't I move? "

Noble ministers were speechless, and the move to Luoyang was decided in this way.

Reform China.

After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, he was determined to further reform the old customs and habits.

On one occasion, he discussed state affairs with ministers. He said, "Do you think it is better to change the customs or stick to the rules?" Tuoba Xi, the king of Xianyang, said, "It is certainly good to change customs." Emperor Xiaowen said: "Then I will announce the reform, and no one can violate it."

After Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang, he was determined to start reform. His China-oriented reform can be carried out because he knows people well and is good at their duties. He not only reused Xianbei nobles who presided over the reform and advocated sinicization, but also reused many talented Han Chinese. He knew the importance of netting the landlords of the Han nationality to consolidate the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, so he never held national prejudice and attached importance to the Han nationality. There is no doubt that he can be polite to the officials who surrendered in the Southern Dynasties. Emperor Xiaowen selected talents in an eclectic way and organized a think tank for his own reform. With the support and help of these think tanks, Emperor Xiaowen began his own reform by reforming old customs and learning the lifestyle and laws of the Han nationality.

First, it is forbidden for Xianbei nobles to wear Hu clothes, and all of them will wear Hanfu.

Second, it is forbidden for Xianbei nobles to speak Xianbei language, and all of them will speak Chinese instead.

Third: In 496 AD, it was ordered to change Xianbei's compound surname to Han's surname, forbidding Xianbei people to marry with the same surname, and advocating Xianbei nobles to marry with Han. He first changed the surname of the royal family, TaBaHong, to Yuanshi County, so Emperor Xiaowen, TaBaHong, was also called Justin. Other 100 Xianbei surname changed to Han surname. At the same time, it ordered to change the native place of Xianbei people. It is stipulated that all Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang are Luoyang people and are not allowed to be buried in Saibei after death. These compulsory policies of Emperor Xiaowen are all aimed at reducing ethnic differences and ethnic barriers. Although many nobles are dissatisfied, they can only implement it.

In order to win over the landlords of the Han nationality and expand the ruling foundation, Emperor Xiaowen also advocated intermarriage with the Han nationality. He took the lead in marrying the daughters of four Han families, Lu, Cui, Zheng and Wang, and married his daughter to a Han family. He also married the daughter of a Han landlord for his five younger brothers. This relationship linked the interests of Han landlords and Xianbei nobles and strengthened the ruling power of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Moreover, the blending of lineages accelerated the sinicization of Xianbei.

Fourth, establish a gate valve system in Xianbei, and extend the gate valve system of Han landlords to Xianbei people. He divided Xianbei nobles and Han landlords into four classes according to their families, and determined the level of official positions according to their families. This system has been used until the Northern Dynasties, thus forming the Guanlong and Daibei ethnic groups. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that Wu Zetian revised the records of surnames that he completely denied the gate valve system.

Fifth, change Xianbei's official system, laws, etiquette and laws into Chinese system and get rid of Xianbei's old system. Emperor Xiaowen abolished the original political system of Xianbei people, and asked Wang Su to imitate the Southern Dynasties, re-establish a set of official etiquette, revise laws and reform official titles.

Through the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, the economy and culture of Xianbei nationality have developed rapidly. Compared with other ethnic groups who entered the Central Plains at the same time, such as Jie and Di, Xianbei undoubtedly has the highest degree of sinicization. To some extent, the reform eased class contradictions and consolidated the Northern Wei regime.

The measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen to promote ethnic integration made the northern ethnic minorities gradually converge with the Han nationality in terms of language, clothing, customs and habits, enriched and developed the culture of the Central Plains, and gradually integrated the diet, clothing, art and daily utensils of ethnic minorities into the lives of the Han people. Emperor Xiaowen also promulgated the "Land Equalization Order" and implemented land rent modulation, which promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy and made the lifestyle of ethnic minorities feudal.

Historical event

Tuoba Hong's father, Emperor Xianwen, believed in Buddhism and was extremely disgusted with politics. He has always wanted to transcend the secular and cultivate self-cultivation. So in 47 1 year, when Tuoba Hong was only 5 years old, Emperor Xianwen gave him the throne. The Tuoba family in the Northern Wei Dynasty has always quoted the old method of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, to kill the mother of the prince while establishing the son as the prince, so as to prevent the tragedy similar to that of Lv Hou from happening again. This is how TaBaHong's biological mother was killed. Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen, is the eldest son of Emperor Tuoba Hong of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the sixth monarch of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The young TaBaHong can only be raised by his grandmother. Therefore, during the 20 years from 47 1 to 490, the regime was always controlled by Feng Taihou.

Feng Taihou has been wary of the precocious TaBaHong. Feng Taihou is worried that he will be bad to himself when he grows up, so he doesn't like him. On one occasion, she listened to rumors and punished the young TaBaHong with a stick. On another occasion, in cold weather, Feng Taihou locked the little emperor in a thin coat in an empty room and didn't eat for three days, intending to abolish him. Later, because of the dissuasion of Minister Mu Tai, TaBaHong kept the throne. Tuoba Hong's biological mother was given death when he was 3 years old, so he never knew who his biological mother was. He is filial, because he followed Feng Taihou since he was a child and always regarded Feng Taihou as his mother. So, although Feng Taihou doesn't like him very much, TaBaHong can really be called Sun Xiao of Feng Taihou. Even if he is punished, he has no complaints.

Chronology of celebrities

In 47 1 year, TaBaHong captured the throne.

In 485 AD, the Order of Land Equalization was promulgated.

In 494 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty officially moved its capital to Luoyang.

In 499 AD, he died in Nanzheng Road.

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