Wei Xiaowen’s short story in change

Rectify the administration of officials

In 472 AD (the second year of Yanxing), those who hold office for a long time will be promoted to one level after one year; those with poor performance will be punished even if they take office soon. , or even downgrade.

Reforming the tax system

In 475 AD (the fifth year of Yanxing), in order to change the chaotic situation in which states, counties, and counties competed for rent collection and adjustment in the past, the government determined that it could only be done at the county level. Collection. It is prohibited to use big buckets, long rulers and weighing scales when collecting.

The salary system was promulgated

In 484 AD (the eighth year of Taihe), the salary system was promulgated, stating that those who took bribes other than salary and filled a piece of silk would be punished by death. The land equalization order promulgated the following year also stipulated that local governors could be given a certain amount of land according to their official position. The public land awarded was not allowed to be purchased and was handed over to the next person when he resigned.

Reforming the official system

During the Taihe period, it was agreed that the rank of one hundred officials would be divided into nine grades, and each grade would be divided into upright and subordinate. Congpin was the first creation of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the 19th year, the Xianbei aristocrats since the Northern Dynasty were classified into surnames and clans according to family background, official title and other standards. The surname was Gao, followed by clan. Among them, Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei were eight. The surnames, "all Taizu have surrendered, have distinguished themselves in this world, and are kings and princes. It can be clearly seen that those who are under the jurisdiction of the state and the official department, do not use obscene words, and have the same four surnames." The so-called four surnames are said to be Cui, a high-ranking official of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and Lu, Li, and Zheng are said to be the four Han county surnames A, B, B, and D. The latter seems to be correct. The Banding surname clan further combined the Xianbei nobles and the Han gentry.

Moving the capital to Luoyang

In order to facilitate learning and accepting the advanced culture of the Han people and further strengthen his rule over the Yellow River Basin, Tuobahong decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (today's Datong City, Shanxi) to Luoyang . For this reason, he was afraid that the ministers would oppose the idea of ??moving the capital, so he first proposed a large-scale attack on Southern Qi. One time when he went to court, he proposed this plan, and the ministers objected one after another. The most fierce one was Tuoba Cheng, the king of Rencheng. Emperor Xiaowen was very annoyed and said: "The country is my country, do you want to stop me from using troops?" Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am a minister of the country. I know the danger of using troops, so how can I not say it?" Emperor Xiaowen thought for a moment, then announced his resignation, returned to the palace, summoned Tuoba Cheng alone, and told him: "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. Pingcheng is not a place where military force is used, and it is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, and I have to move. This time I send troops to attack Qi. I actually want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move the capital to the Central Plains. What do you think? Cheng suddenly realized it and immediately agreed with Emperor Wei Xiaowen's idea.

In 493 AD (the seventeenth year of Taihe), Emperor Wei Xiaowen personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry southward, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened to be a continuous autumn rain, which lasted for a month. The roads were muddy everywhere, making the march difficult. However, Emperor Xiaowen still wore helmet and armor and rode out of the city and ordered the army to continue marching. The ministers originally did not want to send troops to attack Qi, but took advantage of the heavy rain to come out to stop them. Emperor Xiaowen said solemnly: "This time we mobilized troops. If we give up halfway, it will be a joke to future generations. If we can't advance south, we will move the capital here. What do you think?" After hearing this, everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said: "We can no longer hesitate. Those who agree to move the capital stand to the left, and those who disagree stand to the right." A nobleman said: "As long as your majesty agrees to stop the southern expedition, then we are also willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Many civil and military officials Although they did not agree with moving the capital, they all had no choice but to express their support for moving the capital when they heard that the southern expedition could be stopped. Emperor Xiaowen made arrangements for Luoyang and sent King Tuoba Cheng of Rencheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng and summoned noble officials to discuss the matter of moving the capital. There are still many opponents among the nobles in Pingcheng. They gave various reasons, but they were all refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. In the end, those people really couldn't make sense, so they had to say: "Relocating the capital is a big matter. Whether it is bad or good, let's make a divination."

Emperor Xiaowen said: "The purpose of divination is to solve problems. There is no doubt about the matter of moving the capital. If you want to govern the world, you should take the world as your home. Today you go south and tomorrow you go north. There is no fixed truth.

Besides, our previous generation also moved the capital several times, so why can’t I move? "The aristocratic ministers were speechless. The matter of moving the capital to Luoyang was a good thing to imitate the ancestors, so it was decided.

Economy

Practice equalization of land

In 485 AD (the ninth year of Taihe), the Land Equalization Order was promulgated, which made detailed regulations on the land allocation for adults of different genders, slaves, and cattle. Grains grown in the open fields are not allowed to be bought or sold, and they are returned to the state at the age of seventy. Mulberry fields planted with mulberry, elm, and jujube trees do not need to be returned to the state. The excess part can be sold, and the remaining part can be bought back to the old, young, disabled, and widowed. All were given appropriate care.

Creating the Three-Chief System

In 486 AD (the tenth year of Taihe), the suzerain supervisory system was replaced by the three-head system, and the neighboring, li, and party systems were adopted. The township official organization restrained local powerful people from protecting a large number of household registrations.

Reforming the rent system

In 486 AD (the tenth year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen also made corresponding changes to the rent transfer system. Reform. The new rent regulations stipulated that one husband and one woman should be paid as a tax collection unit each year. Unmarried men and women over the age of 15 would be rented for every eight slaves engaged in farming and weaving, and for every twenty cattle. The number is equivalent to one man and one woman.

Culture

Banning the Hu language

Emperor Xiaowen implemented the most important policy in Sinicization, which was to change the language and no longer speak of it. The Xianbei compound language had to be changed to monosyllable Chinese. "Book of Wei? Biography of King Xianyang of Xianyang" records that Emperor Xiaowen said: "Today, I want to separate all the northern languages ??and start with the correct pronunciation. He is already in his thirties, and his habits have been established for a long time and cannot be changed suddenly. At the age of thirty, if you see someone in the court who still refuses to listen, if you do something wrong, you should be punished and demoted. ”

Changing Han surnames

Emperor Xiaowen ordered that the surnames of the Xianbei people (usually compound surnames) be changed to single surnames. Here are some examples:

Tuoba (Royal family)→Yuan surname

Dugu→Liu surname

Qiu Muling→Mu surname

Buliugu→Lu surname

He Lai → He surnamed

He Lou → Lou surnamed

Respecting Confucius

After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyi, he immediately ordered the construction of Confucius temples and offered sacrifices to Confucius. The descendants of Confucius received land and money so that they could continue to worship this ancestor.